老年骨质疏松性髋部骨折危险预测

目的综合考虑引起老年人髋部骨折的两个重要因素，设计新预测指标ＢＭＤ／Ｉ，利用多测量区分析提高老年人骨质疏松性髋部骨折危险预测的准确性和可靠性。方法用ＤＥＸＡ测量骨折组和对照组的髋部骨密度，根据有关物理定律推导新预测指标的计算公式。结果利用判别分析得到预测老年人骨质疏松性髋部骨折危险性的判别函数组及预测正确率。讨论多测量区分析较通常采用的单测量区分析预测正确率明显提高，判别函数组可作为计算机辅助诊断的基础，预测结果可供临床医生参考     

老年骨质疏松性髋部骨折的围手术期治疗体会

目的探讨老年人骨质疏松髋部骨折手术治疗的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2005年6月～2010年12月200例老年人骨质疏松性髋部骨折的治疗方法及效果。结果 60例高龄骨折疏松性髋部骨折患者得到2个月～6年随访,根据Sanders评分标准,Harris评分优良率85%。结论尽早手术治疗骨质疏松性髋部骨折可以有效减少高龄患者的并发症及恢复功能活动。     

骨质疏松与Colles骨折

研究Ｃｏｌｌｅｓ骨折患者的骨密度测量值。方法：应用微量密度测量法对３６名绝经后女性Ｃｏｌｌｅｓ骨折患者的第２掌骨骨密度进行测量，并与同龄正常人作比较。结果：Ｃｏｌｌｅｓ骨折患者各项骨密度参数与对照组相比，Ｃｏｌｌｅｓ骨折患者的骨密度明显降低。     

老年性骨质疏松与髋部骨折

本研究采用随机分组设计比较了102名绝经后妇女中股骨颈骨折及股骨粗隆间骨折患者与正常对照组的Singh指数、股骨颈皮质骨指数和股骨外侧皮质骨厚度,结果表明两骨折组与正常对照组之间均有非常显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)之统计学差异,认为骨质疏松是老年人髋部骨折的主要影响因素之一,而采用X线平片评定股骨近端的骨量改变对于预测髋部骨折之危险性具有一定价值.     

老年性骨质疏松与髋部骨折

本研究采用随机分组设计比较了１０２名绝经后妇女中股骨颈骨折及股骨粗隆间骨折患者与正常对照组的Ｓｉｎｇｈ指数、股骨颈皮质骨指数和股骨外侧皮质厚度，结果表明两骨折组与正常对照组之间均有非常显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）或显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）之统计学差异，认为骨质疏松是老年人髋部骨折的主要影响因素之一，而采用Ｘ线平片评定股骨近端的骨量改变对于预测髋部骨折之危险性具有一定价值。     

骨质疏松女性股骨颈骨折与股骨转子间骨折的髋部骨密度差异分析

目的明确骨质疏松女性股骨颈骨折与股骨转子间骨折的髋部骨密度差异,探讨骨质疏松患者发生髋部骨折(股骨颈骨折、股骨转子间骨折)与骨折部位骨密度的相关性。方法回顾性分析2015年1月1日至2016年12月31日期间于福建省某三级甲等医院的住院治疗的骨质疏松及髋部骨质疏松性骨折患者172例,其中无病史的原发骨质疏松患者109例、骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折患者39例、骨质疏松性转子间骨折24例。分别统计3组患者年龄、体质指数、糖尿病患病情况、骨折侧别、髋部各部位骨密度、血清Ⅰ型胶原交联C末端肽(C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type Ⅰ collagen,CTX)、Ⅰ型原胶原N-端前肽(procollagen type ⅠN propeptide,PINP)、25羟基维生素D(25-OH-D)。分别进行三组间及两两组间比较。结果三组间年龄、体质指数、糖尿病患病率差异无统计学意义(F=2.667,P=0.072; F=0.882,P=0.416;χ~2=3.216,P=0.232),股骨颈骨折组与股骨转子间骨折组组间骨折侧别差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.958,P=0.328),三组间髋部Ward区骨密度差异无统计学意义(F=2.937,P=0.056),髋部骨密度比较,股骨颈、股骨大转子、股骨转子间、髋部整体差异有统计学意义(F=7.825,P=0.001; F=8.668,P0.001; F=9.657,P0.001)。股骨颈骨折组、转子间骨折组股骨颈、股骨大转子、股骨转子间、髋部整体骨密度均小于骨质疏松组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);股骨颈骨折组与转子间骨折组股骨颈、大转子、转子间、髋部整体骨密度差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。三组间β-CTX、P1NP、维生素D差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。股骨颈骨折组、转子间骨折组β-CTX、维生素D均小于骨质疏松组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);转子间骨折与骨质疏松组P1NP差异无统计学意义,股骨颈骨折组与转子间骨折组股骨颈、大转子、转子间、髋部整体骨密度差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论女性骨质疏松患者发生髋部骨折的类型可能并不取决局部的骨密度,可能与骨微结构等因素相关,要得到明确、可靠的结果仍需进一步研究证实。     

皮质厚度在骨质疏松性髋部骨折中的应用研究

骨质疏松性髋部骨折作为老年骨质疏松症的严重并发症,是临床医生重点关注的问题。临床中多通过骨密度来评价脆性骨折的发生风险。而通过常规影像学检查获得的皮质厚度,在预测髋部骨折风险方面具有重要的辅助作用,特别是结合骨密度、股骨近端几何结构以及多种生化指标时,可明显提高骨折风险评估的准确率。而对于骨折的治疗,皮质厚度在术式、内固定选择以及术中强化内固定稳定性等方面的作用得到了广泛认识。患者术后恢复情况及治疗的效果评价同样可以通过皮质厚度来评估。本文对皮质厚度的研究和临床应用状况进行综述。     

老年髋部骨折患者骨组织形态计量分析

目的通过骨组织形态计量对老年髋部骨折患者的骨量和骨结构异常进行研究。方法 25例患者均接受髂骨活检。 A组 14例,为老年髋部骨折组,其中男 6例 (A1组 ),年龄 (75.01± 7.15)岁;女 8例 (A2组 ),年龄 (69.85± 11.58)岁。 B组 11例,为对照组,其中男 5例,女 6例;年龄 (41.44± 3.87)岁。所取标本经甲基丙烯酸甲酯包埋、硬组织切片、甲苯胺蓝染色后行组织形态计量分析。结果 (1)A组的骨小梁体积、皮质骨宽度、骨小梁密度、骨小梁厚度、结点末端比显著低于对照组 (P< 0.01),而骨小梁间距则明显高于对照组 (P< 0.01)。 (2)A组中 2例女性患者的病理改变较为特殊,其骨量参数与对照组相近;结点末端比在对照组 95％可信度区间之外,而与本组其他患者相似。结论 (1)骨小梁连续性显著下降,而非骨量降低是部分骨转换增高的绝经后女性髋部骨折的重要内因。 (2)按骨量、骨结构 (骨小梁连续性 )和骨转换状况,老年髋部骨折患者的骨组织病理改变可以分为三型。     

老年髋部骨折术后无抗骨质疏松药物治疗患者骨质变化的初步分析

目的探讨老年髋部骨折术后无应用抗骨质疏松药物治疗患者的骨质变化。方法入选本研究的患者共12例,平均年龄77．6岁,髋部骨折术后平均8．6年。全部患者接受对骨质疏松症认知水平询间;双能X线吸收骨密度仪（DXA）测定5例股骨近端和7例腰椎骨密度,并与在门诊经规范骨质疏松治疗1年以上随机选取的骨质疏松症患者（男3例,女9例,平均年龄74岁）骨密度比较,两组相应部位数值进行t检验;影像学检查包括拍摄骨盆正位片和腰椎X线片,部分患者作腕部X线片或腰椎MRI检查。结果患者对骨质疏松症认知水平低（16％）。腰2、3椎体和股骨近端骨密度均降低,以股骨近端更为明显（P〈0．05）。6例人工髋关节假体柄松动,3例髋臼磨损,2例动力髋钢板螺钉和1例股骨近端髓内钉松动伴移位,所有患者腰椎椎体骨小梁稀疏,共有9例椎体呈压缩性骨折,16例椎体呈明显“双凹”征,3例桡骨远端骨小梁稀疏。结论老年髋部骨折术后如无进行抗骨质疏松药物治疗,骨质可能会变得更加脆弱。     

老年骨质疏松致髋部骨折的综合治疗

目的观察老年髋部骨质疏松性骨折综合治疗的状况。方法回顾分析2002年1月至2007年4月收治的321例骨质疏松引起的髋部骨折患者,采用综合治疗方法包括人工关节置换手术、骨折复位内固定、药物以及功能锻炼等综合治疗。结果中度骨质疏松101例,轻度36例,症状均有较明显的好转,重度184例未继续加重。手术组患者住院时间17-33 d,平均22 d,并发症少,死亡2例;非手术组至少卧床3个月,疗效差,并发症多,死亡5例。结论老年髋部骨质疏松骨折的治疗,除需对局部骨折治疗以外,同时应对原发骨质疏松症进行综合治疗可能提高骨折愈合力,缩短愈合时间,改善临床症状,提高老年人的生活质量。     

股骨颈骨密度和股骨颈轴长与老年 髋部骨折的关系

目的 探讨股骨颈骨密度、股骨颈轴长与髋部骨折的关系，了解股骨颈骨密度、股骨颈轴长预测骨折的能力。方法 通过双能Ｘ线吸收骨密度测量仪测量髋部骨折组患者和同龄男女非骨折对照组的股骨颈轴长、股骨颈骨密度，分析比较两种测量指标预测股骨颈骨折的敏感性。结果 不同性别骨折组患者的股骨颈骨密度均明显低一南年龄、同性别对照组，差异有非常显著性意义（Ｐ〈０．０１），而骨折组与非骨折组男女股骨颈轴和莘差异无显著性意义     

Ultrasound and dual X-ray absorptiometry densitometry in women with hip fracture

To assess the usefulness of the measurement of the os calcis by ultrasound, a method that probably reflects bone quality as well as density, we have studied 54 women with hip fracture of the proximal femur and a control group. Ultrasound evaluation of the os calcis [broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), speed of the sound (SOS), and a combined index (stiffness)], and bone mineral density (BMD) determination over the proximal femur by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were performed. Weight, BMD, and ultrasound values in the hip fracture patients were significantly lower than controls (P<0.001). The Z-scores for BUA and stiffness were not different than that for femoral neck. Ward's triangle or trochanteric BMD (between-1.7 and -1.5). The odds ratios determined by receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analysis were greater at the femoral neck (25.1) and BUA (24.4). Intermediate values were found at stiffness (16.9), Ward's triangle (12.8), and trochanter (11.1), and lower values were obtained at SOS (4.2). In turn, patients with trochanteric hip fractures had a significantly lower femoral neck and Ward's triangle BMD, stiffness, and BUA than patients with cervical hip fractures. Comparing a subgroup of 30 women with hip fractures without vertebral fractures with an age-matched group of 87 women with osteoporotic vertebral fractures, both groups were of similar weight and BMD but all ultrasound values were significantly lower in the hip fractures compared with vertebral fracture patients (P<0.05-P<0.01). Our findings suggest that in women with hip fractures, ultrasound evaluation of the os calcis has diagnostic sensitivity comparable to DXA of the femur and could be useful to predict hip fracture risk. Ultrasound values are lower in hip fractures compared with vertebral fracture, age-matched women and in older compared with younger hip fracture patients.     

Broadband ultrasound attenuation and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in patients with hip fractures: Which technique discriminates fracture risk

There is considerable interest in predicting risk of hip fracture in order to allow targeting of preventive care. This study aimed to determine which of two methods best discriminates a hip fracture population from controls. Fifty women with fractured neck of femur, and 50 control subjects were scanned using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the spine and hip and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of the os calcis. Significant differences between the two populations could be found for both DXA and BUA, with BUA showing the largest percentage difference (27%). The mean z-scores showed that BUA had the lowest, with the exception of DXA trochanter. However, no significant difference between BUA and DXA trochanter Z-scores was found. A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that BUA has a superior sensitivity and specificity compared with DXA measurements, with DXA of the hip being better than the spine. This retrospective study shows that BUA is a better discriminator of hip fracture than DXA lumbar spine of DXA hip, which may have important implications for predicting those at risk of future hip fracture.     

Dynamic hip screw with locking side plate: a viable treatment option for intertrochanteric fracture

Objective： Dynamic hip screw （DHS） is recommended for the fixation of stable intertrochanteric fractures. Its postoperative cut-out rate ranges from I% to 6%. In osteoporotic bone, normal screws in DHS blade provide less anchorage compared to locking screws. This study aims to compare DHS with locking side plate and conventional side plate. Methods： Fifty consecutive patients with intertrochanteric fractures were randomly allocated for fixation with a standard DHS （group A） and locking DHS （Combi plate, group B）. We compared the clinical and radiological outcomes for the conventional DHS and locking DHS in intertrochanteric fractures. Functional outcome was evaluated using the Parker mobility score. Results： Coxa valga was found more frequently in group A than in group B （12% vs. 0%, P=0.42）. Coxa vara showed the same trend （12% vs. 8%, P=0.81）. Rate of restoration of postoperative neck-shaft angle within 20° of sound side was higher in group B （8% cases） than in group A （4% cases, P=0.98）. The rate of anteversion angle restoration within 10° of sound side was also higher in group B （100% vs. 88%, P=0.85）. The average lag screw slippage in group A and group B was 3.2 mm and 4.2 mm, the average fracture union duration was 17.1 weeks and 16.4 weeks, and the mean Parker score was 5.6 and 5.8 respectively. Screw cut-out was seen in one patient in group A. No cut-out was seen in any of the patient in group B. No patient developed deep infection, avascular necrosis, deep vein thrombosis or any other significant complications. Conclusion： The present study demonstrated that treating intertrochanteric fracture with a locking DHS allows sound bone healing and is not associated with any major complications. Although this report is promising, it should be interpreted with caution because only a prospective study with a large sample size would allow definitive conclusion.     

Femoral and spinal bone mineral density in Japanese osteoporotics with hip fracture

In the present study, bone mineral density (BMD) of femoral neck and lumbar spine was compared between 38 Japanese female patients with hip fracture (age 63–89 years, mean±SD 76±7 years) and 162 age-matched female controls (age 62–90 years, mean±SD 75±7 years). BMD was measured in the femoral neck and lumbar spine (L2–4) using dual-photon absorptiometry (Norland model 2600). BMD values of femoral neck as well as lumbar spine were significantly lower in patients with hip fracture than in controls (0.504±0.097 v 0.597±0.101,p<0.01, for femoral neck; 0.661±0.146 v 0.720±0.128,p<0.05, for lumbar spine). Patients with hip fracture and controls were stratified according to their BMD levels at two measuring sites, and the ratio of the number of patients and controls at each BMD level was calculated as an indicator of fracture rate. This ratio showed an exponential increase as the femoral neck BMD declined, but only a gradual increase as the lumbar spine BMD declined. Specificity-sensitivity analysis revealed that BMD values of 0.59 and 0.54 g/cm² at the femoral neck provided a specificity of 52% and 68% with a sensitivity of 90% and 75%, respectively. These findings suggest that Japanese patients with hip fracture are more osteoporotic than age-matched controls and that the selective measurement of femoral neck would be useful for predicting the risk of hip fracture.     

自体血回收技术在高龄髋部骨折中的应用

髋部骨折创伤大,失血多,尤其是老年人,术中常需输血。为降低异体输血所带来的风险、缓解血源紧张,我院自2002年4月至2006年4月为32例老年髋部骨折手术患者应用自体血回吸收机(2000型)效果良好,以下作回顾性分析。1临床资料本组32例,男9例,女23例;年龄61~90岁,平均75岁。股骨头缺血性坏死3例,股骨颈骨折10例(GardenⅣ型5例、Ⅲ型3例、Ⅱ型2例),粗隆间骨折19例(EvansⅠ型Ⅰ度2例、Ⅲ度9例、Ⅳ度5例、EvansⅡ型3例)。于术前3d~1周入院(急症除外),完善术前检查,做好术中准备。其中全髋关节置换6例,人工股骨头置换7例,动力髋钢板螺钉内固定17例…     

Bone mineral density in chinese elderly women with hip fracture

In order to examine the status of osteoporosis of the patients with hip fracture, we assessed the bone mineral density (BMD) of the contralateral hip of 81 elderly females with hip fracture and compared those with 77 normal Chinese women. The age of fracture subjects was 73.5±6.6 years (mean±SD), and 69.2±6.9 years for the controls. All of these fractures were caused by minor trauma, such as falls from a standing position or slipping to the ground. The Norland 2600 dual-photon absorptiometer (DPA) was used to evaluated the BMD in the femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle areas. The BMD for the fracture subjects was significantly lower than those of the controls. By linear regression, the probability of fracture increased exponentially with age and low BMD. The mean BMD for femoral neck of the fracture subjects versus controls was 0.556 versus 0.624 g/cm²; for trochanter: 0.505 versus 0.566 g/cm²; for Ward's triangle: 0.432 versus 0.485 g/cm². Both negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) were acceptable at the prevalence of hip fracture of 5% or 20% and at a cutoff point of 0.65 g/cm². These data revealed that the degree of relative osteoporosis in the patients with hip fractures was more severe than that of controls.     

Femur strength index predicts hip fracture independent of bone density and hip axis length

Introduction Proximal femoral bone strength is not only a function of femoral bone mineral density (BMD), but also a function of the spatial distribution of bone mass intrinsic in structural geometric properties such as diameter, area, length, and angle of the femoral neck. Recent advancements in bone density measurement include software that can automatically calculate a variety of femoral structural variables that may be related to hip fracture risk. The purpose of this study was to compare femoral bone density, structure, and strength assessments obtained from dual-energy X-ray absorbtiometry (DXA) measurements in a group of women with and without hip fracture. Methods DXA measurements of the proximal femur were obtained from 2,506 women 50 years of age or older, 365 with prior hip fracture and 2,141 controls. In addition to the conventional densitometry measurements, structural variables were determined using the Hip Strength Analysis program, including hip axis length (HAL), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), and the femur strength index (FSI) calculated as the ratio of estimated compressive yield strength of the femoral neck to the expected compressive stress of a fall on the greater trochanter. Results Femoral neck BMD was significantly lower and HAL significantly higher in the fracture group compared with controls. Mean CSMI was not significantly different between fracture patients and controls after adjustment for BMD and HAL. FSI, after adjustment for T score and HAL, was significantly lower in the fracture group, consistent with a reduced capacity to withstand a fall without fracturing a hip. Conclusion We conclude that BMD, HAL, and FSI are significant independent predictors of hip fracture.     

老年髋关节骨折手术治疗死亡率分析

目的 总结老年髋关节骨折手术治疗的术后死亡率,探讨术后患者死亡的原因. 方法 对1999年3月至2008年1月得到随访的349例老年(60～98岁)髋关节骨折手术治疗患者进行回顾性研究,总结总体死亡率和术后1年内死亡率,分析其构成特点及术后患者死亡的原因. 结果 手术治疗老年髋关节骨折术后死亡率为8.9%(31/349),术后1年内死亡率为5.4%(19/349).围手术期死亡3例,随访期内死亡28例.死亡原因依次为心血管事件(7例)、呼吸功能衰竭(7例)、慢性疾病引起的多器官功能衰竭(5例)、肿瘤(5例)、脑血管疾病(2例)、肝硬化(2例)、感染中毒性休克(1例)、脑外伤(1例),另1例原因不详.统计结果 显示年龄、性别是影响死亡率的主要因素,股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定患者死亡率(1.8%)低于股骨近端髓内钉固定患者(17.8%),差异有统计学意义(X2=9.407,P=0.006);女性患者的股骨颈骨折发生率(59.4%)明显高于男性(41.6%),差异有统计学意义(X2=10.040,P=0.006). 结论 与相关文献比较,手术治疗老年髋关节骨折能够获得较低的死亡率.完善术前准备,选择微创的手术方法 有助于降低死亡率.     

Effect of dynamic hip screw on the treatment of femoral neck fracture in the elderly

[Abstract] Objective： To discuss the indications, surgical procedures, and curative effect of dynamic hip screw （DHS） in the treatment of femoral neck fracture in the elderly. Methods： A retrospective study was conducted to analyse the clinical data of 42 elderly patients who had been treated for femoral neck fracture with DHS in our department between June 2009 and November 2011. There were 21 males and 21 females with a mean age of 68.5 years （range 60-75 years）. According to the Garden Classification, there were 19 cases of type II, 21 cases of type III and 2 cases of type IV fractures. By the Singh In- dex Classification, there were 3 cases of level 2, 19 cases of level 3 and 20 cases of level 4 fractures. The Harris cri- terion, complications and function recovery after operation were analysed. Results： The average hospitalization time in 42 patients was 11.2 days （range 7-21 days）. All patients were followed up for 12-26 months （mean 18 months）. No lung infection, deep venous thrombosis or other complications occurred. Partial backing-out of the screws was found in 2 cases. The internal fixation device was with- drawn after fracture healing. Internal fixation cutting was found in 1 case, and he had a good recovery after total hip arthroplasty. The time for fracture healing ranged from 3-6 months （average 4.5 months）. According to Harris criteri- on, 15 cases were rated as excellent, 24 good, 2 fair and 1 poor. The Harris scale was significantly improved from 30.52＋2.71 preoperatively to 86.61＋2.53 at 6 months post- operatively （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： DHS, being minimal invasive, al- lowing early activity and weight-bearing, is advisable for treatment of elderly patients with femoral neck fracture. In addition, it can avoid complications seen in artificial joint replacement. It is especially suitable for patients with mild osteoporosis.