经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术联合髂内动脉栓塞化疗治疗高龄高危浸润性膀胱癌的临床效果

目的探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术(TURBt)联合髂内动脉栓塞化疗治疗因高龄高危不能耐受根治性膀胱全切的肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效。方法对2010年2月-2016年5月26例经B超、CT及膀胱镜检查确诊为肌层浸润性膀胱癌但不能耐受根治性膀胱全切的高龄高危患者采用TURBt联合髂内动脉栓塞及灌注化疗进行治疗,TURBt可于灌注化疗前或灌注化疗后进行,具体视肿瘤大小及患者病情而定。结果 26例患者手术及髂内动脉栓塞化疗均顺利完成。术前栓塞化疗16例,术后栓塞化疗1次18例,2次9例,3次5例。术后7例复发者再次行TURBt,2例2次复发,行第3次TURBt,复发者再次术前栓塞化疗1次3例。6例合并前列腺增生(BPH)致排尿困难者同时行经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)。未发生与手术相关的严重并发症,无围手术期死亡。术后病理报告均为肌层浸润性移行细胞癌。灌注化疗期间未发生骨髓抑制、贫血和肝肾功能损害等严重毒副作用。术后随访3个月~6年,2年内死亡2例,2~5年内死亡4例,18例生存至今,2例失访。结论对于肌层浸润性膀胱癌的高龄高危患者,TURBt联合髂内动脉栓塞化疗,具有微创、痛苦小、并发症少的特点,避免了根治性膀胱全切术带来的高风险性,以及由于尿流改道而造成的生活质量下降,有效延缓了病情的进展。方法安全、疗效可靠。     

新辅助化疗联合高-低氧吸入放射治疗浸润性膀胱癌的研究

目的 评估新辅助化疗联合高-低氧吸入放射治疗浸润性膀胱癌的疗效及安全性.方法 对31例无法耐受或拒绝接受膀胱全切手术的浸润性膀胱癌患者进行保留膀胱治疗,先给予新辅助化疗2周期,然后给予盆腔适形放疗,放疗过程中先后吸入高低浓度氧.对肿瘤部分缓解及复发患者行保留膀胱的手术.结果 肿瘤完全缓解率为71.0%(22/31),部分缓解率29.0%(9/31).9例部分缓解的患者接受了保留膀胱的手术治疗,4例复发患者接受了再次手术治疗.结论 新辅助化疗联合高-低氧吸入放疗为部分无法耐受或拒绝接受膀胱全切术的浸润性膀胱癌患者提供了一种有效的治疗方法.     

新辅助化疗联合高-低氧吸入放射治疗浸润性膀胱癌的研究

目的评估新辅助化疗联合高-低氧吸入放射治疗浸润性膀胱癌的疗效及安全性。方法对31例无法耐受或拒绝接受膀胱全切手术的浸润性膀胱癌患者进行保留膀胱治疗,先给予新辅助化疗2周期,然后给予盆腔适形放疗,放疗过程中先后吸入高低浓度氧。对肿瘤部分缓解及复发患者行保留膀胱的手术。结果肿瘤完全缓解率为71．0％（22／31）,部分缓解率29．0％（9／31）。9例部分缓解的患者接受了保留膀胱的手术治疗,4例复发患者接受了再次手术治疗。结论新辅助化疗联合高-低氧吸入放疗为部分无法耐受或拒绝接受膀胱全切术的浸润性膀胱癌患者提供了一种有效的治疗方法。     

新辅助化疗联合高-低氧吸入放射治疗浸润性膀胱癌的研究

目的 评估新辅助化疗联合高-低氧吸入放射治疗浸润性膀胱癌的疗效及安全性.方法 对31例无法耐受或拒绝接受膀胱全切手术的浸润性膀胱癌患者进行保留膀胱治疗,先给予新辅助化疗2周期,然后给予盆腔适形放疗,放疗过程中先后吸入高低浓度氧.对肿瘤部分缓解及复发患者行保留膀胱的手术.结果 肿瘤完全缓解率为71.0%(22/31),部分缓解率29.0%(9/31).9例部分缓解的患者接受了保留膀胱的手术治疗,4例复发患者接受了再次手术治疗.结论 新辅助化疗联合高-低氧吸入放疗为部分无法耐受或拒绝接受膀胱全切术的浸润性膀胱癌患者提供了一种有效的治疗方法.     

Current intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

Introduction: Transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT) is still the standard initial treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, even after a radical resection, recurrence (30 – 80%) and progression (1 – 45%) are commonly seen. Intravesical therapy provides direct contact of the agent with the bladder mucosa and clearly has improved the outcome, especially in high-risk disease.

Areas covered: The role of a good initial TURBT is emphasized. Risk assessment tools are discussed. Different intravesical therapies are enumerated according to the latest literature, with the emphasis on Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), including the discussion on the optimal dose and schedule. New developments are mentioned.

Expert opinion: A radical TURBT is essential for good prognosis. For optimal visualisation of tumours, fluorescence techniques should be used with low threshold, especially in case of suspicion of carcinoma in situ (CIS). Increased completeness of the resection will lead to less persisting disease and less need for adjuvant treatment. A re-TURBT should be done when in doubt of radical resection (judged by the pathologist or the surgeon). Risk assessment is essential, but the available tools are outdated. A single post-operative instillation (SPI) with chemotherapy is only indicated in low-risk disease. BCG is the treatment of choice for high-grade disease. BCG should be given as maintenance. Awareness of deterioration of the prognosis after progression is of great importance. In BCG failures, cystectomy should be strongly advised. Chemotherapy in combination with hyperthermia seems to be a new promising treatment.     

Management of patients with Bacilli Calmette-Guérin-refractory carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: cost implications of a clinical trial for valrubicin

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to identify the expected first- and second-year clinical costs associated with intravesical valrubicin therapy, using a decision analytic model, for patients with Bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-refractory carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the urinary bladder. BACKGROUND: Cancer of the urinary bladder is the fourth most common malignancy in men and the sixth most common noncutaneous carcinoma overall. One histopathologic stage of bladder cancer is CIS, for which BCG intravesical immunotherapy is the first-line therapy. Radical cystectomy has been recommended for patients with CIS who do not respond to or become refractory to therapy with BCG. Surgery, however, may not be appropriate for all patients, especially those who are ineligible for the lengthy procedure because of advanced age or comorbidities and those who prefer alternative nonsurgical management. For these groups, intravesical valrubicin therapy is a plausible alternative. METHODS: Models were developed and populated with data from 1 open-label study of 90 patients, information from the medical literature, and input from clinical experts. The analysis was conducted from the payor perspective for direct costs only. RESULTS: Our data indicate that first- and second-year expected costs for valrubicin therapy are $19,912 and $23,496, respectively. Expected cost for radical cystectomy was also evaluated, since some patients may have no other option if drug therapy fails. CONCLUSION: Our cost-consequence analysis and clinical data provide decision-makers with tools to aid in global budgetary projections of fractional and total expected health care costs associated with the management BCG-refractory CIS of the urinary bladder.     

膀胱部分切除术联合放化疗治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的研究

目的总结我院采用膀胱部分切除术联合放化疗治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的经验。方法回顾性分析27例接受膀胱部分切除联合放化疗的肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者的临床资料。男20例、女7例,中位年龄51岁。96%（26/27）的患者肿瘤位于膀胱侧壁、前壁或顶部,81%（22/27）的患者肿瘤单发,肿瘤平均直径2.3cm,手术切缘1.3～2.0cm。病理分期为T2期14例、T3期11例、T4期2例,病理分级为G12例、G210例、G315例。尿路上皮癌25例、鳞癌1例、腺癌1例。膀胱部分切除术中用羟基喜树碱浸泡膀胱及切口,6例行新辅助治疗,其中同步放化疗2例、髂动脉导管化疗4例,辅助化疗19例、辅助放疗2例,27例患者均接受膀胱灌注化疗。结果 27例患者外科切缘均为阴性,无切口种植。6例新辅助治疗的患者总反应率为66.7%。本组25例患者获得随访,中位随访期为80个月,7例局部复发,其中4例行挽救性全膀胱切除术,11例死亡,7例无瘤生存,患者5年生存率为56%。结论选择合适的肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者,采取膀胱部分切除联合放化疗可取得较为满意的疗效。     

Surgical Management of Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Review of Current Recommendations

ObjectiveTo provide a narrative overview of contemporary surgical management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with focus on radical cystectomy and urinary tract reconstruction.Data SourcesInternational guidelines and a search for articles in PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Database for single and collaborative studies on surgical management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer.ConclusionPatients diagnosed with muscle invasive bladder cancer often have complex treatment and care needs. For those who undergo radical cystectomy as the curative treatment, there is a considerable risk of general complications after major surgery and short- and long-term complications specific to reconstruction of the urinary tract after radical cystectomy. Contemporary care focuses on perioperative optimization to lower rates of major complications, enhanced recovery protocols, and focus on rehabilitation and cancer survivorship.Implications for Nursing PracticeNurses are integral members of the multidisciplinary team around patients undergoing surgery for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and are in a position to coordinate pathways for these patients who often have complex care needs because of preexisting comorbidity and limited personal resources that impede recovery after major surgery and cancer survivorship.     

T2期膀胱尿路上皮癌膀胱部分切除术和根治性膀胱切除术的比较分析

目的分析T2期膀胱尿路上皮癌膀胱部分切除术和根治性膀胱切除术对生存率的影响。方法对行膀胱部分切除术和根治性膀胱切除术的初发T2期膀胱尿路上皮癌患者的临床资料及随访结果进行回顾性研究。结果膀胱部分切除术168例,其中T2a期103例,T2b期65例,术后均行膀胱灌注化疗。根治性膀胱切除术70例,其中T2a期34例,T2b期36例,术后盆腔淋巴结阳性者行辅助化疗。随访2～18年,膀胱部分切除术后复发135例,肿瘤转移102例,死亡108例,3年、5年、10年生存率分别为77．6％、51．8％、32．4％。根治性膀胱切除术后肿瘤转移19例,死亡28例,3年、5年、10年生存率分别为82．6％、73．7％、57．0％。根治性膀胱切除术后3年生存率与膀胱部分切除术相近（P〉0．05）,但5年、10年生存率明显高于膀胱部分切除术（均P〈0．05）。结论T2期膀胱尿路上皮癌的生存率与首次手术方式有关,术后长期生存率根治性膀胱切除术好于膀胱部分切除术。     

根治性经尿道汽化电切术治疗浸润性膀胱癌的探讨

目的 探讨根治性经尿道膀胱肿瘤汽化电切术治疗浸润性膀胱癌的疗效.方法 2008年2月至2010年2月对36例浸润性膀胱癌患者,施行了根治性经尿道膀胱肿瘤汽化电切术,手术参照根治性经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术原则,肿瘤部位切除至膀胱外脂肪层.术后给予卡介苗膀胱灌注治疗,随访3～24个月.结果 2年内复发12例,复发率33.3%(12/36),对复发者再次行经尿道膀胱肿瘤汽化电切术.2年内死亡6例,病死率16.7%(6/36).结论 对年老体弱不能耐受或不愿意接受膀胱全切的浸润性膀胱癌患者可施行根治性经尿道膀胱肿瘤汽化电切术,以达到延长生命,提高生活质量的目的.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the efficacy of radical transurethral electrovaporization for invasive bladder cancer. Methods Thirty-six patients with invasive bladder cancer from february 2008 to February 2010 were treated by transurethral electrovaporization resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). The operation procedure was based upon the principle of radical transurethral resection for bladder tumor. The tumor was resected to fatty layer outside the bladder wall. After operation Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) irrigation of bladder was given,all patients were followed up for 3 to 24 months. Results The recurrence occurred in 12 cases in 2 years,with a recurrence rate of 33. 3% (12/36). These recurrence cases were treated with TURBT again. Six cases dead in 2 years,with a mortality of 16. 7% (6/36). Conclusion TURBT is suitable for those who are older or weak,and not medically fit for radical cystectomy or those who refuse the open surgery,which can prolong the survival time and improve the quality of life.     

Urinary markers of malignancy

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the second most common malignancy in the genitourinary tract. The majority of urothelial tumors are superficial when the patient first presents, but despite adequate resection of the primary lesion the recurrence rate is particularly high. In a small but significant group of patients the tumor is primary invasive or subsequently can progress and leads to death. Voided urine can be easily obtained and therefore diagnostic urine tests would be ideal for screening or follow up of TCC. Although many urinary markers have been described, none of them is used routinely in clinical practice. Promising tumor markers still need to be evaluated in multi-center clinical studies. Larger prospective trials are necessary in order to identify prognostic indicators that would help to predict disease progression or response to different treatment modalities (BCG, chemo-, radiotherapy, etc.). Hopefully, new diagnostic urine tests will allow to identify patients who will most benefit from early cystectomy with or without adjuvant treatment, bladder sparing protocols or systemic treatment. In this paper we have reviewed the literature and discuss, from the clinician's point of view, the current status of various diagnostic tests for urinary markers. [Lee SJ, Lee WE, Chang SG, Lee CH, Kim JI. A comparative study of telomerase, Lewis X, BTA, NMP22 and urinary cytology in bladder tumor. J Urol 1999;161(suppl):152.]     

Bladder cancer. What's new in diagnosis and treatment?

Advances in diagnosis and treatment have improved survival rates, bladder preservation, and quality of life in patients with bladder cancer. Flow cytometry and flexible endoscopy have enhanced early diagnosis, and intravesical use of BCG vaccine has decreased the rate of recurrence and progression of superficial bladder cancer. Systemic chemotherapy is effective in patients with invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. Although these advances are encouraging, continued investigation is required to further improve bladder preservation and survival rates, and clinical application of laser therapy and phototherapy needs to be fully developed.     

Bladder cancer: current optimal intravesical treatment

Superficial bladder cancer can be treated surgically, but patients are at high risk for recurrence. Tumors are categorized as low, intermediate, and high-risk based on grade, stage, and pattern of recurrence. Low-risk tumors are best treated with a single instillation of chemotherapy (thiotepa, doxorubicin, or mitomycin) (Lamm, 2002). Though effective, the toxicity of bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy (BCG) restricts its use to treat higher-grade tumors. Intermediate risk tumors can be treated with chemotherapy as well, but will often require immunotherapy. High-risk tumors are best treated with intravesical BCG using a 3-week maintenance schedule. Side effects of BCG immunotherapy can be decreased by logarithmic reductions in dose. Patients who fail BCG may be rescued with BCG plus interferon alfa or radical cystectomy.     

Staging bladder carcinoma by three-dimensional ultrasound rendering

Organ-confined staging for bladder cancer has major impact on further treatment. Most imaging techniques for this purpose are insufficient. We, therefore, assessed the value and the limitations of a new diagnostic tool, the 3-D ultrasound (US) rendering, to distinguish invasive from noninvasive bladder cancers. A total of 63 patients underwent 3-D US of the bladder before transurethral resection or radical cystectomy. The US findings were compared with the pathologic stages of the transurethral resection material or the cystectomy specimens. Superficial (pTa) carcinomas were correctly staged in 66% by 3-D US. Lamina propria infiltrating (pT1) were correctly staged in 83% and the quota of correct staging of infiltrating carcinomas (>pT1) by 3-D rendering was 100%. The overall accuracy was 79%. Three-dimensional US rendering is most valuable to discriminate between superficial stages pT1. This new technique might improve staging of bladder cancer.     

Organ-conserving approaches to muscle-invasive bladder cancer: future alternatives to radical cystectomy

In the USA radical surgery remains the golden standard for invasive bladder cancer. Yet in most other areas of surgical oncology the trend of the 1990s has been towards organ conservation with chemoradiation with or without limited local surgery. Patients with breast, oesophageal, anal, lung and larynx cancer are routinely offered conservative therapies as valid options in the management of their diseases but bladder stands apart from the crowd. Evidence is presented here to show that this need not be the case. Four older randomized trials failed to show a survival advantage when immediate cystectomy was compared with radiation followed by salvage cystectomy, if required. Five and 8-year survival rates for clinically staged patients treated by transurethral resection and chemoradiation (trimodality therapy) in several modern, large and mature series show survival rates comparable to those reported in contemporary radical cystectomy series. Eighty per cent of those alive 5 years after chemoradiation still retain their native bladder. Although superficial relapse occurs in 20% of cases, it remains responsive to BCG (Bacilles bilie de Calmette-Guerin) in the manner of de novo superficial disease. Quality-of-life studies show that the retained bladder functions well. At the Massachusetts General Hospital and in the multicentre prospective trials, less than 1% of patients needed cystectomy for bladder morbidity. It is of note that continent diversions may be performed as salvage after contemporary radiation therapy. Trimodality therapy is a novel and contemporary approach that owes little to the radiation treatment offered in the 1970s. While it will never entirely take the place of radical cystectomy, it should be offered as a reasonable alternative to patients with a new diagnosis of bladder cancer. This multidisciplinary approach will allow uro-oncology to keep in step with the oncological vanguard.     

Tuberculosis in urogenital organs

Because of the progress in chemotherapy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it has become quite rare to diagnose patients with genitourinary tuberculosis. In Japan, however, the incidence of tuberculosis remains comparatively high, particularly in elderly patients, among advanced countries. Furthermore, infectious adverse events associated with intravesical instillation therapy with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which is one of the most useful agents against non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, are frequently developed. Considering these findings, it is still necessary to be well informed of the diagnosis as well as treatment for genitourinary tuberculosis. In this review, therefore, we would like to summarize the important topics concerning genitourinary tuberculosis, including BCG infection following intravesical instillation therapy for bladder cancer.     

保留膀胱的综合治疗在浸润性膀胱癌中应用的研究

目的探讨在保留膀胱的前提下对浸润性膀胱癌进行综合治疗的疗效。方法对74例不同分期、分级的浸润性膀胱癌患者随机分为两组,I组42例行根治性膀胱切除术。Ⅱ组32例术前行卡铂配伍阿霉素髂内动脉灌注化疗两次,后行膀胱部分切除术或经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（TUR-Bt）,术后加丝裂霉素膀胱灌注化疗。均随诊5年,比较两组间治疗后患者存活率。结果I组,5年存活率61．9％。Ⅱ组,5年存活率56．3％。两组存活率间比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论保留膀胱的前提下综合治疗浸润性膀胱癌是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的有效方法。     

Adjuvant intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To review the results of clinical trials and adverse drug effects of thiotepa, BCG vaccine, mitomycin, and doxorubicin, which are used as adjuvant intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer. DATA SOURCE: Information was retrieved from a MEDLINE search, of the English-language literature. Indexing terms included adjuvant pharmaceutics, bladder neoplasms, thiotepa, mitomycin, BCG vaccine, and doxorubicin. DATA EXTRACTION: Data from several human and in vitro studies were assessed and evaluated, according to the strength of comparative data and therapeutic response. STUDY SELECTION: Emphasis was placed on clinical trials that assessed and evaluated dosage, therapeutic regimens, and therapeutic response of adjuvant intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer. DATA SYNTHESIS: Adjuvant intravesical therapy and long-term prophylaxis are effective for superficial bladder cancer. Studies have shown that doxorubicin, thiotepa, BCG, and mitomycin, when used as adjuvant therapy, provide better protection than transurethral resection alone against tumor recurrence and prolong the time to when cystectomy is required. CONCLUSIONS: Several randomized clinical trials suggest that BCG is superior to thiotepa, doxorubicin, and mitomycin in preventing bladder tumor recurrence and tumor progression. Local cystitis is an adverse effect produced by all four agents; however, BCG vaccine has been reported to cause a higher incidence of adverse reactions (e.g., dysuria, hematuria). BCG may also cause an influenza-like syndrome, arthralgias, and fever, but most of these reactions have resulted in few severe adverse effects when the drug is given in the relatively modest recommended doses.     

卡介苗与羟基喜树碱预防国人膀胱癌复发的Meta分析

目的比较卡介苗（BCG）与羟基喜树碱（HCPT）膀胱灌注治疗对膀胱癌复发的预防作用及治疗毒性。方法收集关于BCG与HCPT膀胱灌注治疗膀胱癌的比较性研究文献,进行系统分析。采用优势比（OR）及95%可信区间（CI）作为评价比较疗效及毒性差异的指标。统计软件为RevMan5。结果共入选16个临床研究,包括705例接受BCG和905例接受HCPT膀胱灌注治疗的患者。Meta分析结果提示,BCG组1年内复发率高于HCPT组（P=0.009）,但2年内复发率和长期复发率差异无统计学意义（P值分别为0.84、0.99）。BCG组膀胱刺激症状、血尿和发热的发生率显著高于HCPT组（P均〈0.00001）。结论 HCPT膀胱灌注预防膀胱癌1年内复发率低于BCG,2年内复发率和长期复发率无差异,但治疗毒性明显低于BCG。     

Quality of life in patients with muscle invasive and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

Purpose

Compared to the literature on other malignancies, data on quality of life (QoL) in bladder cancer are sparse. This study sought answers to the following questions: In what QoL domains do patients with bladder cancer differ from the general population? Do patients with radical cystectomy differ in QoL compared to those who received conservative treatment? Do patients with neobladder generally have better QoL compared to patients with other diversion methods?

Methods

At the beginning of inpatient rehabilitation, N?=?823 patients with bladder cancer were assessed. Data of a representative community sample (N?=?2037) were used for comparison. The questionnaire EORTC QLQ-C30 was used to measure QoL. Multivariate linear regression models were computed to investigate differences between groups.

Results

Patients with both non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer reported significantly more problems and worse functioning than the general population. Radiotherapy is associated with clinically relevant more pain, dyspnoea, constipation, appetite loss and decreased social functioning while chemotherapy is associated more with dyspnoea. Cystectomy patients reported more fatigue, appetite loss and decreased role functioning. Male patients ≥70 years with conduit experienced more sleep and emotional problems. These effects of urinary diversion were not observed in women and younger patients.

Conclusions

Patients with bladder cancer experience various QoL concerns at the beginning of inpatient rehabilitation. These problems can partly be explained by the type of treatment the patients receive. Type of urinary diversion is relevant for QoL in subgroups of patients.