乳腺T细胞淋巴瘤2例报道及文献复习

目的：探讨乳腺T细胞淋巴瘤临床病理特点及鉴别诊断要点。方法：对2例乳腺T细胞淋巴瘤进行临床资料分析及光镜和免疫组化标记观察。结果：患者为中青年女性,年龄分别为37和31岁。组织学特点：瘤细胞呈片状及条索状排列,部分围血管分布,有明显嗜血现象,瘤细胞胞质少,核大、深染有异型,部分核扭曲,染色质细,见大片坏死,无淋巴上皮病变。瘤细胞免疫表型：CD45、CD45RO、CD3、CD43均为阳性,而CD20、CD74阴性。随访：2例分别于术后2个月半月和16个月死亡。结论：乳腺T细胞淋巴瘤是极为罕见的高度恶性肿瘤,其诊断主要依靠病理组织学及免疫组织化学标记。     

Clear cell hidradenoma simulating breast carcinoma: A diagnostic pitfall in fine-needle aspiration of breast

Clear cell hidradenoma, a benign tumor of sweat gland, presented as a breast lump with ulceration of overlying skin in an elderly woman. Failure to identify its cytological features led to a wrong diagnosis of breast carcinoma on fine-needle aspiration of the lump. Retrospective review of cytology revealed the presence of many clear cells amidst polygonal tumor cells, but no tubular lumina were seen. Accurate diagnosis remains a problem. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;15:70–72. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Nodular mucinosis of the breast: Report of three cases

Three cases of nodular mucinosis of the breast are presented. They occurred in one male and two female patients. The patients had no signs of Carney's syndrome. All lesions were located under the nipple. They were poorly circumscribed and unencapsulated. They were soft and had a gelatinous consistency and white color. No patient had any evidence of recurrence or metastasis 6 months, 3 years and 6 years, respectively, after the surgical excision. The mucinous tissue consisted of acid mucopolysaccharldes, which stained Alcian blue, Hale's colloidal iron positively, and they were periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) negative. Muci-carmine reaction was only faintly positive. The lesion should be distinguished particularly from mucocele-like lesions of the breast by the location, nodular arrangement, absence of accompanying ductal hyperplasia and staining properties of the mucous substances.     

乳腺结节性筋膜炎1例及文献复习

目的探讨乳腺结节性筋膜炎的临床病理特征。方法对1例乳腺结节性筋膜炎的临床表现、组织形态和免疫表型进行研究,并文献复习。结果该例肿块3cm×2cm,边界不清,向周围乳腺及脂肪组织浸润。肿块主要由梭形细胞组成,其中含少量破骨样巨细胞。梭形细胞表达Vim、SMA和MSA,破骨样巨细胞表达CD68(KP-1),未发现CK阳性细胞。结论结节性筋膜炎很少复发,也不转移,组织学形态易与一些良恶性肿瘤混淆,需做免疫组化检测以明确其性质。     

Clear cell carcinoid of the appendix: Report of two cases with literature review

The clear cell/lipid‐rich change has been described in neuroendocine tumors in several organs, but rarely observed in the appendix. In this study, we describe the morphologic, immunohistochemical features of incidentally discovered appendiceal carcinoids entirely represented by clear cells in a 22‐year‐old man and a 52‐year‐old woman. Ultrastructual examination demonstrated abundant lipid droplets and dense core granules. The mechanism leading to lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm has not been discovered, but degenerative processes following recurrent inflammatory change might be considered. This uncommon variant of appendiceal classic carcinoid tumors may bear a superficial resemblance to goblet carcinoid and/or appendiceal metastases from clear cell carcinoma. Awareness of clear cell carcinoid of the appendix will prevent incorrect diagnosis and unnecessary aggressive management.     

Fine-needle aspiration of nodular hidradenoma: A case report

A case of nodular hidradenoma presenting on the forearm of a 36 year old woman is reported. The diagnosis was made on fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). The cytologic features of the lesion are described. This is the first case to be diagnosed cytologically. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;15:395–397. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Metaplastic breast carcinoma: a case report and systematic review of the literature

A 78‐year‐old retired woman was diagnosed with metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC), a rare tumor, in our hospital. We reviewed 15 articles with a total of 1328 patients to determine the epidemiology, clinical features, biomarkers, histology, management and outcome of patients with this tumor. The mean age at presentation is 58.5 years (range 32–83). Eighty‐one percent of patients presented either with a breast mass or abnormal mammographic finding. Twenty‐three percent of patients had a family history of breast cancer. Estrogen receptors were only found in 12%, progesterone receptors in 10% and HER2 in 6% of patients. The main method of treatment was mastectomy (66.9%) in combination with chemotherapy (57%) and radiotherapy (47%). Five‐year disease‐free survival ranged between 40% and 84% and 5‐year overall survival ranged between 64 and 83%. We have further reviewed the nature of this disease in the light of advancement in genetics, such as microarray gene expression profiling. The relationship of MBC with triple‐negative tumor and basal‐like tumor is discussed. It is hoped that advances in genetics and biomarkers will bring forward the era of personalized medicine in the treatment of breast carcinoma.     

Fine-needle aspiration of the breast: A review of 1,995 cases with emphasis on diagnostic pitfalls

Between 1985 to 1989, 1, 95 fine-needle aspirations of palpable breast lesions were performed at our institution. In all cases, the aspirates were procured by cytopathologists using 22- or 23-gauge needles. Direct smears were immediately stained with Diff-Quik and Papanicolaou and assessed for specimen adequacy (criteria as followed in this institution). Tissue follow-up was available in 1,117 cases. The cytologic diagnoses rendered in these cases were: malignant, 690 cases (60.2%); suspicious for carcinoma, 49 cases (4.3%); benign, 343 cases (29.9%), and insufficient specimen, 35 cases (3.1%). There were 28 false-negative and 2 false-positive results. Considering only cases definitively diagnosed as benign or malignant, the sensitivity was 96%, specificity 99%, positive predictive value 99%, negative predictive value 94%, and overall efficiency 97%. Of those specimens considered suspicious, only 11 cases (22%) were proved not to be malignant after excisional biopsy. These were three fibroadenomas, three ductal hyperplasias, two adenosis tumors, two mucocele-like lesions, and one nipple adenoma. The two lesions that resulted in true false-positive diagnoses were an apocrine cyst with atypia and sclerosing adenosis with radial scar. The clinical and cytologic features of the benign conditions that resulted in false suspicious and positive diagnoses and those features that distinguish them from carcinoma are presented.     

乳腺伴梭形细胞化生腺癌2例及文献复习

目的 探讨乳腺伴梭形细胞化生腺癌的临床病理特点及鉴别诊断要点。方法 复习2例乳腺伴梭形细胞化生腺癌的临床资料,并行免疫组化标记。结果 组织学特点：癌组织由梭形细胞构成,细胞异型不明显,核分裂象不多,呈片巢状、条索状、编织状排列,梭形细胞内可见腺癌的管状成分。免疫组化染色显示：癌细胞呈上皮性免疫表型,CK(pan)、EMA阳性,ER、PR、C—erbB-2常阴性,不表达S-100蛋白、desmin和vimentin。结论 乳腺伴梭形细胞分化的腺癌是上皮性特殊性乳腺癌中乳腺化生性癌的1种,其诊断主要依靠组织病理学及免疫组化标记。     

Clear‐cell hidradenoma in a child: A diagnostic dilemma for the cytopathologist

Primary cutaneous tumors are infrequently subjected to fine needle aspiration cytology. As a result, the cytological reports of skin adnexal tumors like hidradenoma are scarce in the available literature. A young boy with a painless nodule on forehead underwent fine needle aspiration. The smears showed clusters of epithelial cells containing blue cytoplasm, some of which had vacuolated cytoplasm with mild nuclear pleomorphism and occasional larger hyperchromatic nucleus. The cytological features, in conjunction with the clinical examination, suggested a skin appendageal tumor. Though nuclear pleomorphism and occasional larger nucleus posed a cytological diagnostic challenge, a diagnosis of benign appendageal tumor was suggested, considering the young age of the patient. This was later confirmed as a clear‐cell hidradenoma on excision biopsy. The cytopathologist should consider skin appendageal tumors during evaluation of cutaneous nodules. An accurate diagnosis requires a close clinico‐pathologic correlation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

乳腺富糖原透明细胞癌2例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨乳腺富糖原透明细胞癌临床病理特点及鉴别诊断要点。方法 对2例乳腺富糖原透明细胞癌进行临床资料及光镜和免疫组化标记观察。结果 组织学特点：癌细胞为多边形或柱状，胞界清楚，胞质透明，呈实性巢状、片状排列，可有乳头形成。表现为导管内癌和浸润性癌结构。免疫组化染色显示：癌细胞呈上皮性免疫表型，CK(AE1)、CEA强阳性，不表达S-100蛋白、肌动蛋白。PAS染色阳性。结论 富含糖原透明细胞癌是上皮性特殊类型乳腺癌，其诊断主要依靠组织病理学和免疫组化标记。     

Intracystic papillary breast carcinoma with areas of infiltration : Report on two cases

Intracystic papillary carcinoma of the breast associated with areas of infiltration is rare in that it constitutes less than 1% of breast cancers. After initial radiological study, these tumors show lesions with little likelihood of malignancy in a high proportion of cases.Two cases of intracystic papillary carcinoma associated with infiltration were diagnosed at the Breast Unit of Hospital Infanta Cristina. In both cases, the reason for consultation arose after palpation of a nodule and the initial radiographic analyses showed lesions with little likelihood of malignancy.     

Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast: Report of two cases with prominent cystic changes and intranuclear inclusions

Adenomyoepithelioma is a rare breast tumor. Histologically it may disclose different patterns of growth, and some additional features may result in diagnostic errors. We describe 2 cases of adenomyoepithelioma of the breast initially examined by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). Cytologic features included hypercellularity, clusters of epithelial and myoepithelial cells with occasional intranuclear inclusions, prominent apocrine metaplasia, and foam cells. Histologically, both tumors were diagnosed as adenomyoepithelioma tubular-variant, with prominent myoepithelial clear cells, apocrine metaplasia, and foci of squamous metaplasia. Immunohistochemically, the tumors showed strong positivity for keratins CAM 5.2, AE1/AE3, and EMA in the epithelial component, while the myoepithelial cells reacted with muscle-specific actin (A14 and HHF35) and S-100 protein. We point out that FNAB in this rare tumor may exhibit a varied spectrum of cells that may result in confusion with other lesions, and we call attention to the presence of intranuclear inclusions. The latter observation in the present cases by cytologic and histologic assessment provides an additional feature to the morphological characteristics of adenomyoepithelioma of the breast. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1998;19:55–58. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Intramuscular myxoma with fibrous dysplasia: A report of two cases with a review of the literature

Two cases are reported of a rare association of intramuscular myxoma with fibrous dysplasia in a 70 and 40 year old Japanese woman, respectively. One of them had a solitary intramuscular myxoma, and the other patient suffered from two intramuscular tumors that had been initially misdiag-nosed as myxoid liposarcoma. Only 24 cases of this kind of association have been recorded in the literature. This association should be taken into consideration to avoid inappropriate treatment, when cases of myxoid soft tissue tumor with a bone lesion are encountered.     

浸润性微乳头型尿路上皮癌2例临床病理观察和文献复习

目的 探讨浸润性微乳头型尿路上皮癌的临床病理和免疫组化特征.方法 对2例具有特殊临床病理特征的输尿管和膀胱微乳头型癌作光镜和免疫组化染色观察,结合临床资料进行分析.结果 浸润性微乳头型尿路上皮癌的特殊组织学表现为肿瘤细胞排列成巢状和条索状,位于透明间质空隙内,间质空隙无内皮衬覆.大部分细胞团极向反转,核偏向外侧缘,成"内外倒置"状,极似乳头状结构.免疫组化:该肿瘤表达CK7、CK20、CEA、EMA及E-cadherin.结论 浸润性微乳头型尿路上皮癌为高级别癌,易发生血管和淋巴道转移,预后差.其特殊的形态学变异和免疫组化特点,为其鉴别诊断提供了依据.     

Nasal cavity metastasis of breast cancer: a case report and review of the literature

Objective: The nasal cavity is an uncommon site for metastasis to develop and thus metastases arising from breast cancer are rarely observed. We report a case of a 61-year-old female with two-year history of breast cancer who presented with a nasal cavity that was diagnosed as metastatic breast carcinoma by histopathological analysis of the nasal cavity specimen. Methods: We reviewed the clinical records of the patient and the appropriate world literature.Results: The patient had been diagnosed with breast cancer two years before. Her present complain was oculus dexter visual acuity decreased. CT and MRI scan revealed a palpable mass on the right nasal cavity. PET/CT demonstrated no additional uptake at the level of other organ. ER and PR demonstrated a similar expression pattern in primary breast carcinoma and nasal cavity lesions. As further treatment she received systemic palliative chemotherapy in addition to intravenous treatment with bisphosphonates, and a total dose of 36 Gy of X-ray (3 Gy per day, 12 fractions) was given to the local site of the right nasal cavity. Conclusion: In patient with a previous history of breast cancer who complains even of ophthalmologic symptoms such as visual acuity decreased, it is important to consider nasal cavity metastatic disease. 18FDG-PET/CT is useful to rule out the presence of other organ metastasis. Histopathological analysis may aid the diagnosis. The establishment of treatment strategies based on a comprehensive understanding of both etiology and pathophysiology is needed for rare cases such as this.     

Fine-needle aspiration cytology of medullary breast carcinoma: report of two cases and review of the literature with emphasis on differential diagnosis

Medullary carcinoma is a rare variant of breast carcinoma with a relatively good clinical prognosis as strictly defined. Characteristic features on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) allow medullary carcinoma to be considered in the cytologic differential diagnosis. We present two FNAC cases with such features, including high cellularity with clusters and single intact malignant cells, bizarre stripped nuclei with prominent nucleoli in a lymphoplasmacytic background, and illustrate one case in liquid-based preparation. Surgical excision revealed that one patient had medullary carcinoma, while the second patient had high-grade infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Breast FNAC samples with syncytial fragments, bizarre nuclei with prominent nucleoli, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate should raise the possibility of medullary carcinoma. However, the differential diagnosis also includes high-grade ductal carcinoma, lymphoma, or metastasis to breast or intramammary lymph nodes; thus, histopathologic analysis is required for definitive diagnosis.     

Giant cell tumor of soft tissue of the breast: Case report with H3F3A mutation analysis and review of the literature

Giant cell tumors of soft tissue (GCT-ST) arising in the breast are extremely rare. We report a unique case of breast GCT-ST coincident with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), diagnosed with histological, immunohistochemical, and H3F3A (Histone H3.3) mutation analyses. A 59-year-old woman preoperatively diagnosed with DCIS underwent total mastectomy for a cystic mass. Histology revealed a tumor composed of mononuclear cells interspersed with numerous osteoclast-like giant cells, resembling giant cell tumor of bone (GCT-B), with apocrine DCIS in proximity to the tumor. The mononuclear and giant cells were immunoreactive for CD68 and negative for cytokeratins. Granulomatous diseases, carcinomas with giant cells, and giant cell-type sarcomas were excluded by histological and immunophenotypic features. Lack of H3F3A mutation eliminated the possibility of GCT-B metastasizing to the breast. These findings were consistent with GCT-ST of the breast. To our knowledge, this is the ninth reported case of breast GCT-ST, but the first case that accompanied DCIS or involved H3F3A mutation status investigation. For correct diagnosis of this rare tumor, it is important for pathologists to raise the possibility of GCT-ST when encountering giant cell-rich breast lesions and to exclude other differential diagnoses by combining the results of histological, immunohistochemical, and genetic analyses.     

Cytologic features of needle aspiration of ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules: Report of two cases and literature review

Sex cord tumor with annular tubules (SCTAT) is a rare ovarian tumor with characteristic microscopic morphologic features. Diagnosis most often is based on examination of tissue specimens. Cytologic features of this tumor rarely have been described in the English literature. Herein, we report cytologic findings of cyst aspiration fluid in two cases of SCTAT, with cyto‐histologic correlation.