复方鱼肝油滴鼻剂的制备与应用

目的 :以鱼肝油为主药配制复方鱼肝油滴鼻剂 ,治疗干燥性鼻炎、萎缩性鼻炎。方法 :复方鱼肝油滴鼻剂与薄荷脑滴鼻液对照治疗。结果 :治疗组 80例 ,显效 5 6例 ,有效2 3例 ,无效 1例 ,总有效率 98% ;对照组 6 0例 ,显效 33例 ,有效 18例 ,无效 9例 ,总有效率 85 %。结论 :该制剂疗效确切 ,无不良反应     

呋麻滴鼻液的制备及临床应用

目的 　制备呋麻滴鼻液用以治疗鼻炎、鼻粘膜肿胀及鼻窦炎等五官科常见病。 方法 　采用旋光度测定法测定麻黄碱含量 ,并对 10 0 0例患者进行临床观察。结果 　平均回收率为 ( 10 0 .2± 0 .5 7) % ,治疗组总有效率 99.1% ,对照组 (滴通鼻炎水 )总有效率为 66.8%。结论 　该制剂疗效确切 ,质量可控。     

复方诺氟沙星滴鼻剂的制备与临床应用

目的:研究复方诺氟沙星滴鼻剂的制备及临床疗效.方法:以诺氟沙星、甲硝唑为主药配制成滴鼻剂,采用紫外分光光度法进行含量测定,并临床应用于鼻炎、鼻窦炎共96例,观察其疗效.结果:两种主药含量测定的平均回收率分别为99.07%(RSD＝0.73%),99.45%(RSD＝0.47%),鼻炎、鼻窦炎有效率为85.4%.结论:该制剂配制简便,质量稳定,疗效确切.     

复方雌三醇阴道生物黏附膜的制备及质量控制

目的:制备复方雌三醇阴道生物黏附膜并建立其质量控制方法。方法:以雌三醇、盐酸环丙沙星和醋酸地塞米松为主药制备膜剂,采用高效液相色谱法测定其中主药的含量。结果:所制制剂为半透明淡黄色薄膜,鉴别、检查项均符合2005年版《中国药典》中的相关规定;雌三醇、盐酸环丙沙星、醋酸地塞米松检测浓度的线性范围分别为1.56~77.8、15.97~798.4、1.66~83.2μg·mL-1(r=0.9999),平均回收率分别为98.44%(RSD=0.87%)、99.67%(RSD=0.54%)、98.54%(RSD=0.42%)。结论:本制剂制备工艺简便可行,质量稳定可控。     

鼻炎合剂的制备及临床应用

目的:制备鼻炎合剂并观察临床疗效.方法:建立鼻炎合剂的制备方法和质控标准,并对急、慢性鼻(窦)炎、萎缩性鼻炎176例随机分成治疗组和对照组治疗.结果:本合剂制备工艺可行,质量控制可靠.治疗组有效率为97.9%,对照组有效率90%(P<0.05).结论:鼻炎合剂配方合理,疗效确切,无明显不良反应.     

硫黄乳膏的制备、质量控制及临床应用

目的 建立硫黄乳膏的制备方法及质量控制标准,并观察其临床疗效.方法 采用较药典简便、快速的方法测定该制剂中硫含量,并用该乳膏与硫软膏为对照,对疥疮患者的疗效进行观察.结果 本品硫含量测定,平均回收率为100.07%,RSD=0.55%(n=5),临床观察总有效率,治疗组为97.3%,对照组为85.2%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 该制剂处方合理,制备工艺简单;含量测定方法简便、快速,重现性好、准确;临床疗效确切,疗程短,治愈率高.     

复方薄荷脑碘滴鼻液的制备及质量控制

目的:制备复方薄荷脑碘滴鼻液。方法:用薄荷脑、碘、樟脑研磨液化后加石蜡油复配,制定其质量标准并进行稳定性及临床疗效观察。结果:该制剂在有效期(6个月)内质量稳定,临床有效率100.0%。结论:该制剂制备方法简单,稳定性好,疗效确切,是一种安全有效的治疗干燥性萎缩性鼻炎的外用制剂。     

二黄滴剂的临床应用及疗效观察

二黄滴剂为中西药复方制剂,根据中西药相结合的理论,及多年临床经验组方制成本制剂。制备工艺为水-醇法并制成滴剂。其主要成分为盐酸小檗碱,对其含量及制剂稳定性进行紫外分光光度法测定及考察。含量测定方法可靠,制剂稳定性良好。经临床验证对治疗急性结膜炎、化脓性中耳炎、萎缩性鼻炎等五官科疾病,具有满意疗效。笔者对其进行动物安全性试验、刺激性试验及针对治疗急性结膜炎、化脓性中耳炎、萎缩性鼻炎进行临床疗效观察,取得满意的结果。     

胃灵冲剂的研制及临床疗效观察

目的：根据中医药理论选用党参、甘草、白芍、乌梅、延胡索等中药制成纯天然制剂，治疗萎缩性胃炎。方法：制备工艺为水-醇法并制成冲剂;紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮含量和制剂稳定性考察;将慢性萎缩性胃炎病人127例随机分为2组，以猴菇菌片作为对照，进行了胃灵冲剂的临床疗效观察。结果：制备工艺可行，制剂稳定性良好;含量测定方法可靠，以芦丁为对照，浓度在0～10μg／ml范围内线性关系良好，γ＝0.9995;加样回收率达99.61％，SD：1.18％，样品测定结果准确;临床研究显示，治疗组和对照组的总有效率分别为85.9％和50.0％（P＜0.01）。结论：胃灵冲剂工艺简便易行，定量方法准确，制剂稳定、安全，对萎缩性胃炎有满意的治疗效果。     

风湿痛消丸的研制与临床应用

目的:研究风湿痛消丸的制备方法,探讨质量控制指标,并观察临床疗效.方法:制备风湿痛消丸,采用薄层色谱法对制剂中马钱子、川芎、麻黄进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量.结果:士的宁浓度在15～180μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、马钱子碱浓度在10～120μg/mL(r=0.999 8)范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,回收率分别为98.32%,99.18%;对986例患者进行的临床疗效观察表明,其总有效率达92.29%.结论:风湿痛消丸制备方法可行,制剂质量可控,临床疗效可靠.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.