2092例肠内营养置管方法分析

目的比较不同肠内营养置管方法的优缺点。方法1996年9月-2008年6月,共有2092例患者接受肠内营养支持。肠内营养置管方法包括床旁经鼻置螺旋型鼻肠管、X线引导下经鼻置鼻肠管、胃镜引导下经鼻置鼻肠管、术中经鼻置鼻肠管、空肠切开造口置空肠管、空肠穿刺造口置空肠管、胃切开造口术及内镜引导下经皮胃穿刺造口术。结果床旁经鼻置肠管32例,第2天23例鼻肠管的远端通过幽门到达小肠,另9例鼻肠管盘曲在胃腔内。X线引导下直接经鼻置鼻肠管61例,顺利通过幽门57例,另4例鼻肠管盘曲胃腔内。胃镜引导下经鼻置鼻肠管186例,术后经x线检查显示177例鼻肠管的远端位于小肠。腹部手术时,经鼻放置鼻肠管1628例,7例鼻肠管远端离开手术时放置的位置。空肠切开术放置空肠营养管56例,术后出现不全性肠梗阻2例、肠瘘1例。空肠穿刺造口术98例,2例空肠穿刺管移位脱出小肠。传统胃切开造口术19例,出现胃瘘1例。胃穿刺造口术12例,无并发症。结论肠内营养置管的方法有多种,具体采取哪种方法,需根据患者的原发病以及营养支持的时间决定。经鼻置鼻肠管是一种安全、简便、实用的方法。经皮穿刺胃造口术、空肠穿刺造口术将逐步替代传统的造口方法。     

经皮内镜下胃造口的临床应用

0 引言 充足地营养支持可以减少危重病人的并发症及改善其预后,当胃肠功能正常时,肠内营养(EN)是营养支持的首选途径.肠内营养可以经鼻胃管、鼻肠管、胃造口和空肠造口等多种途径进行,其中插入鼻胃管或鼻肠管简便易行,但长期使用易造成病人不适.因此,危重病人需要长期肠内营养时,通常进行胃造口或空肠造口,病人耐受较好.传统使用手术胃造口,缺点是并发症多和病死率高,费用高.1980年,非手术经皮内镜下胃造口术(percustanous endoscopic gastrostomy,PEG)被介绍应用于临床,优点是操作简便,并发症少[1].     

外科病人肠内营养途径的选择

探索肠内营养的途径。收集胃癌、大肠癌、胰腺癌、肝癌以及门脉高压症等病人共 39例。经鼻置管 2 4例 ,在术中将鼻肠管通过胃空肠吻合口 15～ 2 0 cm;非胃手术病人鼻肠管通过幽门 15 cm。空肠穿刺造口 8例 ,在屈氏韧带下方 2 0 cm处选择穿刺点 ,按 Nutricia公司介绍的方法进行穿刺。其特点是在空肠的浆肌层与粘膜层之间用细针作一隧道 ,使空肠造口管通过隧道进入肠腔。胃穿刺造口 3例 ,按 Nutricia公司介绍的方法进行穿刺。空肠切开造口术 3例 ,按传统的方法进行空肠切开造口术。 1例未能切除贲门癌的病人行胃切开造口术。结果 :行经鼻置管…     

PEJ和鼻肠管置管在晚期上消化道恶性肿瘤病人家庭肠内营养的应用

目的:探讨经皮内镜下胃造口空肠置管术(PEJ)和鼻肠管置管在晚期上消化道恶性肿瘤病人家庭肠内营养(HEN)的应用效果. 方法:回顾分析2009年1月至2013年1月,我科收治的未接受剖腹手术的105例病人,其中48例接受PEJ,57例鼻肠管置管晚期上消化道恶性肿瘤病人开展HEN情况,病人每2个月到我科或电话随访1次,直至出院后6个月或病人死亡.比较两种置管方式在HEN中的应用、并发症发生率和病死率等情况.结果:病人出院后6个月内,PEJ组EN支持率明显高于鼻肠管组(95.8％ vs 78.9％,P＜0.05).PEJ组的EN相关并发症发生率明显低于鼻肠管组(22.9％ vs 45.6％,P＜0.05).PEJ组的管道相关并发症发生率明显低于鼻肠管组(6.3％ vs 21.1％,P＜0.01).而出院后2、4和6个月时两组病人的功能状态评分和病死率均无显著性差异(P＞0.05). 结论:PEJ是晚期上消化道恶性肿瘤病人开展HEN的有效途径.     

老年食管癌病人术后经三腔胃肠营养管早期肠内营养的临床研究

目的:探讨三腔胃肠管在老年食管癌病人手术后早期肠内营养(EEN)的应用价值。方法:选取42例老年食管癌病人,每组21例,随机分为单腔普通营养管(胃肠减压管+鼻肠管)组和经鼻置三腔胃肠管组,术后24 h开始给予EN,同时对比置管成功率、病人出现呕吐、腹泻等不耐受情况的比例、达到预期营养目标的比例、感染发生率等,并在第8天复查肝、肾功能,评价三腔胃肠管在老年食管癌病人术后的应用价值。结果:三腔胃肠管在胃肠减压的同时,还可进行EN,降低了并发症的发生率。进行EEN未发现严重不良反应。结论:老年食管癌病人术后采用三腔胃肠管进行EEN安全可行。     

数字减影血管造影透视下置入三腔喂养管

肠内营养不仅能为机体提供能量支持,而且能保护肠道屏障功能、降低感染及脏器衰竭发生率、缩短住院时间及减少住院费用.经鼻胃管进行肠内营养易引起胃潴留和误吸等并发症,三腔喂养管可在胃肠减压的同时进行肠内营养,已经成为胃动力障碍合并胃潴留患者重要的肠内营养辅助治疗手段,但三腔喂养管的置管成功率较低.本研究回顾性分析了31例在数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)透视下成功置入三腔喂养管患者的临床资料,以期为临床医师置管提供参考.     

全胃切除术患者经空肠造口与留置鼻空肠营养管行肠内营养比较分析

目的 比较全胃切除术患者经空肠造口与留置鼻空肠营养管行肠内营养的疗效.方法 2007年1月至2011年8月收治因胃癌行全胃切除术患者78例,在征求患者意见的基础上按随机数字表法分为空肠造口组和鼻空肠营养管组,每组39例,分别予经空肠造口和留置鼻空肠营养管行肠内营养2周,对肠内营养完成情况、肠道功能恢复时间、营养状况、并发症等指标进行比较分析.结果 空肠造口组肠内营养成功率100.0％( 39/39),肠道功能恢复时间(36.4±8.3)h,并发症发生率7.7％(3/39),鼻空肠营养管组分别为92.3％(36/39)、(45.3±10.7)h、30.6％( 11/36),两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).空肠造口组与鼻空肠营养管组肠内营养后14d的体重、总蛋白、白蛋白较肠内营养前均存在不同程度下降[空肠造口组:(47.3 ±8.7) kg比(58.5±9.8) kg、(58.6±4.9)g/L比(67.5±12.8)g/L、(33.6±4.4) g/L比(41.5±6.3) g/L;鼻空肠营养管组:(48.1±9.2) kg比(57.6±10.7) kg、(57.8±5.3)g/L 比(68.3±11.9) g/L、(32.8±4.9) g/L比(40.4±7.4) g/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);肠内营养后14d的体重、总蛋白、白蛋白空肠造口组与鼻空肠营养管组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞ 0.05).结论 全胃切除术患者经空肠造口行肠内营养在提供必要的营养支持的同时,成功率高、并发症少,容易为患者所接受,值得进一步推广.     

老年消化道肿瘤病人术后经三腔胃肠管早期肠内营养的应用价值

目的:探讨三腔胃肠管在老年消化道恶性肿瘤病人手术后EEN的应用价值. 方法: 选取28例老年消化道恶性肿瘤病人,术后给予EEN,分为单腔普通营养管(胃肠减压管 鼻肠管)组和经鼻置三腔胃肠管组.术后48 h开始给予以瑞能为主的EN,对比置管成功率、病人出现呕吐、腹泻等不耐受情况的比例、达到预期营养目标的比例、感染发生率等,并在第8天复查肝、肾功能,评价三腔胃肠管在老年消化道恶性肿瘤病人术后的应用价值.结果: 三腔胃肠管在胃肠减压的同时,还可进行EN,降低了并发症的发生率;采用瑞能进行EEN未发现严重不良反应. 结论: 老年消化道恶性肿瘤病人术后采用三腔胃肠管进行的EEN安全可行.     

三腔胃肠管在胰十二指肠切除术后早期肠内营养中的应用

目的:探讨胰十二指肠切除术后经三腔胃肠管行早期肠内营养的应用价值。方法:选取58例行胰十二指肠切除术的病人,分为三腔胃肠管组和普通胃管组,术后24 h开始给予EN。对比两组病人的置管成功率、出现呕吐、腹泻等不耐受情况的比例和感染发生率等,并在第8天复查肝、肾功能,评价三腔胃肠管在胰十二指肠切除术后病人中的应用价值。结果:采用三腔胃肠管进行空肠EN的同时进行胃内减压,显著地降低了并发症的发生率。结论:胰十二指肠切除术后病人采用三腔胃肠管行EN安全可靠,耐受性好,能减少术后并发症。     

食管癌两切口术后病人早期行不同途径肠内营养的研究

目的:比较食管癌两切口术后病人早期经鼻肠管和空肠造口管途径行EN支持的方便性、优越性和并发症.方法:选择食管癌两切口手术病人共52 例,随机分为三组:A组为鼻肠管组;B组为空肠造口管组;C组为对照组.分别记录术中鼻肠管和空肠造口管的放置时间、观察EN支持期间的临床表现和术后并发症,并测定EN支持前后病人的血糖、肝肾功能、电解质和营养指标等.结果:在研究期间 所有病人无死亡,无严重并发症,无明显肝肾功能改变.A组术中放置鼻肠管时间为(22.1±5.9) min;B组术中经空肠穿刺放置Flocare可裂式空肠造口管时间为(8.1±3.7) min,两组差异非常显著(P<0.01).术后肛门排气恢复的时间A、B 组均比对照组快(P<0.01).PA、TF和外周血TLC均明显升高(P<0.05).结论:食管癌两切口术后病人早期经鼻肠管和空肠造口管途径行EN支持安全、有效.而经空肠造口管行EN支持,并发症少,是病人术后EEN支持的一条更为合理的途径.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.