Evaluation of a self‐efficacy enhancement program to prevent pressure ulcers in patients with a spinal cord injury

Aim

This study developed a self‐efficacy enhancement program and evaluated its effects on the self‐care behaviors, self‐care knowledge, and self‐efficacy regarding pressure ulcer prevention in patients with a spinal cord injury.

Methods

This was a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Six hospitals were invited to recruit patients with a spinal cord injury who were undergoing rehabilitation after receiving acute treatment. These hospitals were randomly allocated into experimental (three hospitals) or control (three hospitals) groups and 47 patients participated (24 in the experimental group and 23 in the control group). The experimental group was given an 8 week self‐efficacy enhancement program for pressure ulcer prevention. The self‐efficacy enhancement program consisted of small‐group face‐to‐face intervention (education and skills training), education with computer animation, phone counseling, face‐to‐face counseling, and self‐management records. The control group only received a pressure ulcer prevention information booklet. Self‐care knowledge, self‐efficacy, self‐care behaviors, and pressure ulcer incidence were measured at baseline and after the 8 week self‐efficacy enhancement program.

Results

The experimental group showed a significantly greater improvement in self‐care knowledge, self‐efficacy, and self‐care behaviors for pressure ulcer prevention than did the control group. One participant in the control group developed a pressure ulcer, while none of the participants in the experimental group developed a pressure ulcer; this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

The self‐efficacy enhancement program enabled patients with a spinal cord injury to engage in continued self‐care behaviors and helped them to improve their knowledge and self‐efficacy concerning pressure ulcer prevention.

     

Validation of pressure ulcer risk assessment scales: a critique

AIM: The aim of this paper is to present critical analysis of the validation methods of pressure ulcer risk assessment scales. BACKGROUND: The validation of pressure ulcer risk assessment scales remains a topic of considerable debate and uncertainty. The Braden scale and Norton scale are the most frequently used. Sensitivity and specificity are the recommended and most commonly used epidemiological tools to evaluate the validity of those risk assessment scales. DISCUSSION: The use of preventive measures influences both the sensitivity and specificity of the scales. Analysis of published studies on risk assessment scales reveals that, although some patients received preventive measures and others did not, this was not taken into account. Consequently, generalization of those results is not possible. Some possible alternative designs for studying the validity of risk assessment scales are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Currently available risk assessment scales are of only limited value, and there use will result in many patients being falsely identified as at risk or not at risk. Sensitivity and specificity criteria are not the most appropriate tools to validate risk assessment scales. A risk assessment scale should be evaluated in combination with the preventive measures used.     

ICU患者压疮发生危险因素分析

目的：探讨导致ICU患者压疮发生的危险因素。方法：采用自行设计的“ICU患者压疮风险因素调查表”记录735例ICU患者的患病情况、主要治疗情况等资料。结果：性别、糖尿病、脑卒中、入ICU时间、是否持续进行动脉血压监测、水肿、平均动脉压、乳酸Lac、心率、Apachell评分是ICU患者发生压疮的影响因素。结论：ICU患者压疮发生是多因素共同参与的病理生理过程,护理人员应充分认识各种危险因素对ICU患者发生压疮的影响,对存在或可能存在危险因素的ICU患者实施重点防护以减少压疮的发生。     

Preventive skin care beliefs of people with spinal cord injury

Although health beliefs have been correlated with self-care adherence in other chronic conditions, little is known about skin care beliefs after spinal cord injury (SCI). The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify the skin care beliefs of individuals with SCI. The conceptual framework was the Health Belief Model (HBM), which proposes that adherence to a health regimen is motivated by beliefs about susceptibility, severity, barriers, benefits, and self-efficacy. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 22 people with SCI. Content analysis of data collected using semistructured questions was used to identify domains of skin care beliefs, including HBM components. Themes that emerged about skin care beliefs included taking vigilant care, taking charge, maintaining health, and passing up care. Although most participants believed they were susceptible to pressure ulcers and preventive care was important, paradoxical statements about beliefs and preventive behaviors were common. These incongruent responses may reflect ambivalence about competing priorities or the efficacy of preventive practices. Further research is needed to understand this phenomenon. Increased understanding of skin care beliefs will assist in developing tailored teaching programs for people with SCI.     

褥疮预防的管理

目的　提高褥疮防治率 ,最大限度降低褥疮的发生率。方法　建立科学的管理制度 ,制定褥疮预防管理办法 ,实施难免褥疮申报制度 ,强化过程管理 ,加强考核力度。结果　提高了预防褥疮的护理能力和意识 ,降低了褥疮的发生率 ,提高了院前褥疮的治愈率。结论　加强过程管理和考核力度 ,保证制度落实 ,是褥疮防治的关键和有效手段 ,对提高护理质量十分重要     

社区护士压疮认知的现状调查

目的:了解社区护士对压疮的认知现状,为制定和实施相关培训提供依据。方法:选取上海市浦东新区全部(11家)社区卫生服务中心的276名社区护士进行问卷调查,调查内容包括对压疮预防的态度、压疮防治相关知识和压疮预防的障碍等3方面。结果:276名社区护士的压疮防治相关知识得分为(51.20±11.28)分,对压疮预防总体持积极态度,缺乏人员、时间和患者家属的配合等是压疮预防的障碍。结论:社区护士对压疮知识掌握不够全面,压疮预防态度积极,压疮预防存在障碍,尤其压疮护理新进展知识欠缺,部分压疮知识实际应用存在盲目性,须加强社区护士压疮相关知识培训,进一步提高对压疮预防的正确认知,促进积极态度,进行合理社区护理人力资源配备,切实提高社区压疮防治质量。     

玉疮风险评估工具与预防进展

本文对国内外主要的压疮风险评估量表和压疮预防研究现状进行分析,结果发现：压疮风险评估量表中Braden量表具有较好的预测价值,但须进一步研究和明确不同量表的适用人群;应根据风险程度采取有效的预防措施,减轻局部压力、剪切力和摩擦力,增强皮肤耐受性,加强健康教育,从而减少压疮的发生。     

Differences in prevalence of pressure ulcers between the Netherlands and Germany--associations between risk, prevention and occurrence of pressure ulcers in hospitals and nursing homes

Aim. This study compares pressure ulcer prevalence and prevention activities in nursing homes and hospitals within two European countries. Background. Over three years stable differences have been found between the Netherlands (NL) and Germany (GER) with higher pressure ulcer rates in the NL. As previous analyses have shown, the differences cannot be entirely explained by differences in the population’s vulnerability to pressure ulcers because they still remain after risk adjustment. Therefore, the differences in prevalence must be caused by other factors. The purpose of this study is to analyse if any potential differences in preventive activities can account for the varying occurrence of pressure ulcers. Method. In both countries, nation-wide surveys were conducted annually using the same standardised questionnaires. Trained nurses examined all consenting patients of the voluntarily participating facilities. This examination included a skin assessment of the entire body. Data regarding risk factors, prevention and details about wounds were then collected. Results. In-patients of 29 German (n = 2531) and 71 Dutch (n = 10 098) nursing homes and 39 German (n = 8515) and 60 Dutch (n = 10 237) hospitals were investigated. The use of pressure-reducing devices was more common in the NL than in GER, but all other interventions were more frequently provided to German risk patients than to their Dutch counterparts. The pressure ulcer prevalence was significantly higher in the Dutch sample. After adjusting for gender, age, Braden Score and prevention, the probability of having a pressure ulcer was 8·1 times higher for Dutch nursing home residents than for German residents. Conclusion. Some of the variance in pressure ulcer prevalence between the two countries can be explained by varying pressure ulcer prevention. However, some remarkable differences still remain unexplained. Relevance to clinical practice. The extent of pressure ulcer prevention, especially repositioning and nutrition intervention provided to patients at risk, is not in accordance with international guidelines.     

颈髓损务呼吸功能不全时压力支持通气的应用

目的 总结颈髓损伤呼吸功能不全患者使用压力支持通气（PSV）的经验。方法 观察不同水平压力支持通气时间吸频率（RR）、潮气量（ VT）、每分通气量（VE）、吸气峰压（PIP）、肺动态顺应性（Cdyn)等数值变化和血气分析变化。结果 观测指标与PSV水平两者呈相关性变化。结论 通过调节PSV水平可使有关呼吸监测指标均改善,使患者处于较为合理的呼吸状态。     

Examining the validity of pressure ulcer risk assessment scales: developing and using illustrated patient simulations to collect the data

Simulations are of particular advantage in research studies where large samples are necessary to achieve statistical power and the information must be collected under uniform conditions in order to aid interpretation. In the study reported below, simulation was achieved through the use of medical photography accompanied by case studies of the same patients. All information was collected on the same day. The purpose of the study was to determine the validity of the three pressure ulcer risk assessment scales most commonly used in clinical nursing practice in the UK. Each clinical nurse assessed the same four patients using three risk assessment scales and a visual analogue scale designed to capture their own clinical judgement. External validity was assessed by a panel of tissue viability experts who provided independent ratings. Data were obtained from 236 clinical nurses, yielding 941 risk assessments. Experience with this approach to data collection suggests that it requires careful planning. This should include measures to ensure that the simulated information is valid and that all data collectors have been adequately trained and are able to motivate the nurses participating in the study. Providing consideration is given to these issues, the use of simulation can help to collect data that would be difficult to obtain by more conventional means. It is also important to recognize that clinical decisions are de-contextualized in simulations because they are reduced to verbal and visual summaries. The decision to use simulations should thus be taken only if this is acknowledged.     

Risk assessment scales for pressure ulcers: a methodological review

Much is written about risk-assessment scales (RASs) for pressure ulcers (PU) and their properties demonstrating that they are of limited value. Less is known about the reasons for these limitations and the scope for improvement. This review examines issues such as structure and scoring for the Norton, Waterlow and Braden scales, showing that the equal-weighting technique behind the current RASs is too simplistic and leads to limitations. It concludes that properly trained, experienced nurses should conduct PU risk assessments, whilst more robust data-driven RASs should be developed using the differential weighting scoring method together with advanced statistical techniques.     

Risk assessment scales for pressure ulcer prevention: a systematic review

AIM: This paper reports a systematic review conducted to determine the effectiveness of the use of risk assessment scales for pressure ulcer prevention in clinical practice, degree of validation of risk assessment scales, and effectiveness of risk assessment scales as indicators of risk of developing a pressure ulcer. BACKGROUND: Pressure ulcers are an important health problem. The best strategy to avoid them is prevention. There are several risk assessment scales for pressure ulcer prevention which complement nurses' clinical judgement. However, some of these have not undergone proper validation. METHOD: A systematic bibliographical review was conducted, based on a search of 14 databases in four languages using the keywords pressure ulcer or pressure sore or decubitus ulcer and risk assessment. Reports of clinical trials or prospective studies of validation were included in the review. FINDINGS: Thirty-three studies were included in the review, three on clinical effectiveness and the rest on scale validation. There is no decrease in pressure ulcer incidence was found which might be attributed to use of an assessment scale. However, the use of scales increases the intensity and effectiveness of prevention interventions. The Braden Scale shows optimal validation and the best sensitivity/specificity balance (57.1%/67.5%, respectively); its score is a good pressure ulcer risk predictor (odds ratio = 4.08, CI 95% = 2.56-6.48). The Norton Scale has reasonable scores for sensitivity (46.8%), specificity (61.8%) and risk prediction (OR = 2.16, CI 95% = 1.03-4.54). The Waterlow Scale offers a high sensitivity score (82.4%), but low specificity (27.4%); with a good risk prediction score (OR = 2.05, CI 95% = 1.11-3.76). Nurses' clinical judgement (only considered in three studies) gives moderate scores for sensitivity (50.6%) and specificity (60.1%), but is not a good pressure ulcer risk predictor (OR = 1.69, CI 95% = 0.76-3.75). CONCLUSION: There is no evidence that the use of risk assessment scales decreases pressure ulcer incidence. The Braden Scale offers the best balance between sensitivity and specificity and the best risk estimate. Both the Braden and Norton Scales are more accurate than nurses' clinical judgement in predicting pressure ulcer risk.     

细节护理管理对脊柱后路手术患者高危部位压力性损伤发生情况、压力性损伤知识认知度、护理质量的影响

目的 探讨细节护理管理在预防脊柱后路手术患者高危部位压力性损伤中的效果.方法 选取2019年3月至2020年3月择期行脊柱后路手术的74例患者,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,各37例.对照组实施常规护理,观察组实施细节护理管理.比较两组的压力性损伤知识认知度、压力性损伤发生情况、舒适度、生存质量及护理质量.结...     

对患者进行压疮危险因素评估的方法与体会

目的提高对压疮危险因素的评估能力,最大限度降低压疮发生率。方法应用压疮危险因素评估表对354例住院患者进行评估,建立科学管理制度,制定压疮预防管理方法。结果提高了护理人员对压疮风险预测能力,明显降低了压疮发生率(P<0.01)。结论压疮危险因素评估表的应用,可以有效降低患者压疮的发生。     

Effect of polarized light in the healing process of pressure ulcers

A trial was conducted to examine the effect of polarized light on pressure ulcers of 1st, 2nd and 3rd grades. Patients with two pressure ulcers, one of which received the polarized light therapy (experimental ulcer) and the other acting as control, were included in the study. The experimental ulcers received treatments for 2 weeks consisting a 5 min therapy session each day, excluding weekends, for 10 days. Experimental and control ulcers were assessed as they appeared on admission and reassessed at the end of each week. Fifty-five patients aged 37-85 years (67.1 +/- 11.9 years) were studied. Pressure ulcers of 1st, 2nd and 3rd grades receiving extra treatment with polarized light had increased values of epithelial tissue between the first and second assessments of 0-30.9% and between the second and third assessments of 30.9-21.7%. Values of the control pressure ulcers were, respectively, from 0 to 5.5% and from 5.5% to 3.1%. The mean pink/white colour values of the experimental ulcers, between the first and second measurements increased significantly compared with the control ulcers (P = 0.021) and also increased significantly between the second and third measurements (P = 0.003). The mean values of 'no and minimal exudate' of the experimental ulcers increased significantly between first and second measurements compared with the control ulcers (P = 0.001), and similarly, significantly between the second and third measurements (P = 0.002). Mean surface areas of the experimental ulcers decreased significantly between the first and second measurements from 2.84 to 2.54 cm2 (P < or = 0.001) and between the first and third measurements from 2.84 to 2.26 cm2 (P < or = 0.001). Mean surface areas of the control ulcers decreased between the first and second measurements from 2.10 to 2.08 cm2 (P < or = 0.42) and between the first and third measurements from 2.10 to 2.04 cm2 (P < or = 0.007). Pressure ulcers subjected to extra treatment with polarized light in the early stages (first to third measurements) showed improvement in the healing process than the control ulcers.