关节镜下清理术在痛风性关节炎诊治中的应用

我科于１９９３年５月～１９９５年１０月用清理术＂诊治痛风性关节炎１１例。跖关节为主９例，踝、膝关节单发各１例。用１．９ｍｍ小关节镜系列，在局麻牵引下进跖关节，用４．０ｍｍ关节镜系列，在连续硬膜外麻醉下进踝、膝关节，检查清除关节内晶体、肥厚绒毛的损害软骨，即刻效果为１００％。清理术＂不仅对诊断、鉴别诊断本病有至关重要的意义，而且在痛风急性关节炎期可以起到与秋水仙碱相似作用，并能预防治疗晚期骨性关节炎。手术中要牵开踝、跖关节，冲洗净关节内及附近红肿区内晶体。尽管不能代替饮食控制，药物（丙磺舒、别嘌呤醇）及晚期切开取痛风石、截骨矫形术，但为痛风性关节炎诊断治疗增加了一个新的方法。     

急性痛风性关节炎与血尿酸及尿酸盐结晶的关系

目的：探讨急性痛风性关节炎与血尿酸及尿酸盐结晶之间的关系。方法：回顾性分析75例急性痛风性关节炎患者的一般资料、血尿酸值、尿酸盐结晶沉积部位计数;根据性别分为男女两组、根据血尿酸水平分为高血尿酸组和正常血尿酸组,采用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行统计分析。结果：年龄与血尿酸水平、尿酸盐结晶沉积部位计数均无相关性（P＞0.05）;尿酸盐结晶沉积部位计数与病程、血尿酸水平呈正相关（P＜0.05）;男性组血尿酸值（405.18±132.21）μmol/L,尿酸盐沉积部位（37.45±17.14）个,女性组血尿酸值（288.50±57.21）μmol/L,尿酸盐沉积部位（23.19±12.80）个,均存在差异（P＜0.05）;高血尿酸组尿酸盐结晶沉积部位（34.64±18.19）个,正常组尿酸盐结晶沉积部位（31.44±16.62）个,两组间无差异（P＞0.05）。结论：急性痛风性关节炎发作是以尿酸盐结晶存在为基础,其发作期血尿酸值不一定高,尿酸盐结晶沉积部位计数与血尿酸呈正相关,但两者关系有待进一步研究。     

关节镜下高频脉冲冲洗治疗膝关节痛风性关节炎的疗效分析

目的 探讨关节镜下高频脉冲冲洗治疗膝关节痛风性关节炎的疗效。方法 2007年3月至2019年1月我科共收治膝关节痛风性关节炎79例,其中男69例,女10例;年龄为（40.6±10.1）岁（21~52岁）。根据手术方法将病人分为脉冲组和对照组,脉冲组44例在传统关节镜手术的基础上,联合高频脉冲清理痛风结晶;对照组35例采用关节镜下刨削刀、刮匙清除痛风结晶。记录两组病人的手术一般情况;统计脉冲组的清理成功率;记录术后的血尿酸、C反应蛋白水平、全身痛风急性发作的例数、疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分、西安大略和麦克马斯特大学（the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index,WOMAC）骨关节炎指数、Kellgren-Lawrence分级。结果 脉冲组的总体手术时间、关节软骨和半月板清理时间、术后1周及2年的VAS评分和WOMAC指数均显著低于对照组,组间比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;脉冲组的全身痛风急性发作率（4.5%）显著低于对照组（22.9%）,Kellgren-Lawrence分级明显优于对照组,组间比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。脉冲组内关节软骨和半月板清理成功率达到97.7%（43/44）,但交叉韧带和滑膜的清理成功率仅为6.8%（3/44）和15.9%（7/44）。结论 关节镜下高频脉冲冲洗治疗痛风性关节炎,具有操作简便、高效、损伤小的优点,尤其对关节软骨和半月板的清理具有满意的效果,可作为常规清理方式的辅助手段。     

新生儿化脓性髋关节炎的临床诊治问题

目的：探讨新生儿化脓性髋关节炎的临床表现，提高对新生儿化脓性髋关节炎的早期诊治水平。方法：对40例新生儿化脓性髋关节炎进行回顾性分析。结果：新生儿化脓性髋关节炎在新生儿期易漏诊，后遗症严重，处理困难。结论：新生儿化脓性髋关节炎的早期诊治是避免严重后遗问题的关键因素，重视查体、B超检查及关节穿刺是获得诊断的重要手段，切开持续引流是提高疗效、预防严重后遗症的重要保证。     

尿酸结石的诊断及其溶石治疗

报告１９８４年１２月～１９９５年１２月对纯尿酸结石病人１７例的治疗经验。诊断标准：（１）ＫＵＢ阴性，（２）ＩＶＵ或逆行尿路造影见到充盈缺损，（３）Ｂ超或ＣＴ证实该充盈缺损系结石所致。尿酸碱化治疗在早期病人采用苏打片，后期病人选用枸橼酸钾，调节药物剂量使尿ｐＨ值维持在６８左右。尿酸结石导致急性梗阻性无尿亦可试作溶石治疗。本组１７例纯尿酸结石（包括２例已发生梗阻性无尿患者）均以碱化药物治疗治愈     

痛风性关节炎25例临床分析

本文报道25例痛风性关节炎，其中单关节发病者16例．多关节发病者9例。第一跖趾关节受累占72％，血尿酸均＞416μmol／L。初次发作时多数侵袭单侧第一跖趾关节。慢性关节炎期可形成痛风石及出现关节畸形。急性发作期秋水仙碱治疗均有明显效果。临床上痛风的诊断并不困难，但漏诊和误诊常有发生。作者认为凡具有反复发作的、非对称性的跖趾关节或其它关节剧烈的红、肿、热、痛者，特别是第一跖趾关节受累者．应高度警惕痛风性关节炎，及时查血尿酸，必要时诊断性治疗。     

Current Concepts in the Treatment of Scaphoid Fractures

Abstract Fractures of the carpus are frequent injuries and typically result from of a fall onto the outstretched hand. Scaphoid fractures are the second most frequent fracture type of the hand (80%). 95% of the patients with acute scaphoid fractures are male, and the average age is approximately 25 years. Conservative treatment of acute scaphoid fractures with immobilization in a plaster cast was the therapy of choice for a long time. Surgical treatment was reserved to severe dislocated fractures only. A progress could be obtained by the principle of intramedullary fixation, whose forerunner is represented by the Herbert screw, and the introduction of cannulated screws guaranteed a continuous improvement. The decision to treat the fracture by surgery requires a clear definition of the fracture type. Therefore, precise radiologic technique is mandatory to detect the fracture and to analyze the pathomorphological circumstances. In order to get an exact classification for the decision on how to proceed, three standard X-ray projections (posteroanterior [PA], lateral and Stecher projection) and a CT scan have to be performed. The most well-known classification has been defined by Herbert & Fisher which combines fracture anatomy, stability and disease history in order to derive prognostic and therapeutic criteria. Also, delayed healings and nonunions are considered. To decide on the adequate treatment, a prerequisite for conservative therapy of acute scaphoid fractures is the anatomic position of the scaphoid. Conservative therapy should be reserved to fracture types, which are stable and heal reliably in the lower-arm plaster cast within 6 weeks. All displaced and unstable acute scaphoid fractures should be operated, and whenever possible, rigid internal fixation should be achieved because of interfragmentary compression. Therefore, several intramedullary implants are available for surgical treatment of acute scaphoid fractures, e. g., Herbert screw, Mini Herbert screw, AO screw (cannulated), Acutrac screw (cannulated), or Twin-fix screw (cannulated). With improved surgical and radiologic techniques, most scaphoid fractures are amenable to minimally invasive fixation. The dorsal approach guarantees a good overview in treating proximal pole fractures. Yet, not all types of fractures can be treated in this way. Severely displaced fractures require the classic open palmar approach. In order to prevent the development of a scaphoid nonunion or an advanced carpal collapse (SNAC-wrist), an early and sufficient diagnostic algorithm is necessary. We recommend internal fixation with a cannulated Herbert screw in B1 and B2 fractures and a Mini Herbert screw in fractures of the proximal third (B3). A2 fractures can be treated conservatively. Early diagnosis and operative treatment will shorten the time off work, minimize the risk of nonunion, and reduce the costs of health care in the long term.     

加味四黄膏外敷辅助治疗急性痛风性关节炎的疗效观察

目的:探讨加味四黄膏外敷辅助治疗急性痛风性关节炎的临床疗效。方法:选择84 例急性痛风性关节炎患者,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组42 例。对照组患者在饮食调护的基础上口服依托考昔和非布司他治疗。观察组在对照组基础上予加味四黄膏外敷治疗,均连续治疗5 天。比较两组患者的临床症状评分(关节疼痛、关节肿胀、关节肤温)以及临床综合疗效。结果:治疗后第2、3、4 天,观察组关节疼痛VAS 评分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。治疗后第3、4、5 天,观察组关节肿胀及关节肤温评分也明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。观察组总有效率为92.86%,明显高于对照组(73.81%),差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.05)。两组患者均未出现关节局部药物过敏反应。结论:加味四黄膏外敷辅助治疗有助于缓解急性痛风性关节炎的临床症状,提高临床疗效。     

神效散联合四妙散治疗急性痛风性关节炎的临床观察

目的：观察神效散外用联合四妙散口服治疗急性痛风性关节炎的临床疗效。方法：将急性痛风患者随机分为治疗组与对照组,各 42 例,对照组患者口服予以口服碳酸氢钠片 1 g,3次 /d,洛索洛芬钠片 60 mg,2 次 /d,秋水仙碱片1~3 mg/d 口服治疗,连续口服 14 天。治疗组患者在以上治疗基础上,予神效散外用,每天换药 1 次,同时口服四妙散治疗。两组均连续治疗 14 天。观察其局部疼痛、关节肿胀、关节活动情况,同时检测血尿酸、白细胞、中性粒细胞、血沉、C 反应蛋白等指标。结果：对照组治疗后局部疼痛的症状减轻较明显,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗组治疗后疼痛、肿胀及关节活动指标与治疗前比较,统计学有显著性差异（P<0.05）;治疗组治疗后疼痛、肿胀指标与对照组治疗后比较,统计学有显著性差异（P<0.05）;对照组治疗后与治疗前比较,血尿酸、C 反应蛋白、血沉指标差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗组治疗后血尿酸、C 反应蛋白等指标与对照组治疗后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：神效散外用联合四妙散治疗急性痛风性关节炎能够有效改善患处疼痛、肿胀、功能等指标,临床疗效满意,临床可以作为一种治疗手段推广。     

超声引导下碳酸氢钠溶液冲洗治疗痛风性膝关节炎的临床研究

目的:观察超声引导下膝关节穿刺抽液后用质量分数为5%的碳酸氢钠溶液冲洗治疗痛风性膝关节炎的临床疗效。方法:将60例急性发作期单侧痛风性膝关节炎并髌上囊积液的患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组30例。对照组患者行超声引导下穿刺抽液后用生理盐水冲洗关节腔,术后标准药物治疗;治疗组患者行超声引导下穿刺抽液后用质量分数为5%的碳酸氢钠溶液冲洗关节腔,术后标准药物治疗。观察2组患者治疗前后患膝关节疼痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、Lysholm评分,以及术后6个月复发率。结果:治疗后,2组患者患膝关节VAS评分、Lysholm评分均明显优于治疗前(P<0.05),术后7,14,30,90 d患膝关节VAS评分,术后30,90 d患膝关节Lysholm评分,治疗组优于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗组复发率低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:超声引导下膝关节穿刺抽液后用质量分数为5%的碳酸氢钠溶液冲洗,能减少关节腔内尿酸结晶残余,相对于生理盐水冲洗,能减轻术后疼痛,改善关节功能。     

The effect of bariatric surgery on gout: a comparative study

BackgroundObesity is a risk factor for the development of gout. An increased incidence of early gouty attacks after bariatric surgery has been reported, but the data is sparse. The effect of weight loss surgery on the behavior of gout beyond the immediate postoperative phase remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pre- and postoperative frequency and features of gouty attacks in bariatric surgery patients.MethodsCharts were reviewed to identify patients who had gout before bariatric surgery. Demographic and gout-related parameters were recorded. The comparison group consisted of obese individuals with gout who underwent nonbariatric upper abdominal procedures.ResultsNinety-nine morbidly obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery had gout. The comparison group consisted of 56 patients. The incidence of early gouty attack in the first month after surgery was significantly higher in the bariatric group than the nonbariatric group (17.5% versus 1.8%, P = .003). In the bariatric group, 23.8% of patients had at least one gouty attack during the 12-month period before surgery, which dropped to 8.0% during postoperative months 1–13 (P = .005). There was no significant difference in the number of gouty attacks in the comparison group before and after surgery (18.2% versus 11.1%, P = .33). There was a significant reduction in uric acid levels 13-months after bariatric surgery compared with baseline values (9.1±2.0 versus 5.6±2.5 mg/dL, P = .007).ConclusionThe frequency of early postoperative gout attacks after bariatric surgery is significantly higher than that of patients undergoing other procedures. However, the incidence decreases significantly after the first postoperative month up to 1 year.     

急性痛风性关节炎患者感受的变化与免疫、炎症、代谢指标相关性研究

目的:探讨急性痛风性关节炎患者感受的变化与免疫、炎症、代谢指标相关性。方法:将57例急性痛风性关节炎患者采用调查问卷的方式,获得生活质量量表SF-36、Bath功能指数(BASFI)、Bath整体指数(BAS-G)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)各项积分,统计患者生活质量各维度积分,同时分析患者的生活质量各维度积分[生理机能(PF)、生理职能(RP)、躯体疼痛(BP)、一般健康状况(GH)、活力(VT)、社会功能(SF)、情感职能(RE),以及精神健康(MH)]与SF-36、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、SAS积分、SDS积分和实验室指标[免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgM、IgG)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、尿酸(UA)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)等]的相关性。结果:①PF与hs-CRP呈负相关(P<0.01),与TG、UA、Hcy、SDS呈正相关(P<0.05);BP与TG、UA、Hcy、SDS呈正相关(P<0.05),与hs-CRP呈负相关(P<0.05);GH与TG呈正相关(P<0.05);VT与TG呈正相关(P<0.05);SF与TG呈正相关(P<0.01);RE与TG呈正相关(P<0.05);生活质量各维度与其他指标无相关性(P ﹥ 0.05)。②SAS升高与hs-CRP、ESR、LDL升高有明显关联性;SDS升高与TC、ESR、UA升高有明显关联性。结论:患者生活质量显著下降与疾病的活动、躯体的疼痛、生理功能的受限、焦虑抑郁的情绪、免疫、炎性反应、代谢关系密切,其中与代谢尤为密切,对提高患者生活质量提供了数据上的支持。     

Current Concepts in Breast Reconstruction

As the incidence of breast cancer increases, breast reconstruction is more and more often proposed and its indications are viewed in terms of quality of life. In the past, delayed reconstruction was the rule. Progress in reconstructive techniques currently allows performing immediate reconstruction in selected cases, even when the operative field has to be irradiated. These new techniques generally improve the result of breast reconstruction. Moreover, expansion of screening techniques allows detection of small tumors for which a conservative excision is sufficient. Nevertheless, this kind of less aggressive surgery may require a reconstructive procedure in order to maximise the aesthetic result.