高效液相色谱法测定消炎止痒洗剂中黄芩苷的含量

目的 建立消炎止痒洗剂中黄芩苷的含量测定方法. 方法 应用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,采用Agilent Hypersil ODS C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以甲醇-水-磷酸(47：53：0.2)为流动相;检测波长为278 nm. 结果黄芩苷进样量在0.037 5～0.750 7 μｇ范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r＝1.000 0),平均加样回收率为99.44%(n＝6),RSD＝0.84%. 结论 该方法快速、准确、专属性强,可作为该制剂中黄芩苷的含量测定方法.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定小儿速热清口服液中黄芩苷和连翘苷含量

目的 采用反相高效液相色谱法同时测定小儿速热清口服液黄芩苷、连翘苷的含量. 方法 色谱柱为KromasilC18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm ,5 μm), 流动为甲醇 -水- 0.4%磷酸(40：60：1), 流速为 1.0 mL•min^-1 ,检测波长为 277 nm, 柱温25 ℃. 结果黄芩苷、连翘苷分别在 1.8～18 μg•mL^-1(r＝0.999 8), 0.45～4.50 μg•mL^-1(r＝0.999 6)范围内呈线性关系,加样回收率分别为 99.83% (RSD＝0.26 %),99.78%(RSD ＝0.12%). 结论该方法 操作简便, 结果准确、可靠,同时测定两种成分, 为提高药品质量标准提供参考.     

HPLC法测定升白合剂中芍药苷的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定升白合剂中芍药苷含量的方法.方法:色谱柱:Alltech C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为甲醇-水(27∶73);流速为1.0 mL*min-1;检测波长为230 nm.结果:以高效液相色谱法测定,芍药苷进样量在1.043～8.344 μg范围内的线性关系良好(r＝1),平均加样回收率99.3%,RSD为0.8%(n＝6).结论:本法操作简便、准确,重复性好,可作为该制剂的质量控制标准.     

急慢支合剂中黄芩苷的含量测定

目的:测定急慢支合剂中黄芩苷的含量.方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP HPLC),HYPERSIL C18柱,流动相为甲醇∶水∶磷酸(48∶52∶0.2),在280 nm波长处检测.结果:黄芩苷的线性范围为:0.004 8～0.096 0 mg•mL 1,r＝0.999 7,平均加样回收率98.85%,RSD＝2.07%(n＝6).结论:该方法简便,适用于测定急慢支合剂中黄芩苷的含量.     

HPLC法测定天泉通颗粒中芍药苷的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定天泉通颗粒中芍药苷的含量.方法:采用Hypersil C18柱(150mm×4.6mm, 5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(30∶70),紫外检测波长为230nm.结果:芍药苷进样量在0.201～3.22μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为99.1%,RSD为2.0%(n＝9).结论:本法简便,测定结果准确、重现性好,可控制天泉通颗粒的质量.     

RP-HPLC测定藏药川西獐芽菜中的龙胆苦苷

目的 建立了测定不同地区川西獐芽菜中的龙胆苦苷.方法 采用RP-HPLC法,Kromasil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-0.04%磷酸水溶液(23:77),流速1.0 ml · min-1,检测波长238 nm,柱温35℃.结果 龙胆苦苷的线性范围为0.026～1.048 μg ( r＝0.9996),平均回收率为99.6%,RSD＝1.54%.结论 所建方法简便、准确、重复性好,适用于川西獐芽菜及其他药用植物中的龙胆苦苷.     

HPLC法测定欣力康颗粒剂中野黄芩苷的含量

建立HPLC法测定欣力康颗粒中野黄芩苷的含量.色谱柱采用SHIMADZU VP-ODS-9092036 ,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(44:55:1),检测波长为335nm.线性范围为0.43～2.16μg·ml-1(r＝0.9997),平均加样回收率为101.81%,RSD为1.17%.本方法简便,准确,重现性好,可用于该制剂主要成分野黄芩苷的含量测定.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定熊胆丸中龙胆苦苷的含量

目的建立熊胆丸中龙胆苦苷的反相高效液相色谱法.方法采用Polarls C18柱,流动相为甲醇-水(25∶75);检测波长为270 nm.结果龙胆苦苷的进样量在0.184～0.920 μg范围内与其峰面积有良好的线性关系(r＝0.9994),平均加样回收率为97.72%,RSD为0.88%.结论该方法简便易行、准确可靠,可用于熊胆丸的质量控制.     

小儿化毒散中芍药苷含量测定

目的 建立检测小儿化毒散中芍药苷含量的高效液相色谱法. 方法 色谱柱HiQ sil C18W(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),柱温：30 ℃,流动相：乙腈-0.1%磷酸(83：17),流速：1.0 mL.min-1,紫外检测波长：230 nm. 结果芍药苷含量在0.243～2.430 μg范围内有良好线性关系,平均加样回收率100.1%,RSD＝1.61%(n＝6). 结论 该方法 简便,快速,准确,重复性好,可用于该制剂质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定降脂减肥片中二苯乙烯苷的含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定降脂减肥片中二苯乙烯苷(2,3,5,4′-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷)含量.方法:以C18色谱柱为分析柱;流动相:乙腈-水(25:75);流速:1.0 ml/min;检测波长:320nm.结果:二苯乙烯苷的线性范围为0.31～3.1μg,r=0.9998,平均回收率98.35%(RSD＝1.3%,n＝5),方法精密度为(RSD＝0.59%,n＝5).结论:本方法具有准确性、灵敏性、专一性,为测定降脂减肥片中二苯乙烯苷的含量提供了新的方法.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.