LPS对新生大鼠肺组织MMP-2和t-PA,PAI-1表达影响的研究

目的制备新生大鼠肺损伤模型,探讨MMP-2和t-PA, PAI-1mRNA在新生大鼠肺损伤中的作用.方法腹腔注射LPS致新生大鼠肺损伤的病理改变,应用免疫组化和RT-PCR的方法分别检测肺组织MMP-2蛋白和t-PA, PAI-1 mRNA的表达改变.结果病理改变证实了新生大鼠肺出血的发生,注射LPS后8h,MMP-2蛋白表达达高峰(P<0.01),差异显著.t-PA mRNA表达高峰为给药后2h(P<0.01),之后表达逐渐下降.PAI-1 mRNA表达高峰为给药后2h至8h(P<0.01).结论用LPS制备了新生大鼠肺出血(1种严重的肺损伤)的动物模型,肺组织t-PA表达的增加可能导致MMP-2的降解作用明显增加,PAI-1表达的增加使局部肺组织处于1种高凝状态,可能导致肺出血的发生.     

高氧致新生鼠肺PECAM-1mRNA及蛋白质表达动态改变的研究

目的研究高浓度氧持续吸入后新生鼠肺部组织PECAM-1mRNA及蛋白质的表达规律,探讨高氧对发育中鼠肺微血管发育的影响.方法新生SD大鼠生后12h内放入氧箱,持续吸入高氧制作高氧CLD模型,采用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学技术测定实验组和对照组在生后1d、7d、7d、14d、21d肺组织内PECAM-1mRNA及蛋白质表达并半定量.结果新生鼠肺部PECAM-1mRNA及蛋白质表达随生后日龄增长而增加,高氧持续吸入后PECAM-1表达减少.结论高氧导致肺组织PECAM-1mRNA和蛋白质表达减少,提示肺微血管生成减少,肺微循环发育异常.推测,高氧可能直接损伤内皮细胞干扰肺血管发育过程,进而影响肺泡分化导致CLD的病理改变.     

内毒素对新生大鼠肺组织CXCR4表达影响的研究

目的研究内毒素作用于新生大鼠后,肺组织CXCR4表达的变化及可能作用。方法用内毒素诱发7日龄新生大鼠急性肺损伤(ALI),免疫组织化学法检测肺组织中CXCR4及TNF-α蛋白水平的表达情况。结果正常新生大鼠肺组织中CXCR4及TNF-α蛋白呈阴性或弱阳性表达,LPS作用后,CXCR4及TNF-α蛋白的表达随着损伤严重程度的增加而增强。结论 CXCR4可能在新生大鼠急性肺损伤的发病中发挥一定的作用。     

HO-1在CCK-8减轻脂多糖所致的急性肺损伤中的作用

目的： 探讨血红素氧合酶（HO）-1在八肽胆囊收缩素（CCK-8）减轻脂多糖（LPS）所致急性肺损伤（ALI）中的作用。方法: 将大鼠随机分为5组：正常对照组、LPS组、CCK-8+LPS组、LPS+Hm（氯血红素，CO供体）组、LPS+ZnPP（锌原卟啉，HO-1特异性阻断剂）组。各组给药后2 h、6 h、12 h行支气管肺泡灌洗、检测支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中中性粒细胞（PMN）数目；进行肺组织的形态学观察；测定肺组织中丙二醛（MDA）含量和HO-1蛋白活性；应用RT-PCR和Western blotting技术检测给药后6h肺组织中HO-1 mRNA和蛋白的表达情况。结果: LPS组肺组织出现损伤性变化，同时BALF中PMN数目、肺组织中MDA含量、HO-1蛋白活性、HO-1 mRNA和蛋白的表达均高于相应对照组（均P<0.05）；CCK-8+LPS和LPS+Hm组肺组织损伤程度、BALF中PMN数目和肺组织中MDA含量低于相应LPS组，而肺组织中HO-1蛋白活性、HO-1 mRNA和蛋白的表达均高于相应LPS组（均P<0.05）；LPS+ZnPP组肺组织损伤程度、BALF中PMN数目和肺组织中MDA含量分别高于相应LPS组，而肺组织中HO-1蛋白活性、HO-1 mRNA和蛋白的表达分别低于相应LPS组（均P<0.05）。结论: CCK-8可部分通过HO-1介导的抗氧化、抑制PMN聚集等效应来发挥减轻LPS所致的肺损伤作用。     

Curcumin 对注射脂多糖大鼠肺脏血红素氧合酶-1表达的影响

目的：探讨活化蛋白-1（AP-1）阻断剂curcumin对注射脂多糖大鼠肺组织血红素氧合酶（HO-1）表达的转录调节机制。 方法： 18只大鼠随机分为3组：对照组（经舌静脉注入等量生理盐水）、脂多糖（LPS）组（经舌静脉注入LPS 5 mg·0.5 mL-1·kg-1）和LPS+curcumin组（经腹腔注入AP-1阻断剂curcumin 20 mg·0.5mL-1·kg-1，20 min后再注入LPS 5 mg·0.5 mL-1·kg-1）。给药7 h后杀死动物留取肺组织，应用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和Westren 印迹法分别检测HO-1 mRNA和蛋白的表达，生化方法检测肺组织匀浆碳氧血红蛋白（HbCO）含量，间接代表肺组织中一氧化碳（CO）含量。 结果： LPS组大鼠肺组织HO-1 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平及肺组织CO含量高于对照组（均P<0.01），而LPS+curcumin组肺组织HO-1 mRNA、蛋白表达及CO含量明显低于LPS组（均P<0.01）。 结论： LPS攻击的大鼠肺组织中HO-1基因转录可能是通过激活AP-1进行调控的。     

LPS上调大鼠HIF-1和GLUT表达

目的 探讨脂多糖(LPS)致大鼠内毒素血症早期,葡萄糖转运体(GLUT)家族在脑、心和肝组织等表达水平及低氧诱导因子-1(HIF-1)调控的相关性.方法 雄性SD大鼠分为对照组(腹腔注射0.9％氯化钠注射液)和给药组(腹腔注射2 mg/kg LPS),每组6只.测定给药后0～24h体温.ELISA法检测血清IL-1水平.RT-PCR法测定GLUT家族mRNA表达.Western blot法检测GLUT1和HIF-1蛋白表达.结果 在大鼠脑、心及肝等组织中,GLUT1和GLUT4均有表达;GLUT2在脑和肝组织中有表达;GLUT3仅在脑组织特异性表达.LPS作用24h可引起大鼠体温升高,血清IL-1水平上调(P＜0.05).LPS可上调脑组织GLUT1 mRNA水平和蛋白翻译水平(P＜0.01);同时LPS可促进脑组织HIF-1蛋白稳定表达(P＜0.001).结论 LPS促进大鼠HIF-1稳定表达,上调GLUT1表达及调控糖代谢.     

CCK-8对脂多糖性肺损伤大鼠肺组织中硫化氢生成的抑制作用

目的： 探讨硫化氢（H2S）在八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)改善脂多糖性肺损伤中的作用。方法：用静脉注射脂多糖（LPS,5 mg/kg）法制备大鼠肺损伤模型,将雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、LPS组、LPS+CCK-8组及CCK-8组。给药后6 h测定大鼠动脉血氧分压（PaO2）;检测肺组织中H2S含量和胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶(CSE)活性;RT-PCR检测肺组织CSE mRNA的表达;光镜观察肺组织的形态学变化。结果：与正常对照组相比,LPS组大鼠PaO2显著下降并出现肺组织结构损伤,而肺组织中H2S含量、CSE活性和mRNA表达显著增高（均P<0.05）;与LPS组相比,LPS+CCK-8组大鼠PaO2显著升高,肺组织结构损伤明显减轻,肺组织中H2S含量和CSE活性及mRNA表达显著下降（均P<0.05）;CCK-8组大鼠上述各指标与正常对照组相比无明显差异。结论：CCK-8可通过抑制内源性H2S的生成减轻脂多糖性肺损伤。     

CCK-8上调LPS诱导的大鼠肺组织HO-1表达的信号转导机制

目的： 旨在研究八肽胆囊收缩素（CCK-8）上调脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠肺组织中血红素氧合酶（HO）-1表达的信号转导机制。方法: 将42只雄性SD大鼠随机分为7组（每组6只）,即对照组、LPS组、LPS+SP600125（JNK特异性抑制剂）组、CCK-8+LPS组、CCK-8+LPS+SP600125组、CCK-8组、CCK-8+SP600125组。注药后6 h放血处死动物留取肺组织,应用RT-PCR、Western blotting和免疫荧光流式细胞术（FCM）等技术分别检测各组肺组织HO-1 mRNA和蛋白表达。结果: 与正常对照组相比,LPS组可见肺组织中出现明显的HO-1 mRNA表达的阳性信号,CCK-8可使LPS诱导的阳性表达信号进一步增强,CCK单独作用也可上调HO-1表达。信号密度扫描结果显示,LPS组、CCK-8+LPS组和CCK-8组HO-1 mRNA表达强度分别是正常对照组3.01（P<0.01）、5.88（P<0.01）和3.45倍（P<0.01）;JNK特异性抑制剂SP600125抑制了CCK-8和（或）LPS诱导的HO-1 mRNA表达;Western blotting、免疫荧光FCM检测结果显示,肺组织HO-1蛋白表达变化与其mRNA表达一致。结论: JNK/c-Jun通路在CCK-8上调LPS诱导肺组织HO-1表达过程中发挥重要作用。     

高氧致新生鼠肺VEGF、PECAM-1、HIF-1α mRNA的动态改变

目的研究高氧吸入致新生鼠肺VEGF、HIF—1α，PECAM-1mRNA的动态改变，探讨高氧对发育中鼠肺微血管损伤的调节机制。方法采用新生SD大鼠制作CLD模型，RT—PCR技术检测实验组和对照组在生后1、4、7、14、21天肺组织VEGF、PECAM-1、HIF-1αmRNA表达。结果新生鼠肺VEGF、PECAM-1mRNA表达量随生后日龄增长而增加，高氧导致VEGF、PECAM-1及HIF—1α表达减少。结论高氧导致肺组织VEGF、PECAM—1及HIF-1αmRNA表达减少。推测，高氧可能通过抑制HIF-1-VEGF信号通路或者直接损伤内皮细胞干扰肺血管发育过程。致CLD的病理改变。     

血小板内皮细胞黏附分子-1在大鼠结肠癌组织及淋巴管的表达

目的 观察血小板内皮细胞黏附分子-1(PECAM-1)在大鼠结肠癌组织及淋巴管的表达.探讨其与肿瘤细胞淋巴道转移之间的关系.方法 构建大鼠结肠癌动物模型,运用免疫组织化学方法检测PECAM-1在结肠癌组织及淋巴管的表达.结果 PECAM-1在正常大鼠结肠组织表达于血管和淋巴管内皮,在肿瘤组织表达于腺体、血管和淋巴管的内皮,其中在肿瘤腺体的表达早期多位于细胞膜上,中晚期则转移至细胞质内,且表达随肿瘤进展而下降.在肿瘤淋巴管内皮的表达随肿瘤进展而下降,在血管内皮表达不变.结论 PECAM-1可能介导大鼠结肠癌早期肿瘤细胞与内皮之间的黏附;PECAM-1在大鼠结肠癌淋巴管的表达降低可能与肿瘤内淋巴管新生及内皮连接开放相关.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.