Endovascular Treatment Using Graft-Stent for Pseudoaneurysm of the Cavernous Internal Carotid Artery

A 57-year-old man presented with a 2-day history of left oculomotor palsy. Digital subtraction angiography revealed a pseudoaneurysm of the left cavernous internal carotid artery (ICA) measuring 37×32 mm. The pseudoaneurysm was treated with a balloon expandable graft-stent to occlude the aneurysmal neck and preserve the parent artery. A post-procedure angiogram confirmed normal patency of the ICA and complete sealing of the aneurysmal neck with no opacification of the sac. After the procedure, the oculomotor palsy improved gradually, and had completely resolved 3 months after the procedure. A graft-stent can be an effective treatment for a pseudoaneurysm of the cavernous ICA with preservation of the parent artery.     

扩大经鼻蝶入路的海绵窦内颈内动脉和脑神经显微解剖研究

目的：研究扩大经鼻蝶入路海绵窦内颈内动脉和脑神经的显微解剖特点,为切除颈内动脉外侧肿瘤提供解剖形态学基础。方法：在7具成人尸头模拟扩大经鼻蝶手术入路,观察颈海绵窦段颈内动脉和脑神经的解剖关系,并测量相关解剖参数。结果：海绵窦段颈内动脉有两个重要分支：海绵窦下动脉和脑膜垂体干。海绵窦下动脉起源颈内动脉水平段中央外侧,垂体下动脉起源于脑膜垂体干。内展神经在海绵窦段颈内动脉的外侧,向眶上裂方向走行。颈内动脉与动眼神经、滑车神经、展神经和视神经入眶上裂处的平均距离分别为3.4 mm、3.4 mm、3.9 mm和4.5 mm。结论：熟悉展神经和海绵窦下动脉在海绵窦内的解剖关系,有助于经扩大经鼻蝶入路手术切除肿瘤时对其的保护。     

外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘血管内治疗探讨

目的 探讨对外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCFs)的血管内治疗方法。方法 240例TCCFs病人，其中214例采用可脱性球囊栓塞，23例采用弹簧圈栓塞(5例经股静脉→岩上窦人海绵窦内栓塞)，3例经眼上静脉人海绵窦内栓塞(2例采用微弹簧圈栓塞，1例采用NBCA胶栓塞)。结果 214例采用可脱性球囊栓塞，198例保持颈内动脉通畅，通畅率92．5％，随访，除1例在半年后复查发现原瘘口处假性动脉瘤外(因无症状，未处理)，其余痊愈516例行颈内动脉闭塞，其中3例分别在1—2个月发现颈外动脉分支与海绵窦相通，经真丝线段，NBCA栓塞而愈。其余26例全部治愈。结论 大多数TCCFs病人可通过可脱性球囊和弹簧由血管内栓塞而治愈，但可脱性球囊应首选。     

First line Treatment of Traumatic Carotid Cavernous Fistulas Using Covered Stents at Level 1 Regional Trauma Center

ObjectiveThe widely accepted treatment option of a traumatic carotid cavernous fistula (TCCF) has been detachable balloon or coils based fistula occlusion. Recently, covered stent implantation has been proving an excellent results. The purpose of this study is to investigate our experiences with first line choice of covered stent implantation for TCCF at level 1 regional trauma center. MethodsFrom November 2004 to February 2020, 19 covered stents were used for treatment of 19 TCCF patients. Among them, 15 cases were first line treatment using covered stents. Clinical and angiographic data were retrospectively reviewed. ResultsProcedures were technically successful in all 15 cases (100%). Immediate angiographic results after procedure were total occlusion in 12 patients (80%). All patients except two expired patients had image follow-up (mean 15 months). Recurred symptomatic three patients underwent additional treatments and achieved complete occlusion. Mean clinical follow-up duration was 32 months and results were modified Rankin Scale 1–2 in five, 3–4 in five, and 5 in three patients. ConclusionThe covered stent could be considered as fist line treatment option for treating TCCF patients especially in unstable vital sign. Larger samples and expanded follow-up are required to further develop their specifications and indications.     

外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘栓塞治疗前后的超声表现及临床意义

目的总结外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（TCCF）患者行血管内栓塞前后的超声声像图表现和血流动力学变化特征,旨在为评价疗效提供客观依据。方法采用彩色多普勒超声血流显像技术（CDFI）对80例TCCF患者在行血管内栓塞术前后进行检测,并与数字减影脑血管造影（DSA）进行对照。。结果CDFI在术前可明确因瘘口引起的颅内外血流动力学改变、引流静脉以及颅内侧支循环代偿情况,术后通过治疗前异常引流静脉血流的消失、颈内动脉是否通畅等客观指标的观察,能准确、动态、有效地评估疗效。结论CDFI能系统地观察TCCF血管内栓塞前后的声像图表现,可作为评价疗效首选的一种无创性影像学检查方法。     

Spontaneous Carotid Cavernous Fistula in a Case with Protein S Deficiency that Newly Developed Ophthalmoplegia after Embolization

Background

Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. The pathogenesis of spontaneous CCF remains unclear, although sinus thrombosis is known to be a predisposing factor for dural arteriovenous fistula. Because spontaneous CCFs are mainly of the dural type, we considered that thrombogenic conditions, such as, protein S deficiency might be associated with CCF.

Case Report

A 42-year-old woman complained of conjunctival injection and retro-orbital pain that first appeared 1-month before visiting our hospital. She had no history of head trauma or intracranial surgery. Exophthalmos and chemosis were observed in her left eye, which also had lower visual acuity and higher intraocular pressure than the right eye. Magnetic resonance images and cerebral angiography revealed a left dural CCF. Her protein S was low, at 41% (normal range: 70-140%), but other hematologic values related to coagulation were normal. Her symptoms were relieved after initial transvenous coil embolization. However, a newly developed sixth-nerve palsy was detected 4 days after initial embolization. Follow-up angiography revealed a minimal shunt, and thus transvenous coil embolization was repeated. Two days later, the ophthalmoplegia started reducing, and 1-month later it had almost disappeared.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of spontaneous dural CCF in a Korean patient with concurrent protein S deficiency. Interestingly, transient sixth-nerve palsy developed after transvenous coil embolization in this patient. This additional symptom caused by the residual fistula was relieved after additional transarterial embolization.     

Bilateral Visual Loss as a Sole Manifestation Complicating Carotid Cavernous Fistula

Visual loss is one of the ocular symptoms resulting from a carotid cavernous fistula (CCF), but has rarely been reported as the sole manifestation in CCF. Visual impairment is known to be associated with a poor outcome unless timely intervention is employed. Herein, the authors report a patient with bilateral rapid progressing visual loss as a sole manifestation in CCF. Vision was successfully restored by transarterial embolization. The authors discuss the necessity of urgent fistula obliteration in patients with visual loss.     

Endovascular Treatment of Iatrogenic Intracranial Pseudoaneurysm Following Stent Angioplasty

Intracranial pseudoaneurysm (IPA) is a rare disease entity associated with blunt trauma or penetration injury and less likely surgical or endovascular procedure. Decision of the therapeutic option is difficult and challenging in the treatment of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm from the middle cerebral artery (MCA) that is necessary to maintain. We report our experience of reconstructive treatment of iatrogenic IPA, which was developed after stenting and balloon angioplasty, in the left MCA with overlapping Enterprise stents. J Neuroimaging 2012;22:194‐196     

Endovascular Graft-Stent Placement for Treatment of Traumatic Carotid Cavernous Fistulas

Detachable balloon-based endovascular fistula occlusion is a widely accepted treatment for traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas (CCF). However, more recently coils have been used to obliterate the lesion, especially in case detachable balloon is not available. We failed balloon-assisted coil embolization for CCF because of large fistulas and herniation of coil loops into the parent artery. The authors describe our experiences of balloonexpandable graft-stents to treat CCF, and place emphasis on arterial wall reconstruction. Three traumatic CCF patients were treated using a graft-stent with/without coils, and underwent angiographic follow-up to evaluate the patency of the internal carotid artery (ICA). In all cases, symptoms related to CCF regressed after stent deployment and did not recur during follow-up. Follow-up angiography revealed good patency of the ICA in all patients. Graft-stents should be considered as an alternative means of treating CCF and preserving the parent artery by arterial wall reconstruction especially in patients with a fistula that cannot be successfully occluded with detachable balloons or coils.     

外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘血管内治疗及随访

目的探讨外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘（TCCF）血管内治疗的方法及长期疗效。方法本组528例,经动脉途径血管内治疗503例．其中放风筝法4例,弹簧圈栓塞13例,可脱性球囊栓塞430例,球囊与微弹簧圈栓塞32例,微弹簧圈栓塞24例;经静脉途径血管内治疗25例,其中经眼静脉微弹簧圈栓塞12例,NBCA胶栓塞1例,经股静脉一岩上窦、微弹簧圈栓塞12例。255例随访1～15年。结果528例全部治愈,主要并发症包括暂时脑缺血4例,假性动脉瘤2例。5例栓塞后1～2个月TCCFs复发,经用NBCA胶和丝线再栓塞而愈。结论TCCF病人首选血管内治疗,血管内治疗首选可脱性球囊。     

经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除馒袭性垂体腺瘤

目的探讨采用单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除侵袭性垂体腺瘤的方法。方法对经神经导航及神经内镜辅助的单鼻孔-蝶窦入路手术治疗的37例侵袭性垂体腺瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果镜下全切除21例,次全切除10例,大部分切除6例,无死亡。术后有脑脊液鼻漏2例,1例经保守治疗后治愈,另1例经手术修补治愈。患者术后原有症状均有所改善。结论经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除侵袭性垂体腺瘤具有手术时间短、创伤小、安全且并发症少等优点。术中利用神经导航系统和神经内镜辅助手术避免重要结构损伤,提高肿瘤的切除程度,值得推广。     

内窥镜下经鼻腔蝶窦入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤

目的 报道内窥镜下经鼻腔蝶窦入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤11例，探讨该手术优缺点、适应症、禁忌症及并发症。方法 采用鼻内窥镜，经鼻腔直接开放蝶窦、鞍底，在直视下切除垂体腺瘤。结果 11例患肿瘤均肉眼下全切除，无手术死亡及严重并发症，术后患视力及视野均有明显好转。结论 鼻内窥镜下经鼻腔蝶窦径路切除垂体腺瘤是简便、安全和有效的，适用于蝶窦发育良好的垂体腺瘤切除，值得有条件的医院开展此入路手术。     

内镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除与鞍底重建

目的探讨内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤及鞍底重建的方法。方法52例垂体腺瘤患者,在内镜控制下,经单鼻孔进入,直接自蝶窦开口打开蝶窦前壁,经鞍底切除垂体腺瘤,术中有脑脊液漏者,使用多层修补法修补鞍底。结果术中颈内动脉损伤1例。39例垂体瘤全部切除,13例垂体瘤次切除。术后随访3个月。术前39例有视力下降和视野缺损者,术后一个月内均改善。术后发生脑脊液漏1例,发生率为1.9%。12例术后发生暂时性尿崩症。6例术前激素水平增高的患者术后下降到正常水平。无颅内感染及死亡病例。结论内镜下经鼻蝶入路是一种能有效切除垂体瘤的微侵袭手术方法;鞍底多层修补能安全有效预防脑脊液漏的发生。     

Endovascular Treatment of a Ruptured Dual Aperture Cavernous Aneurysm

The authors describe the diagnosis and endovascular management of a multiaperture, ruptured cavernous internal carotid artery aneurysm causing a carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) using both transarterial and transvenous techniques. Although uncommon, recognition of the imaging characteristics of such a lesion will aide in successful management and improve treatment outcome. To the authors' knowledge, CCF due to a ruptured cavernous aneurysm with multiple shunts has not been previously reported.     

颅咽管瘤的经蝶窦入路手术治疗

目的研究颅咽管瘤的经蝶窦入路手术适应症、效果、优点及相关的手术技术。方法回顾分析我院经蝶手术治疗的12例颅咽管瘤资料。手术前后检查视力视野、检测手术前后内分泌激素水平变化以及尿量、尿比重。结果本组患者全切10例,次全切2例,无死亡病例。术后患者视力改善明显,与术前相比内分泌情况无明显恶化。结论选择合适的病例,采用经蝶窦入路手术治疗颅咽管瘤可以达到良好的预后结果,手术并发症少,并且对患者的内分泌情况及下丘脑、垂体柄等周围重要结构损伤较较小。     

Outcome of Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery in Combination with Somatostatin Analogues in Patients with Growth Hormone Producing Pituitary Adenoma

Objective

To determine the efficacy of endoscopic surgery in combination with long-acting somatostatin analogues (SSAs) in treating patients with growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary tumor.

Methods

We performed retrospective analysis of 133 patients with GH producing pituitary adenoma who underwent pure endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery in our center from January 2007 to July 2012. Patients were followed up for a range of 3-48 months. The radiological remission, biochemical remission and complication were evaluated.

Results

A total of 110 (82.7%) patients achieved radiological complete resection, 11 (8.2%) subtotal resection, and 12 (9.0%) partial resection. Eighty-eight (66.2%) patients showed nadir GH level less than 1 ng/mL after oral glucose administration. No mortality or severe disability was observed during follow up. Preoperative long-acting SSA successfully improved left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) and blood glucose in three patients who subsequently underwent success operation. Long-acting SSA (20 mg every 30 days) achieved biochemical remission in 19 out 23 (82.6%) patients who showed persistent high GH level after surgery.

Conclusion

Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery can biochemically cure the majority of GH producing pituitary adenoma. Post-operative use of SSA can improve biochemical remission.