浅谈执业药师审方与合理用药

执业药师的工作与人民群众的用药安全密切相关。实行对药学技术人员的职业准入控制，药师必须通过执业药师资格考试来衡量是否具备执业的能力。执业药师资格考试是科学、公正、客观地评价和选拔人才。全面提高药学技术人员的素质，建设一支既有专业知识和实际能力，又有药事管理和法规知识，能严格依法执业的药师队伍，是确保药品质量、保障人民用药的安全有效的重要手段。执业药师工作岗位是多种多样的，有临床药师和驻店药师等不同的岗位。     

我国执业药师资格制度的发展概况

为了加强对药学技术人员的职业准入控制,确保药品质量,保障人民用药的安全有效,我国从1994开始实行执业药师资格制度.经过多年的努力,现已逐步形成了规范的执业药师资格考试、注册、继续教育和监督管理的体系.执业药师队伍不断壮大,整体素质和依法执业的能力不断提高.特别是近几年,执业药师管理工作取得了突破性的进展和十分可喜的成绩.     

关于药学教育与执业药师培养问题的思考

为了加强药学技术人员和药品市场管理以及保障人民用药安全，人事部与原国家医药管理局、国家中医药管理局于1994年颁发了《执业药师资格制度暂行规定》，1999年对此规定又作了修订，使执业药师队伍的建设培养规范化。执业药师在发挥药学服务，安全合理用药等方面的作用越来越显示出重要性。     

浅谈如何做好执业药师资格考试考前培训

执业药师是保证药品质量和药学服务质量，保障公众用药安全、有效、经济、合理，维护公众健康，提升全民药学保健水平不可或缺的药学技术力量。执业药师资格制度是国家药品监督管理局为此出台的一项重要措施，我国从1995年举行了首次执业药师资格考试，由此拉开了执业药师资格管理的序幕。     

怎样参加执业药师资格考试

为了适应我国医药事业的发展,促进我国医药产品走向世界,逐步实现药师制度与国际执业药师制度接轨,建立客观公正的评价人才和选拔人才的体系,造就一批既有专业知识,又有法律知识;既有实际能力,又能严格执法的医药生产和经营管理人员,充分发挥药师在确保药品质量,保障人民用药安全和维护人民健康方面的特殊作用,我国实施了执业药师资格制度。 执业药师资格考试属于职业准入性考试。我国从1995年首次举行执业药师资格考试至今已有三年,累计4546人通过全国统一考试取得了执业药师     

试论制约我国执业药师发展的因素与对策

我国于1994年3月15日由原医药管理局和人事部联合颁发<执业药师资格制度暂行规定>,实行执业药师资格制度,以科学、公证、客观地评价和选拔人才,全面提高药学技术人员素质,建设一支既有专业知识和实际能力,又有药事管理和法规知识,能严格依法执业的药师队伍,确保药品质量,保障人民用药安全,促进医药市场健康发展.     

论完善执业药师管理制度

在我国，越来越多的人们开始认识到，执业药师是保证药品质量和药学服务质量，保障人民用药安全、有效、经济、合理不可或缺的药学技术力量。执业药师制度的实行，对于建设我国高素质的药学专业技术人员队伍起了重要的推动和保障作用，对于规范医药行业的职业道德、提高工作质量。     

浅谈如何做好执业药师资格考试考前培训

执业药师是保证药品质量和药学服务质量,保障公众用药安全、有效、经济、合理,维护公众健康,提升全民药学保健水平不可或缺的药学技术力量.执业药师资格制度是国家药品监督管理局为此出台的一项重要措施,我国从1995年举行了首次执业药师资格考试,由此拉开了执业药师资格管理的序幕.     

对执业药师队伍建设的几点建议

实施执业药师资格制度是贯彻党中央、国务院决定 ,确保药品质量 ,保证人民用药安全有效的战略措施 ,是国家药品监督管理局行政执法的重要组成部分。在对药品实行行政监督与技术监督的同时 ,必须对药学专业技术人员实行执业资格准入制度 ,使药品生产、经营、使用单位的药学技术人员保持较高的执业水平 ,担负起保证药品质量 ,保障人民用药安全有效的神圣职责[1] 。执业药师资格制度实行八年来 ,执业药师从无到有 ,目前全国已有 4万余人 ,分别工作在药品生产、经营企业和医疗机构。为广大人民群众防病、治病、保证用药安全发挥了积极的作用。但…     

《中国执业药师》杂志2011年征稿启事

《中国执业药师》杂志自2003年12月创刊以来,一直遵循服务于执业药师,服务于药学教育、科研,药品生产、流通、使用领域的广大药学技术人员的办刊宗旨,力求使杂志成为执业药师提高专业水平、交流研究成果的重要平台。《中国执业药师》杂志以推动药学服务工作,提高药学服务水平,指导合理用药为主旨,重点关注药物治疗的安全、有效、经济、适当。同时反映各地医药科研成果,实验研究与临床实践,传播医药新理论,交流药学新技术,帮助执业药师及广大药学技术人员更新知识,提高专业水平。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.