支气管肺发育不良婴儿1岁以内再入院临床分析

目的 总结支气管肺发育不良(BPD)婴儿1岁以内再入院临床情况.方法 对9例BPD患儿1岁以内再入院临床情况进行分析.结果 9例患儿23例次因下呼吸道感染再入院,平均住院时间15.4 d.治愈出院18次,明显好转4次,好转不明显1次.5例患儿11次出现喘息,23次再入院20次需吸氧治疗,其中2次需机械通气治疗,16次需糖皮质激素治疗,9次给予支持治疗.4次继发院内感染鹅口疮,3次继发腹泻病.结论 BPD患儿明显增加了生后1年内再入院风险,再入院病情较重,住院时间较长,易继发院内感染,常需予以吸氧、糖皮质激素及支持治疗.     

121例支气管肺发育不良患儿2岁内再入院的临床分析

目的总结支气管肺发育不良(BPD)患儿2岁内再入院的临床情况。方法回顾性分析121例BPD患儿2岁内242例次因反复下呼吸道感染再入院的临床资料。结果 242例次再入院BPD患儿中,115例次(47.5%)有喘息;1~2岁患儿喘息发生率高于1岁内患儿(P0.05)。193例次行胸部影像学检查,结果示囊泡影31例次(16.1%)。肺功能检查结果示BPD患儿的每公斤体重潮气量(TV/kg)、达峰时间比(TPEF/TE)、达峰容积比(VPEF/VE)、50%潮气量时的呼气流速(TEF50)、75%潮气量时的呼气流速(TEF75)均低于无呼吸道疾病的对照组,而呼吸频率高于对照组(P0.05)。28例行支气管镜检查,气道发育异常21例(75%)。242例次均吸入糖皮质激素,无治疗相关不良反应发生;6例次静脉使用人脐血间充质干细胞(hUCB-MSCs),无不良反应发生,其中1例治疗后顺利脱氧。结论因下呼吸道感染再入院BPD患儿喘息发生率随年龄增长而增高,其肺功能以小气道阻塞、低肺容量时呼气流速降低和呼吸频率增快为主要表现,多伴有气道发育异常。吸入糖皮质激素可用于BPD再入院患儿急性期抑制炎症反应;hUCB-MSCs输注后短期安全可行,并提示可能对BPD恢复有一定益处。     

早产儿支气管肺发育不良危险因素及2岁时随访结局

目的探讨早产儿发生支气管肺发育不良（BPD）的危险因素及远期随访结局。方法 以2012年1月至2013年12月在复旦大学附属儿科医院新生儿科病房住院的胎龄≤32周、出生体重≤1 500 g及生后7 d内入院的BPD早产儿为BPD组,同期入住我院的非BPD早产儿中选取与BPD组等同样本量的病例为对照组。采集与BPD发生的母亲和新生儿因素行单因素分析和多因素分析。同时统计BPD早产儿生后1岁内和~2岁的支气管炎、肺炎、喘息发作次数和住院次数等指标。结果 BPD组和对照组均纳入了156例早产儿。单因素分析显示,BPD组母亲年龄（P=0.046）、先兆子（P=0.025）和阴道产（P<0.001）比例显著高于对照组;BPD组出生胎龄、出生体重显著低于对照组 (P均<0.001 )。BPD组1 和5 min Apgar 评分,败血症 ≥72 h、动脉导管未闭（PDA）、早产儿视网膜病变、应用肺表面活性物质、呼吸机相关性肺炎、机械通气≥7 d的比例均与对照组差异有统计学意义。多因素Logistic回归分析显示胎龄(OR= 0.46,95%CI:0.37~0.58)、机械通气≥7 d(OR=9.47,95%CI：3.70~24.27)、PDA(OR=2.21,95%CI：1.18~4.12)、先兆子(OR=4.91,95%CI：1.26~19.15 )是发生BPD的危险因素。BPD组1岁以内支气管炎、喘息的发生率高于对照组,再入院率两组差异无统计学意义;BPD组生后~2岁较生后1岁以内肺炎的发生率显著下降,支气管炎、喘息的发生率及再入院率差异无统计学意义。结论 低出生胎龄、机械通气≥7 d、PDA、先兆子是发生BPD的危险因素;BPD早产儿在生后1年以内下呼吸道感染的发生率增高。     

郎格罕细胞组织细胞增生症肺部病变临床特点分析

为探讨郎格罕细胞组织细胞增生症(LCH)患儿肺部病变临床特点，对20例郎格罕细胞组织细胞增生症患儿进行分析，其中男12例，女8例；就诊年龄4个月～6岁6个月。结果显示20例患儿均具有间质性肺损害，但出现呼吸道症状者仅占57％。有阵发性咳嗽ll例，气促、呼吸衰竭1例，反复呼吸道感染1例，无咯血、气胸、紫绀者；肺部体征有呼吸音粗糙6例，肺部罗音1例；活动期患儿可有血气和肺功能异常；X线异常多出现在呼吸道症状之前，其中双肺纹理粗多ll例，肺门影增粗模糊2例，网点状阴影10例，片状影10例，肺囊泡5例，毛玻璃样1例，肺气肿1例，胸膜增厚1例，胸腺肿大2例。提示胸部高分辨率CT扫描有利于早期发现LCH的肺部改变；早期、全身、强化疗有利于肺部病变的恢复。     

闭塞性细支气管炎31例

目的 明确小儿闭塞性细支气管炎(BO)的临床特点、治疗措施及随访结果.方法 对2008年4月- 2011年6月在本科明确诊断为BO患儿的临床资料进行归纳、总结,对其治疗效果进行随访分析.结果 31例患儿反复咳嗽及喘息均＞6周,查体肺部听诊可闻及哮鸣音和(或)粗湿啰音.入院给予雾化吸入支气管扩张剂无反应.31例患儿均存在肺功能异常,24例患儿为阻塞性通气功能障碍,7例患儿肺功能示混合性通气功能障碍;31例肺CT均存在Mosaic灌注征、双肺均可见斑片状密度增高影,肺不张6例,支气管壁增厚5例,支气管扩张2例.31例X线胸片均有过度通气表现,可见斑片状密度增高影,4例呈毛玻璃样改变.患儿均口服泼尼松、阿奇霉素并配合雾化吸入布地奈德及沙丁胺醇.对其中26例患儿进行2个月～3 a随访,规律治疗的6例患儿临床症状明显改善,无明显喘息发作,活动耐力好转,复查肺部高分辨率CT示肺部病变明显改善;10例临床症状略好转,仍有活动后气促,复查肺部高分辨率CT示肺部病变轻微改善;10例患儿依从性差,未按医嘱规律用药及回访,病情经常反复,于呼吸道感染后出现喘息发作,于本院住院3～6次,临床疗效欠佳,复查肺部高分辨率CT示肺部病变无改善,现仍在随访中.结论 BO大多为肺部感染后引起的反复咳嗽、喘息,肺部听诊可闻及明显的呼气相哮鸣音,吸入支气管扩张剂效果不佳,肺功能大多表现为阻塞性通气功能障碍,CT可见肺部典型的Mosaic灌注征.本病预后不佳.     

儿童急性外源性类脂性肺炎的临床特征及随访研究

目的分析儿童急性外源性类脂性肺炎(ELP)的临床特征和随访结果。探讨其诊断策略、治疗方式及危险因素。方法对2013年5月至2018年5月广州医科大学附属广州市妇女儿童医疗中心收治的41例ELP住院患儿的临床特点、影像学表现、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)检测结果、治疗方式及预后进行总结和分析,并复习相关文献。结果1.共41例患儿,其中男29例,女12例;发病年龄4~53个月,多数3岁以内发病(35/41例,85.4%),以1~2岁为主(23/41例,56.1%)。2.误服油脂包括灯油/香油11例、白电油7例、电蚊香油5例、润滑油5例、石蜡油4例、汽油/柴油3例、煤油和鱼肝油各2例、缝纫机油和性质不清各1例。3.临床表现主要为咳嗽(26/41例,63.4%)、气促(23/41例,56.1%)、发热(17/41例,41.5%)、发绀伴低氧血症(15/41例,36.6%)、喘息(9/41例,22.1%)、呼吸窘迫(9/41例,22.1%)、肺出血(6/41例,14.7%)、喂养困难和/或一过性呕吐(4/41例,9.8%),无症状7.3%(3/41例)。4.胸部X线主要表现为双肺渗出性改变或肺实变,胸部高分辨CT(HRCT)最常见征象为局部或广泛渗出,可伴肺实变(18/41例,43.9%)。受累部位最常见为双下肺叶(8/41例,19.5%),其次为右下叶(3/41例,7.3%)、右中叶(2/41例,4.8%)和左下叶(2/41例,4.8%)。其他征象包括肺囊泡改变、过度通气、磨玻璃样改变及小结节形成等。5.共7例患儿因呼吸衰竭需要机械通气支持治疗,所有患儿行经支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)。所有患儿痊愈出院,无一例死亡,住院时间为(11.67±4.90)d,合并腺病毒感染者住院时间为(19.25±5.93)d。9例患儿随诊失访(其中8例轻症,1例重症),余患儿症状均在1周~1个月消失,21例在出院1个月内肺部影像恢复正常,7例出院3个月恢复正常,4例在6个月后恢复正常。结论急性ELP临床表现和肺部影像无特异性。重症患儿肺部影像多肺叶受累,可出现肺实变和囊泡改变。多数患儿预后良好,并感染尤其是腺病毒感染可能是急性ELP患儿病情加重的高危因素。BAL能同时起诊断和治疗作用,BAL联合局部/全身糖皮质激素治疗对重症急性ELP有效。     

经支气管镜介入治疗儿童原发性气道肿瘤八例分析

目的了解儿童气道肿瘤经支气管镜介入治疗的可行性。方法对2016年11月至2018年3月在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院住院经支气管镜介入治疗的8例原发性气道肿瘤患儿的临床表现、介入治疗结果和预后情况进行回顾性分析。结果8例原发性气道肿瘤患儿中,男5例、女3例,年龄4岁8月龄至9岁2月龄。临床表现主要为咳嗽伴喘息6例、咯血3例和反复肺部感染2例,均无淋巴结转移及肺外转移。8例患儿均经支气管镜介入肿瘤切除,对4例富含血流的肿瘤患儿支气管镜介入治疗术前行肿瘤供血处支气管动脉栓塞术。术中及术后未发生大出血、气胸等并发症。4例为低度恶性支气管黏液表皮样癌,2例为炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤,1例为多形性腺瘤,1例为支气管平滑肌梭形细胞瘤。术后随访2~4年,复发3例,其中2例炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤患儿中,1例因病灶位置深行外科切肺治疗,1例联合化疗治疗后病灶稳定;1例黏液表皮样癌介入冷冻治疗后随访中。结论儿童气道肿瘤临床表现不典型,主要有干咳、喘息、反复肺部感染和咯血等症状。经支气管镜下介入治疗儿童气道内良性和低度恶性肿瘤,是一种可行的选择。     

闭塞性细支气管炎合并支气管哮喘2例

病例1,女,13岁,因"呼吸困难、咳嗽、喘息2 d"入院。入院前2 d患儿"拔草"后出现呼吸困难,咳嗽,伴喘息,次日就诊于当地医院,肺CT提示双肺炎症,左下肺局限性肺气肿,为求进一步诊治来我院。患儿16个月时患重症肺炎支原体肺炎,好转后间断咳嗽、喘息2个月余,肺CT检查见马赛克征,于我院诊断为闭塞性细支气管炎(bron...     

反复喘息患儿1035例随访分析

目的探讨反复喘息患儿的转归及吸入激素的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析1 035例反复喘息患儿4年以上的临床随访资料。结果 1 035例反复喘息患儿中,751例(72.56%)喘息已停止发作,284例(27.44%)近2年内仍有发作。首次喘息发作年龄≤3岁542例(52.37%),~7岁386例(37.29%),~12岁107例(10.34%),不同喘息首发年龄之间临床控制率的差异有统计学意义(χ2=45.27,P0.001),其中~12岁的临床控制率较低。吸入糖皮质激素持续1年以上的患儿有429例,其中343例(79.95%)哮喘未再发作,而未吸入治疗的606例中仅408例(67.33%)未再发作,两者的临床控制率差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论 89.66%的反复喘息儿童哮喘第1次喘息发生在7岁以内,大多数可以临床控制;较长期激素吸入治疗可减少反复喘息患儿发展为成人哮喘的风险。     

新生儿支气管肺发育不良症临床分析

为了解新生儿支气管肺发育不良症( BPD)的发病因素、临床特点,对 17例新生儿 BPD的临床资料进行分析.其中男 13例,女 4例,胎龄( 31.4± 3.4)周,出生体重( 1643± 327) g.结果 17例 BPD原发病中新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征( NRDS) 5例,胎粪吸入性肺炎 1例,肺炎 4例,呼吸暂停 7例.出生后均长时间吸氧、机械通气,平均机械通气时间( 26.8± 9.7) d.病程第( 16.2± 5.6) d,胸片肺部出现囊状透亮区,以后肺呈囊泡样蜂窝样改变.所有病例均并发肺部感染. 9例康复出院, 1例自动出院, 7例死亡. 1例做尸检,光镜下两肺广泛纤维化,成纤维细胞增生,肺泡壁增厚,符合 BPD诊断.提示早产、长时间吸氧、机械通气、反复肺部感染是 BPD的主要发病因素,早产儿机械通气超过 2周要高度警惕发生 BPD.     

左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉37例患儿各年龄段的临床特点及诊治

目的分析各年龄段左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉(ALCAPA)患儿的临床特点和诊治情况,提高对此病的认识,减少误诊,提高救治率。方法 1999年4月-2011年3月本院共收治37例ALCAPA患儿。男21例,女16例;年龄(5.0±4.8)岁。其中婴儿组(≤1岁)8例,幼儿组(>1～3岁)10例,大年龄组(>3岁)19例。37例中并二尖瓣关闭不全31例,室壁瘤2例,法洛四联症/ASD、重度肺动脉瓣狭窄/部分型肺静脉异位引流、ASD各1例。对各年龄段临床特点和诊治结果进行回顾性分析。随访结果依据门诊复查结果及电话随访。结果婴幼儿组发病年龄均早于大年龄组;ECG出现Q波及ST-T改变13例(35.1%,13/37例),其中婴儿组5例(62.5%)、幼儿组3例(30.0%)、大年龄组5例(26.3%),3组差异无统计学意义;胸部X片示心脏均明显增大,心胸比婴儿组大于幼儿组和大年龄组,幼儿组大于大年龄组;超声心动图示左心室舒张末径(LVED)3组均增大,以婴儿组增大最明显;左心室射血分数(LVEF)<50%者婴儿组多于幼儿组和大年龄组,幼儿组与大年龄组无明显差异。首次诊断时误诊或漏诊18例,占48.6%(18/37例)。婴儿组1例由于核素扫描提示存活心肌很少,等待心脏移植,另2例家长放弃手术。34例患儿行冠状动脉移植术23例,肺动脉内隧道术8例,冠状动脉搭桥2例,单纯结扎冠状动脉左主干1例。无手术早期死亡。术后有近期随访资料26例(76.5%,26/34例),随访6～130(13.6±18.4)个月,晚期死亡1例。患儿术后LVED均较术前缩小,仍有二尖瓣轻度关闭不全8例。有随访资料患儿中,8例术前LVEF<50%,术后3～6个月LVEF均恢复正常。结论 ALCAPA婴儿患儿临床表现较幼儿及年长儿患儿重。小儿ALCAPA由于缺乏特征性表现,各年龄段均易误诊。对于小儿各年龄段表现为心脏扩大、心功能不全、二尖瓣关闭不全等患儿,要注意除外小儿ALCAPA。可以结合其ECG表现,反复超声ECG探查冠状动脉,必要时加行多层螺旋CT或心血管造影以明确诊断,确诊后应尽快手术治疗。     

A 1-year follow-up of low birth weight infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia: health, growth, clinical lung disease, cardiovascular and neurological sequelae.

A cohort of 86 low birth weight (LBW infants (< 1751 g) including 23 subjects with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and 23 matched controls without BPD were checked up at corrected ages of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 months. Thirty-six of the subjects were re-hospitalized, mostly because of infections, there being no significant difference in the number of hospitalizations between BPD cases and their controls. Delayed growth was frequent, but a catch-up growth was seen. Eighteen of the subjects (5 with BPD and 7 of controls) were of height below 2 SD at a corrected age of 12 months. Twenty-four (14 with BPD and 3 controls) had persistent respiratory symptoms during the follow-up period and 4 of the BPD subjects still had such symptoms at the age of 1 year. Hoarseness was more frequent in BPD cases than in the controls (8/1 cases). One subject with BPD had transient symptoms of cor pulmonale and 1 without BPD developed transient systemic hypertension. Nine subjects (4 with BPD and 2 controls) had a diagnosis of cerebral palsy at the age of 1 year.     

Pulmonary sequelae of long-term ventilation of very low birth weight premature infants. Results of a follow-up study of 6-to-9-year-old children

Fifty six children with a birth weight of less than 1500 g and gestational age less than 34 weeks were studied at a mean age of 7.7 years. All had required mechanical ventilation, 36 suffered from hyaline membrane disease, 17 from atelectasis and three from pneumonia. Of these patients 37 developed broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The study included skin prick test, measurement of ciliary beat frequency, chest X-ray, whole-body plethysmography and histamine challenge. Eight patients suffered from recurrent pulmonary infections up to the age of 4 years. Eleven children had a positive skin prick test. Three suffered from allergic asthma and six from hay-fever. The family history of atopy in these premature infants was no different from that of the general population. Ciliary beat frequency was normal in all cases (frequency: 11.8 +/- 1.8 Hz). In 34 patients X-rays showed minimal changes (peribronchial thickening n = 6, mild emphysema n = 28). Pulmonary function was normal except for an increase of thoracic gas volume which was correlated to grade of BPD according to Northway. There was a significant correlation between oxygen-score and radiological stage of BPD (r = 0.7). Histamine challenge showed hyperresponsiveness in 53% of the children. Eight patients showed a threshold similar of mild asthma (less than 1000 micrograms histamine per ml). The degree of airway hyperreactivity was correlated to the grade of BPD (r = 0.7; p less than 0.01) and the oxygen-score (r = -0.63; p less than 0.05). The oxygen-score may be considered a predictor of hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary outcome in later childhood.     

Respiratory outcome in school-aged, very-low-birth-weight children in the surfactant era

AIM: To assess respiratory outcome and its predictors during the surfactant era in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW, birth weight <1500g) schoolchildren with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). METHODS: At 7-8 years of age, 34 VLBW children with BPD diagnosed at a postnatal age of 28 d underwent flow-volume spirometry, metacholine challenge, bronchodilatation test, whole body plethysmography and diffusion capacity measurement. Fourteen of them had not recovered from BPD by a corrected gestational age of 36 wk (sBPD subgroup). The age- and sex-matched control groups comprised 34 VLBW cases without BPD and 34 term children. RESULTS: Current respiratory symptoms in contact with cold air and/or upon exercise were reported in one-third of the VLBW children. Only half of the symptomatic VLBW cases without BPD had inhaled medications. Compared with term controls, the BPD cases had lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), higher ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity and higher airway resistance. Lower FEV1 and specific conductance were found in the sBPD subgroup compared to both control groups. Additionally, their vital capacity was lower than in term controls. A higher rate of bronchial hyper-reactivity and lower diffusion capacity of the lungs were detected in VLBW as against term cases. Low birth weight, long duration of oxygen therapy, low socio-economic status and exposure to animal dander emerged as predictors of poorer respiratory outcome. CONCLUSION: In the surfactant era, birth weight, neonatal respiratory morbidity, as well as later environmental factors appear to affect the respiratory outcome of VLBW children. However, careful pulmonary follow-up of all VLBW children seems to be indicated regardless of the severity of neonatal respiratory problems.     

标准化尘螨特异性皮下免疫治疗尘螨过敏性哮喘伴变应性鼻炎患儿的长期随访研究

目的：探讨标准化尘螨特异性皮下免疫治疗(SCIT)对尘螨过敏性哮喘伴变应性鼻炎患儿远期疗效的影响。 方法：本文为干预效果的长期随访的病例系列报告。对尘螨过敏性哮喘伴变应性鼻炎患儿,开始接受标准化SCIT治疗（T0）至疗程≥30个月治疗结束（T1）,在T0、T1、T2（T1后的3年）和T3（T1后的6年）,均在哮喘专科门诊或通过电话随访,分别以哮喘症状评分（ASS）、鼻炎症状评分（RSS）、鼻炎与哮喘症状总评分（TSS）、药物评分（TMS）、症状药物总评分（SMS）、视觉模拟量表(VAS)评价和病情改善自我评价量表进行病情估计,ASS、RSS、TSS、TMS评估时点为晚近4周内情况、VAS和病情改善自我评价为患儿或其家长自我感受评估时点为晚近1个月的情况。 结果：2006年4月至2011年6月在哮喘专科门诊诊断为尘螨过敏性哮喘伴变应性鼻炎患儿、且接受了标准化SCIT治疗≥30个月,T1时点56例,男41例,女15例,平均年龄7.1（5~12）岁。均回顾性收集到T0时点病情评估指标ASS、RSS、TSS和VAS,并计算TSS和SMS。随访至T2时点有51例（男38例）和T3时点有45例（男33例）采集到了本文全部病情评估指标。T1时点不同病情评估指标较T0时点差异均有统计学意义。反映病情评估的2个组合指标（TSS和SMS）前后相临时点差异均有统计学意义。病情改善自我评价量表中,变应性鼻炎与哮喘T1时点（18.5% vs 75.0%）、T2时点（31.2% vs 84.0%）、T3时点（39.5% vs 80.0%）比较差异均有统计学意义,病情改善自我评价量表病情评估变应性鼻炎明显差于哮喘。T3时点女生的RSS、TSS、SMS明显低于男生,差异有统计学意义。 结论：标准化SCIT治疗能使尘螨过敏哮喘伴变应性鼻炎患儿的哮喘、鼻炎症状明显减轻,用药减少,VAS评分降低,在停止治疗后的6年仍能维持长期疗效。女性患儿比男性患儿在鼻炎哮喘症状以及症状用药评分方面疗效更加显著。     

改良Ravitch结合Nuss术治疗小儿鸡胸

目的：探讨改良Ravitch结合Nuss术治疗小儿鸡胸的手术方法及疗效。方法2008年1月至2013年1月我们采取手术治疗鸡胸10例,男8例,女2例,对称型7例,非对称型3例;年龄最小5岁,最大16岁,均行改良Ravitch结合Nuss术。结果对称型和非对称型鸡胸患儿术后胸廓外观均满意。2例术后出现皮下气肿,2例气胸,均自行吸收。1例术后3个月钢板固定片处感染,需再次手术拔除固定片。6例已经拔除钢板,随访12～26个月,平均（20．6±2．5）个月,均无胸廓变形。结论改良Ravitch和Nuss术均是较成熟和易于掌握的手术方法,两者结合矫正小儿鸡胸,矫形效果更佳。     

利妥昔单抗治疗难治性激素耐药型肾病综合征的疗效和安全性

目的:探讨利妥昔单抗(RTX)治疗儿童难治性激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)的疗效和安全性。方法:回顾性分析2013年9月至2018年3月东部战区总医院儿科收治并接受RTX治疗的10例难治性SRNS患儿的临床资料。结果:10例患儿发病年龄(4.47±2.75)岁,男女各5例;5例(50%)肾活检为局灶节段性肾小球肾炎,...     

Food-allergic reactions in schools and preschools.

BACKGROUND: Food allergies may affect up to 6% of school-aged children. OBJECTIVES: To conduct a telephone survey to characterize food-allergic reactions in children (defined as those aged 3-19 years in this study) with known food allergies in schools and preschools and to determine mechanisms that are in place to prevent and treat those reactions. DESIGN: The parents of food-allergic children were contacted by telephone and asked about their child's history of food-allergic reactions in school. The schools the children attended were contacted, and the person responsible for the treatment of allergic reactions completed a telephone survey. RESULTS: Of 132 children in the study, 58% reported food-allergic reactions in the past 2 years. Eighteen percent experienced 1 or more reactions in school. The offending food was identified in 34 of 41 reactions, milk being the causative food in 11 (32%); peanut in 10 (29%); egg in 6 (18%); tree nuts in 2 (6%); and soy, wheat, celery, mango, or garlic in 1 (3%) each. In 24 reactions (59%), symptoms were limited to the skin; wheezing occurred in 13 (32%), vomiting and/or diarrhea in 4 (10%), and hypotension in 1 (2%). Also, 15 (36%) of the 41 reactions involved 2 or more organ systems, and 6 (15%) were treated with epinephrine. Fourteen percent of the children did not have a physician's orders for treatment, and 16% did not have any medications available. Of the 80 participating schools, 31 (39%) reported at least 1 food-allergic reaction within the past 2 years and 54 (67%) made at least 1 accommodation for children with a food allergy, such as peanut-free tables, a peanut ban from the classroom, or alternative meals. CONCLUSIONS: It is common for food-allergic children to experience allergic reactions in schools and preschools, with 18% of children having had at least 1 school reaction within the past 2 years. Thirty-six percent of the reactions involved 2 or more organ systems, and 32% involved wheezing. Every effort should be made to prevent, recognize, and appropriately treat food-allergic reactions in schools.     

支气管肺发育不良早产儿1岁和2岁时体积描记肺功能的随访研究

目的 探讨支气管肺发育不良 (BPD)早产儿的远期肺功能。 方法 以2012年1月至2013年12月在复旦大学附属儿科医院新生儿病房住院的胎龄≤ 32周、出生体重≤ 1 500 g的BPD早产儿为BPD组,以同期住院非BPD早产儿按1∶1匹配为对照组,于纠正年龄1岁和2岁时召回随访,行体积描记（体描）肺功能检测,分析早产儿BPD及不同严重度BPD在纠正年龄1岁和2岁时肺功能状况。 结果 149例BPD早产儿和与之匹配的149例非BPD早产儿进入文本分析,1岁和2岁时召回随访,BPD组37例（轻中度22例,重度15例）和25例（轻中度15例,重度10例）,非BPD组33例和10例。在纠正年龄1岁及2岁时,BPD组公斤体重残气量（FRCp/kg）、达峰时间比（TPTEF/TE）、达峰容积比（VPTEF/VE）、肺内剩余25%潮气量时潮气呼气流速（TEF25）显著低于非BPD组,公斤体重有效气道阻力（Reff/kg）显著高于非BPD组。在纠正年龄1岁时,重度BPD亚组FRCp/kg 、TPTEF/TE显著低于轻中度BPD亚组, Reff/kg显著高于轻中度BPD亚组;在纠正年龄2岁时,重度BPD亚组VPTEF/VE显著低于轻中度BPD亚组,Reff/kg显著高于轻中度BPD亚组。 结论 BPD早产儿存在功能残气量降低及小气道阻塞,以重度BPD患儿更为明显。     

Pneumatisation of the maxillary sinus in normal and symptomatic children

The pattern of pneumatisation and normal width of the maxillary sinus in 191 Nigerian infants and children whose age range was 6 months to 14 years was determined. Fifty-four percent of children with no respiratory tract or sinus infection had an opaque maxillary sinus. A figure of 44.5% was obtained amongst children with suspected bronchopneumonia. Only 41.5% of suspected cases of sinusitis, acute and chronic middle ear disease had opaque sinuses. The highest rate of sinus opacity was seen in children under 2 years who were asymptomatic. The mean maximal width of the normally aerated sinus was 8.74 mm for children under 2 years, 16.5 mm for 3–6 years, 21.5 mm for 7–11 years and 25 mm for children 12 years and above. We conclude that maxillary sinus opacity in our experience is an unreliable index for the diagnosis of sinusitis in children.