Identical-twin (syngeneic) marrow transplantation for hematologic cancers

The Seattle Marrow Transplant Team treated about 130 patients (age 4-68 yr) for hematologic cancer with supralethal chemoradiotherapy and bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from the normal genetically identical twin. The procedure was well tolerated. The principal problem was tumor resistance. Nevertheless, BMT for acute leukemia in relapse still cured about 20% of the patients. Moreover, BMT performed while in complete remission cured about 50% of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Sixteen patients received transplantation in the chronic phase of Ph1+ chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL). All showed disappearance of all Ph1+ cells. Two died of pneumonitis. Of the 14 who are alive, 3 continue to have CGL 37-76 months after BMT and 11 remain in complete hematologic and cytogenetic remission without any Ph1+ metaphases at 31-108 months (median = 68) after BMT. Thus the Ph1-positive clone can be ablated and blast crisis prevented. BMT in the accelerated or blastic phase was far less effective. Syngeneic BMT also benefited or cured patients with lymphoma, hairy-cell leukemia, and multiple myeloma. Therefore, BMT should be considered for every patient who has a hematologic cancer and an identical twin.     

移植物抗宿主病对26例血液肿瘤患者异基因造血干细胞移植后长期生存的影响

背景与目的:移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-hostdisease,GVHD)是异基因造血干细胞移植的一个主要并发症,亦是影响移植结果的重要因素。一些研究显示,不管是急性GVHD或慢性GVHD,都伴随有较强的移植物抗白血病(graft-versus-leukemia,GVL)作用,这种正向效应与降低异基因造血干细胞移植后白血病复发率及延长受者无病生存密切相关。本研究探讨GVHD的发生及其对异基因造血干细胞移植结果的影响。方法:回顾分析1995年3月至2005年10月26例血液肿瘤患者接受异基因造血干细胞移植术后GVHD的发生、肿瘤复发及生存情况,分析GVHD与血液肿瘤复发率、生存率的关系。结果:异基因造血干细胞移植后中位随访时间为20个月(2～127个月),20例患者术后发生GVHD(76.9%),其中1例受者复发(1/20),6例未出现GVHD的受者3例复发(3/6),两组复发率比较差异有显著性(P<0.05);移植后无病生存16例,死亡10例,Kaplan-Meier生存曲线示3年无病生存率为60%;发生GVHD的受者其无病生存率(15/20)较无GVHD受者(1/6)高(log-rank=7.30,P<0.05),发生GVHD时移植患者发生死亡的风险明显下降(RR值为0.20,P<0.05)。20例发生GVHD的受者,经治疗17例达完全缓解(completeresponse,CR),3例未达CR。17例CR受者中,无病生存15例;而未达CR的3例受者则无一例生存,两组生存率比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:GVHD是影响异基因造血干细胞移植结果的重要因素。GVHD治疗效果与移植受者无病生存密切相关,早期识别急性GVHD并予及时处理是治疗成功的关键。     

Combination chemotherapy of intermediate-dose cytarabine, idarubicin, plus etoposide and subsequent mobilized donor leukocyte infusion for relapsed acute leukemia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

The efficacy and side effects of intermediate-dose cytarabine, idarubicin plus etoposide and subsequent donor leukocyte infusion (DLI) were investigated in patients with acute leukemia who relapsed after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Patients were given cytarabine continuous i.v. (1 g/m2 per day x 5), idarubicin i.v. (12 mg/m2 per day x 3), and etoposide i.v. infusion (150 mg/m2 per day x 3). Two days later, G-CSF mobilized donor leukocytes were infused for 2 days. No graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis was given. Between August 1997 and February 2000, 13 patients enrolled (eight acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and five acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)). All patients finished chemotherapy and DLI. Eleven patients (85%) achieved complete remission (CR) at median 27 days after DLI. After median follow up of 10.9 months (2.5-33.3), five of 11 patients who achieved CR relapsed. Overall, six of 13 patients were surviving (6/8 AML and 0/5 ALL, P=0.059). Marrow recovery after chemotherapy and DLI was rapid (12 days for absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >500/microl). Side effects included fever with neutropenia (100%), pneumonia (46%), grade II-IV mucositis (69%), grade III-IV acute GVHD (45%), and extensive chronic GVHD (64%). One patient died from chronic GVHD. Chemotherapy containing intermediate-dose cytarabine and DLI produced a high CR rate in acute leukemia in relapse after allogeneic BMT. A fraction of patients are surviving long term. Side effects were substantial but manageable.     

Long-term follow-up of relapsed acute leukemia treated with immunotherapy after allogeneic transplantation: the inseparability of graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia, and the problem of extramedullary relapse

Long-term outcome of 23 acute myeloid (AML, n=16) or lymphoblastic (ALL, n=7) leukemia patients who had received immunotherapy for treatment of persistent or recurrent disease 1.5-26 (median 4) months after allogeneic transplantation was studied to determine eventual survival. Immune manipulation comprised donor leukocyte infusion (n=18), interferon-alpha2b and/or interleukin-2 (n=15), and cyclosporine withdrawal (n=11) in various combinations. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) developed in 12 patients. Thirteen of 20 evaluable patients responded; 6 relapsing again. Eight patients died of toxicity, and 10 of progressive disease at 3-206 weeks (median 11). Five patients (3 AML, 2 ALL) are alive in remission with GVHD 2-46 months (median 23) after immunotherapy with Karnofsky scores of 70-100% (median 80). The overall survival of the whole group is 1-206 weeks (median 12), with an actuarial survival of 22% at 2 years. The development of GVHD was associated with superior survival in multivariate analysis (P=.007). Seven patients received immunosuppression because of the severity of GVHD (grade III/IV acute or extensive chronic): 3 died of GVHD, 3 improved but relapsed concomitantly, and 1 is alive in remission with extensive chronic GVHD. Four episodes of extramedullary relapse (granulocytic sarcomas) were seen in 3 patients with AML whose marrow remained in remission. We conclude that GVHD appears to be inseparable from graft-versus-leukemia in relapsed acute leukemia patients undergoing immunotherapy with a high proportion of patients dying due to toxicity or progressive disease, and isolated extramedullary relapse seems to be unusually common.     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗血液肿瘤5例

目的；探讨基因造血干细胞移植对血液肿瘤的疗效。方法：采用异基因造血干细胞移植治疗血液肿瘤５例，包括２例第一次完全缓解（ＣＲ１）急性粒细胞白血病，１例ＣＲ１急性淋巴细胞白血病，１例急性粒细胞白血产现任昨发和１例非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤Ⅳ期ＣＲ１。其中异基因骨髓移植４例，异基因外周血造血干细胞移植１例。所有病例均采用ＴＢＩ＋ＣＹ＋ＣＣＮＵ作预处理。结果：所有病例均移植成功。２例发生急性移植抗宿主病，２例发生慢     

Treatment of relapsed acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with chemotherapy followed by G-CSF-primed donor leukocyte infusion: a high incidence of isolated extramedullary relapse.

For patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) relapsed after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), donor leukocyte infusion (DLI) as sole therapy has very limited efficacy. We tested the effects of cytoreductive chemotherapy, followed immediately by G-CSF-primed DLI (chemotherapy followed by DLI, Chemo-DLI), in 16 AML patients who relapsed after allogeneic BMT. In all, 10 of these patients achieved complete remission (CR), four of whom remain alive in CR at a median follow-up of 1488 days after DLI. The 2-year overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort was 31%. The 1-year OS for patients with post-BMT remission of 6 months or longer was 55%, compared with 0% for patients with post-BMT remission of less than 6 months, making post-BMT remission duration the only significant prognostic factor for OS (P=0.015). These findings suggest that Chemo-DLI could induce durable remissions in a proportion of relapsed AML patients with relatively long post-BMT remission duration. All five patients who relapsed after achieving CR with Chemo-DLI relapsed at extramedullary sites in the presence of continuous bone marrow remission, suggesting uneven graft-versus-leukemia effects in different parts of the body. Although our data should be interpreted cautiously considering the limited number of patients, isolated extramedullary relapse seems to be common after Chemo-DLI.     

治疗相关性白血病异基因造血干细胞移植疗效分析

目的:探讨异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）对治疗相关性白血病（TRL）的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2012年4月至2020年2月于航天中心医院接受allo-HSCT的14例TRL患者的临床资料，分析其疗效及生存情况。结果:14例患者中，男性5例，女性9例；中位年龄35岁（12~59岁）；急性髓系白血病12例，慢性淋巴细胞白血病/小细胞淋巴瘤1例，急性淋巴细胞白血病1例。移植时4例骨髓完全缓解，3例骨髓部分缓解，其余7例均未缓解。亲缘全相合移植5例，单倍型移植9例，均采用清髓性预处理方案。14例患者均顺利植活，中位粒细胞植活时间为16 d（10~24 d），中位血小板植活时间为13 d（10~34 d）。7例发生Ⅰ~Ⅱ级急性移植物抗宿主病（GVHD），6例发生慢性GVHD，2例发生Ⅲ级肠道GVHD。中位随访时间32个月（4~97个月），14例患者中5例死亡。结论:allo-HSCT可以改善TRL患者的预后，提高长期生存率。     

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for myeloproliferative neoplasm in blast phase

The prognosis for patients with Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) who evolve into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or blast phase (MPN-BP) is extremely poor. Although allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) is considered potentially curative, very few patients have been reported who have undergone allo-SCT for MPN-BP; therefore the success rate remains unknown. In a retrospective review, we identified 13 patients with an MPN transformation to blast phase after a median 9 years (range 5 months to 30 years); 8 (median age 55) continued to allo-SCT within 6 months. Induction chemotherapy cleared blood/marrow blasts in 60% (6/10) (2 declined therapy, 1 had early death). At the time of allo-SCT, 5/8 patients were in complete remission (CR) of their leukemia or had returned to MPN chronic phase (CP), 2 had residual blood blasts and 1 was refractory with >5% marrow blasts. At follow-up (median 20.3 months), 6 patients are alive in CR of both their leukemia/MPN. All 5 patients in CR/CP at pre-allo-SCT remain alive in remission, while 2/3 with persistent blood/marrow blasts relapsed and expired. We conclude that MPN-BP can be cured by allo-SCT in a significant percentage of patients, but that adequate leukemic clearance prior to allo-SCT offers an optimal outcome.     

Multiple-drug chemotherapy for acute leukemia The TRAMPCOL regimen: results in 86 patients.

A combination of eight cytotoxic drugs, administered simultaneously, has been used in 86 cases of acute leukemia. The regimen, designated TRAMPCOL, incorporated thioguanine, rubidomycin, (daunorubicin), cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and usually L-asparaginase. Treatment was administered in five-day pulses with treatment-free intervals varying from nine to 23 days. Subjective and objective toxic effects were not more severe than those seen with two- and four-drug regimens previously employed. Substantial clinical and hematologic improvement occurred in 8/19 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) in acute transformation. Complete clinical and hematologic remission (CR) was achieved in 3/7 patients with untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 5/19 patients with AML who had failed to achieve CR with other therapy, and 4/18 patients with AML in relapse after CR obtained with regimens other than TRAMPCOL. CR occurred in 15/17 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), most of whom had had multiple previous relapses. CR was not achieved in four patients with AML superimposed on pre-existing myeloproliferative disorders. The TRAMPCOL regimen merits further evaluation in CGL after acute transformation, as a primary treatment for AML, and as therapy for ALL 1) in relapse, 2) in adults, 3) in children with adverse prognostic features, and 4) in T-cell ALL.     

Improvement in outcome for children receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in first remission of acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Groupe d'Etude des Greffes de Moelle Osseuse.

PURPOSE: We retrospectively analyzed the outcome of children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first complete remission (CR) who received HLA-identical bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in 13 French transplant centers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-four children were treated from June 1979 through December 1990. The conditioning regimen included total-body irradiation (TBI) in 54 cases and busulfan in 20. Prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) consisted of cyclosporine (CycloA) plus methotrexate (MTX) for 38 patients, MTX for 17, CycloA for 18, and T depletion without other prophylaxis for one. The mean value of the interval from diagnosis to transplantation was 167 days. RESULTS: Sixteen patients died of transplant-related complications, 12 relapsed, and 46 are alive in continuous remission with a median follow-up of 46 months. We examined results obtained over three successive periods: 1979 to 1982 (n = 14 children), 1983 to 1986 (n = 29), and 1987 to 1990 (n = 31). Probabilities of event-free survival (EFS) were 43%, 48%, and 82% for the three successive periods, respectively (P < .02). This improvement in EFS was linked to a decreased risk of transplant-related mortality: 36%, 36%, and 3%, respectively (P < .01). Other factors associated with a better EFS in the univariate analysis were a short time interval from diagnosis to transplant (< 120 days), the absence of significant (grade > or = 2) acute GVHD, and the absence of chronic GVHD. In the multivariate analysis, two factors had a favorable impact on long-term survival: the year of transplantation (years 1987 to 1990 v others) and the absence of acute GVHD. CONCLUSION: The outcome for children receiving allogeneic BMT in first CR of AML has improved in France during recent years.     

Matched and mismatched allogeneic stem-cell transplantation from unrelated donors using combined graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis including rabbit anti-T lymphocyte globulin.

Purpose: With improved HLA-typing techniques, it is presently unclear what degree of identity is necessary for successful unrelated-donor stem-cell transplantation (UD SCT). Here, we describe the outcome after matched and mismatched UD SCT using a graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis including high-dose rabbit anti-T lymphocyte globulin (ATG). Patients and Methods: One hundred adult patients (median age, 37 years; range, 17 to 65 years) with hematologic malignancies underwent transplantation in early disease (first complete remission [CR1] or first chronic phase [CP1]; n = 34) or in advanced disease (second complete remission or second chronic phase, no remission, refractory; n = 66) with nondepleted bone marrow (n = 87) or peripheral-blood-derived (n = 13) stem cells from an HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1*, or HLA-DQB1* identical (n = 75) or mismatched (one antigen, n = 21; two to three antigens, n = 4) unrelated donor. GVHD prophylaxis consisted of rabbit ATG before transplantation in addition to cyclosporine and short-course methotrexate. Results: The cumulative incidence of acute GVHD degrees II- degrees IV was 21% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14% to 33%) and 20% (95% CI, 9% to 44%) and acute GVHD degrees III- degrees IV was 5.3% (95% CI, 2% to 14%) and 4% (95% CI, 0.6% to 28%) in HLA-matched and HLA-mismatched transplantations, respectively. The risk for extensive chronic GVHD was 43% (95% CI, 32% to 59%) and 44% (95% CI, 26% to 75%) for HLA-matched and HLA-mismatched patients, respectively. The risk of relapse at 4 years was 17% (95% CI, 7% to 43%) and 43% (95% CI, 31% to 60%) for CR1/CP1 and advanced disease patients, respectively. With a median follow-up of 1,068 days (range, 12 to 1,958 days), 3-year disease-free and overall survival for patients who underwent transplantation in CR1/CP1 was 63% (95% CI, 46% to 81%) and 75% (95% CI, 59% to 90%), respectively; and for patients with advanced disease, it was 34% (95% CI, 22% to 46%) and 39% (95% CI, 25% to 53%), respectively. Conclusion: A certain degree of one antigen mismatching may not compromise the outcome after UD SCT when using this rabbit ATG in addition to standard GVHD prophylaxis regimen.     

含氟达拉滨的预处理行异基因造血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病的远期疗效

目的:观察含氟达拉滨的预处理方案进行异基因造血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病的长期疗效。方法:选取2003年2 月至2004年12月间厦门大学附属中山医院收治的15例恶性血液病患者,其中急性髓性白血病3 例,急性淋巴细胞白血病5 例,慢性粒细胞白血病6 例,骨髓增生异常综合症（RAEB）1 例。供受者HLA 配型同胞全相合6 例,同胞或亲缘不相合8 例,非亲缘全相合1 例。预处理方案采用氟达拉滨（Flu 30mg/m2·d,共5d）、马利兰（BU4mg/kg·d,共2～3d）、环磷酰胺（CTX 50mg/kg·d,共2d）,其中8 例加用阿糖胞苷（Ara-c 1.0～2.0g/m2·d,共2d）,9 例HLA 不全相合及非血缘移植者加用兔抗胸腺细胞球蛋白（ATG 3.0～5.0mg/kg·d,共3d）。 预防移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）均采用骁悉（MMF）+ 环孢素（CsA）+ 短程甲氨喋呤（MTX）方案。利用SPSS11.5 统计软件及Kaplan-Meier 方法进行生存分析。结果:15例患者移植后均获得快速完全的植入,无严重的预处理相关毒性。46.7% 发生急性GVHD ,85.7% 发生慢性GVHD ;带状疱疹7.1% 。5 年总生存率为53.5% ,其中移植时处于第一次完全缓解（CR1）和慢性期患者11例,5 年生存率为72.7% ,复发率9.1% ,移植时处于第二次完全缓解（CR2）、复发、加速期及急变期的患者4 例,2 年生存率为0,复发率75,两者有统计学差异（P=0.000 3 和P<0.05）,主要死亡原因为疾病复发和GVHD 。结论:对于移植时处于CR1 和慢性期患者,采用含Flu并适当减低放化疗剂量的预处理方案是有效的移植预处理方案,毒副作用较少,未增加机会性感染,复发率较低;预处理中加入Flu对GVHD 发生率无明显影响。      

Total body irradiation, thiotepa, and cyclophosphamide as a conditioning regimen for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first or second remission undergoing bone marrow transplantation with HLA-identical siblings.

PURPOSE: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) from HLA-identical siblings can be used to treat children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, a significant proportion of patients with ALL who undergo HSCT relapse. For this reason, we prospectively evaluated a preparative regimen that included total body irradiation (TBI), thiotepa (TT), and cyclophosphamide (CY) in patients with high-risk ALL in first complete remission (CR) and in children with ALL in second CR. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty children (median age, 9 years; range, 1 to 18 years) with ALL in first or second CR who underwent allogeneic HSCT from HLA-identical siblings were conditioned with a combination of fractionated TBI, TT (10 mg/kg), and CY (120 mg/kg over 2 days). Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporine administered intravenously at a dose of 1 to 3 mg/kg/d for the first 21 days and subsequently orally at a dose of 6 mg/kg/d. RESULTS: All assessable patients were engrafted, with a median time of 11 and 24 days for neutrophil and platelet recovery, respectively. The preparative regimen was well tolerated. Only one patient died as a result of regimen-related causes. Eight patients relapsed at a median time of 8 months after transplantation (range, 3 to 9 months), and this determined a cumulative probability of relapse of 23%. Twenty-six of 40 patients (65%) are alive and in complete hematologic remission, with a median observation time of 36 months (range, 14 to 57 months), which results in a disease-free survival (DFS) at 3 years of 65%. The 13 patients who underwent transplantation in first CR had a DFS of 85%, whereas the 27 patients who underwent HSCT in second CR had a DFS of 56%. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that TT is an effective cytotoxic drug that can be safely added to the classical TBI-CY regimen. Because of its cell cycle-independent action, good CNS diffusion, and limited extramedullary toxicity, TT may contribute to increasing the percentage of children with ALL who are successfully cured with allogeneic BMT.     

Prevention of graft-versus-host disease by selective depletion of CD6-positive T lymphocytes from donor bone marrow.

PURPOSE: Acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) continues to be the major causes of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In this study, we have evaluated the clinical effects of selective in vitro T-cell depletion of donor allogeneic bone marrow by using a single monoclonal antibody ([MoAb] anti-T12, CD6) and rabbit complement. This antibody recognizes mature T cells, but not other cellular elements such as natural-killer (NK) cells, B cells, and myeloid precursors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From August 1983 to April 1991, 112 consecutive adult patients with hematologic malignancies underwent BMT with bone marrow from HLA-identical sibling donors. Marrow was harvested and depleted of mature T lymphocytes ex vivo by the use of three rounds of incubation with an anti-T12 antibody and rabbit complement. The preparative regimen consisted of cyclophosphamide and fractionated total body irradiation (TBI) in 108 patients. No patients received prophylactic immune suppression post-BMT. Purgation by anti-T12 was used as the only method for the prevention of GVHD. RESULTS: Twenty patients (18%) developed acute GVHD (grade 2 to 4); only eight patients developed chronic GVHD. The incidence of GVHD did not increase significantly with age. Only three of 112 patients (2.7%) exhibited acute graft failure. One patient developed late graft failure that was associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Within the subset of 50 patients who had not previously undergone unsuccessful conventional therapy (acute leukemia in first remission or chronic myelogenous leukemia [CML] in stable phase), we estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method that the probability of disease-free survival was 50% at 3 years post-BMT, with a median follow-up of 44 months. The treatment-related mortality rate in this group was only 14% and was independent of patient age. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that selective in vitro T-cell depletion with an anti-T12 monoclonal antibody effectively reduces the incidence of both acute and chronic GVHD after allogeneic BMT without compromising engraftment. Moreover, depletion of CD6-positive cells from donor marrow obviates the need to administer immune suppressive medications to the majority of patients. This approach reduces the morbidity and mortality of allogeneic BMT and permits the BMT of older patients.     

诱导aGVHD策略的异基因造血干细胞移植治疗难治复发性急性白血病的初步临床报告

背景与目的：异基因造血干细胞移植治疗难治复发性急性白血病,因移植后复发率和移植相关死亡率高而预后仍较差。本研究旨在探讨异基因造血干细胞移植治疗难治复发性急性白血病的过程中,主动诱导急性移植物抗宿主病(acute graft-versus-host disease,aGVHD)对防止复发的作用。方法：30例成人难治复发性急性白血病,其中急性淋巴细胞白血病16例,急性非淋巴细胞白血病10例,混合性急性白血病4例。移植时第一次完全缓解4例,第二次完全缓解9例,部分缓解12例,未缓解5例。分别实施亲缘性同胞外周血干细胞移植24例(全相合者21例和不相合者3例),非亲缘性全相合移植6例(骨髓移植5例和外周血干细胞移植1例)。所有病例均接受清髓性预处理而强化清除残留白血病细胞的作用。亲缘性全相合者单用环孢素A,亲缘性不相合者或非亲缘性全相合者采取环孢素A 甲氨蝶呤 骁悉 小剂量ATG方法预防aGvHD。移植后 30至 60天仍无aGVHD者,采取每周20％～30％比例逐步减少环孢素A维持剂量及预制性供者淋巴细胞输注等方法诱导移植后早期aGVHD的发生。结果：移植后中位随访18．1月,aGVHD发生率80％(24／30),其中Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD发生率13．3％(4／30)。在可评价的19例患者中慢性移植物抗宿主病(cGVHD)发生率57．9％(11／19),其中广泛性cGVHD发生率15．8％(3／19)。移植后18例无病生存,无病生存率60％(18／30)。12例死亡,其中复发率17．9％(5／28)和移植相关死亡率23．3％(7／30)。结论：诱导aGVHD策略在防止难治复发性急性白血病移植后复发方面有一定作用。     

c-FLIP mRNA 在恶性血液病中的表达及其意义

目的：探讨C—FLIPmRNA在恶性血液病中的表达及其意义。方法：用采用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）检测42例恶性血液病骨髓单个核细胞C—FLIPmRNA的表达。包括急性白血病（AL）27例，其中初治21例及复发和完全缓解（CR）后AL各3例、慢性粒细胞性白血病（CML）5例、慢性中性粒细胞性白血病（CNL）1例和慢性淋巴细胞性白血病（CLL）4例，多发性骨髓瘤（MM）3例，骨髓增生异常综合征-难治性贫血伴原始细胞增多2型（MDS—RAEB-2）2例。结果：在初治和复发AL、初治CML、CNL、CLL、MDS—RAEB-2、MM中C—FLIPmRNA均呈异常增高表达，初治AL中c—FLIPmRNA的表达与复发AL比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），其FAB各亚型之间的表达差异亦无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。初治AL与CLLC—FLIPmRNA的表达显著高于初治CML（P〈0．001），但初治AL与初治CLLE魄磋淠呒统计学意义（P〉0．05）。MDS—RAEB-2、MMC—FLIPmRNA的表达与AL的cFLIPmRNA表达均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。对照组和CR后AL均为阴性表达。C—FLIPmRNA的表达与初治AL患者年龄、性别、初诊白细胞数、LDH以及核型、免疫表型无关。初治未达CR的AL患者其c—FLIPmRNA表达高于CR者，但并无统计学意义（尸〉0．05）。结论：恶性血液病C—FLIPmRNA的表达异常增高。C—FLIPmRNA能反映恶性血液病骨髓细胞的凋亡抑制情况，并与恶性血液病的类型、疾病状态、临床疗效和预后密切相关。     

A comparison of bone marrow transplantation with maintenance chemotherapy for patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in first complete remission

Twenty patients treated with maintenance chemotherapy for acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia after achieving complete remission were compared with 13 patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling. The median age was 27 years for both maintenance chemotherapy patients (range 17-42 years) and for patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (range 16-42 years). The 1-year survival for maintenance chemotherapy was 80% vs. 54% with bone marrow transplantation (p = NS). Complete remission durability was 70% at 1 year for maintenance chemotherapy (34% projected for 5 years) compared with no relapses in the first year with bone marrow transplantation (p = 0.01). Patients on maintenance chemotherapy were hospitalized for an average of 22 days (range 0-171 days) during the first 12 months of treatment. Patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation were hospitalized for an average of 82 days (range 41-113 days) in the same time period. Severe hematologic toxicity was seen in 13/13 bone marrow transplantation patients and 6/20 maintenance chemotherapy patients. Chronic graft-vs.-host disease occurred in 3/7 surviving bone marrow transplantation patients. Maintenance chemotherapy had an average first year cost of +3,076.00 for patients who did not relapse and +48,827.00 for patients that relapsed. The first year costs for bone marrow transplantation averaged +84,102.00. Thus, maintenance chemotherapy was associated with a better early survival, less toxicity, and lower cost than bone marrow transplantation in the first year after initiating therapy. However, fewer relapses with bone marrow transplantation suggest that it will yield a higher long-term survival rate.     

Less intense conditioning with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, idarubicin and etoposide (FCIE) followed by allogeneic unselected peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with leukemia.

The objective of this study was to assess toxicity and feasibility of achieving engraftment of allogeneic blood progenitor cells following nonmyeloablative conditioning according to the FCIE protocol (fludarabine 25 mg/m(2)/day, days -7 to -3; cyclophosphamide 200 mg/m(2)/day, days -7 to -3; idarubicin 12 mg/m(2)/day, days -7 to -5; etoposide 250 mg/m(2)/day, days -4 to -3) in elderly patients with leukemia. Eleven patients were included in the study: six patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in complete remission (CR); three patients with refractory or relapsed AML; one patient with chronic myeloid leukemia; one patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The median age of the patients was 62 years. All patients received blood progenitor cells from an HLA-identical sibling with 8.8 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg (median; range 4.7 to 26.2 x 10(6)/kg) and 5.5 x 10(8) CD3(+)cells/kg (median; range 4.5 to 7.9 x 10(8)/kg). Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporine and three courses of methotrexate. The median duration of white blood cell counts <1 x 10(9)/l was 17 days and of platelet counts <50 x 10(9)/l 20 days. In two patients acute GVHD grade I occurred. Nine of 10 patients analyzed developed mixed chimerism. Of seven patients transplanted in CR, three remained in CR 19 to 31 months after transplantation. Three patients with refractory leukemia did not achieve CR, while the patient with relapsed AML achieved a 3rd CR. After a median follow-up time of 22 months, chronic GVHD was mild and limited. The data from this pilot study in elderly patients with leukemia show that the combination of primarily immunosuppressive (FC) and antileukemic (IE) drugs for nonmyeloablative conditioning has moderate nonhematological toxicity and allows engraftment of allogeneic blood progenitor cells.     

急性髓系白血病患者异基因骨髓移植后复发行同一供者二次移植一例

 目的　探索血缘HLA全相合骨髓造血干细胞移植（HSCT）后复发病例进行同一供者外周血造血干细胞二次移植（HSCT2）的可行性。方法　1例急性髓系白血病（M4）患者接受血缘HLA全相合供者骨髓移植后18个月复发,染色体检查提示为受者复发型。给予CY-TBI预处理后输注同一供者外周血HSCT2,同时降低预防移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）强度。结果　患者HSCT2后获得稳定植入,患者并发急性GVHD（肠道Ⅳ级,皮肤Ⅲ级）,完全缓解至+8月。结论　对于血缘造血干细胞供者移植后复发的患者,HSCT2同一供者HSCT是可行的。     

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation as therapy for primary induction failure for patients with acute leukemia

The survival of patients with acute leukemia who do not achieve a remission with primary therapy is very poor. High-dose chemoradiotherapy followed by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has been shown to be effective therapy for patients with acute and chronic leukemia. Therefore, we determined the long-term disease-free survival of patients who did not achieve a remission and were then treated with high-dose therapy and bone marrow allografting from matched sibling donors. Twenty-one patients (median age, 28 years) who did not achieve a remission with induction chemotherapy were subsequently treated with allogeneic BMT. After BMT, 90% achieved a complete remission. Six died of complications of the therapy, and six patients relapsed between 27 and 448 days after BMT. Nine patients (43%; median age, 25 years) are alive between 556 and 4,174 days after BMT. The cumulative probability of disease-free survival at 10 years is 43%. This study suggests that allogeneic BMT can be an effective therapy to achieve long-term control of acute leukemia, even in those patients who do not achieve a remission with primary therapy.