罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于腰-硬联合阻滞的临床比较

目的探讨罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉的临床效果。方法选择40例ASAI-Ⅱ级,下腹部手术采用腰-硬联合麻醉患者的临床资料进行分析,随机分为罗哌卡因组（A组）和布比卡因组（B组）各20例,分别注入0.89％罗哌卡因14.3mg、0.75％布比卡因9.0mg,术中酌情于硬膜外给予2％利多卡因维持麻醉。观察并记录2组患者麻醉效果（2种药物对感觉、运动神经的阻滞情况）以及麻醉不良反应。结果两药均能达到满意的镇痛和肌松效果,但A组运动神经阻滞维持时间短于B组,最大运动阻滞程度〈B组,A组感觉神经阻滞起效快于B组,感觉神经最大阻滞时间〉B组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;且A组患者的不良反应（低血压、恶心、呕吐等）发生率较低,循环功能更稳定。结论罗哌卡因可安全有效地用于下腹部手术的腰-硬联合麻醉,与布比卡因相比,具有感觉阻滞起效快,运动阻滞维持时间短,有利于患者术后早期恢复。     

不同剂量罗哌卡因腰麻用于剖宫产术的临床研究

目的观察不同剂量罗哌卡因腰麻用于剖宫产的可行性,探讨剖宫产中罗哌卡因的适合剂量。方法随机抽取ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级行剖宫产术的患者60例,采取腰—硬联合麻醉。根椐罗哌卡因剂量不同,所有患者随机分为3组（A、B、C组）,药物剂量分别为：罗哌卡因10mg、15mg、20mg,均加入10%葡萄糖溶液中配成3m l重比重局部麻醉液。比较各组阻滞效果、术中术后不良反应及并发症和新生儿Apgar评分情况。结果 A组感觉运动神经起效时间及最大运动阻滞时间均长于B、C组,最大阻滞平面高于B、C组,感觉运动神经恢复时间快于B、C组,麻醉效果及最大运动阻滞程度均差于B、C组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;且B、C组上述指标比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。A、B组不良反应及并发症发生率均低于C组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;A、B组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。3组Apgar评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论重比重罗哌卡因腰麻用于剖宫产是安全可行的,且罗哌卡因15mg加入10%葡萄糖溶液中配成的3m l重比重局部麻醉液为较适合的剂量。     

分析左布比卡因、罗哌卡因和布比卡因腰麻用于剖宫产手术的临床效果

目的分析等剂量左布比卡因、罗哌卡因和布比卡因腰麻应用于剖宫产手术的临床效果。方法选择自2012年1月至2013年1月我院诊断符合剖宫产标准的患者150例,采用随机数字表法分成三组,L、R、B组各50例。分别给予患者0.5%左布比卡因、0.75%罗哌卡因、0.75%布比卡因各12 mg。给予每组10%GS,稀释至3 m L,于腰2³间隙穿刺腰麻。比较分析三组患者感觉、运动阻滞的起效和维持时间的异同以及对母婴的影响。结果三组患者腰麻临床效果均较好,镇痛及肌松满意,不具有可比性。三组的感觉阻滞起效时间相比较,L组>R组>B组;布比卡因最高感觉阻滞平面较高,达到最高阻滞平面时间较短。运动阻滞起效时间三组差异不大。在运动阻滞维持时间上,B组>R组>L组。三组不良反应的发生率比较,B组>R组>L组。结论等剂量的左布比卡因、罗哌卡因与布比卡因具有相同的麻醉效能,但在镇痛和麻醉效果上,左布比卡因、罗哌卡因不仅可以满足手术需要,较少引起心律失常等不良反应,而且对母体不良反应少,对新生儿无不良反应。因此左布比卡因、罗哌卡因更值得临床应用推广。     

等比重罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉在肛肠手术的应用

目的探讨等比重罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉（腰麻）用于肛门直肠手术的麻醉效果。方法ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级肛门直肠手术患者60例,随机法分成2组,分别采用0.5%布比卡因等比重（布比卡因组）和0.5%罗哌卡因等比重（罗哌卡因组）腰麻用于肛肠手术。观察比较2组患者围手术期血流动力学变化,腰麻后患者的感觉阻滞和运动阻滞的起效和持续时间、麻醉质量评价、低血压、恶心、呕吐、尿潴留等不良反应。结果与0.5%布比卡因等比重腰麻相比,0.5%罗哌布比卡因等比重腰麻感觉阻滞、运动阻滞起效时间较长,改良Bromage运动评分更高（P〈0.05）,感觉阻滞恢复时间较短,运动阻滞恢复较快,低血压、恶心、呕吐、尿潴留发生率较0.5%布比卡因等比重组低（P〈0.05）。结论罗哌卡因和布比卡因用于肛门直肠手术均能达到满意的临床效果,但等比重罗哌卡因腰麻运动阻滞恢复较快,低血压、恶心、尿潴留发生率较少,较0.5%布比卡因等比重液腰麻在肛肠手术中具有明显的优越性。     

全子宫切除术中罗哌卡因和布比卡因麻醉比较

目的观察罗哌卡因和布比卡因腰硬联合麻醉(CSEA)用于妇科全子宫切除手术的麻醉效果和不良反应的发生率。方法 20例妇科全子宫切除手术患者,随机分为两组,每组10例。A组罗哌卡因15mg,B组布比卡因15mg。结果 B组运动阻滞起效时间快于A组(P<0.05),B组麻醉平面固定时间、Bromage 0级时间均长于A组(P<0.05),A组最大Bromage评分、最高感觉阻滞平面优于B组,B组感觉恢复时间明显长于A组(P<0.01);B组不良反应中术后低血压,恶心、呕吐的发生率高于A组(P<0.05)。结论在妇科开腹全子宫切除手术腰硬联合麻醉中蛛网膜下腔应用罗哌卡因的效果优于应用布比卡因。     

不同剂量罗哌卡因腰麻用于剖宫产术的临床研究

目的 观察不同剂量罗哌卡因腰麻用于剖宫产的可行性,探讨剖宫产中罗哌卡因的适合剂量.方法 随机抽取ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级行剖宫产术的患者60例,采取腰-硬联合麻醉.根椐罗哌卡因剂量不同,所有患者随机分为3组(A、B、C组),药物剂量分别为:罗哌卡因10mg、15mg、20mg,均加入10%葡萄糖溶液中配成3ml重比重局部麻醉液.比较各组阻滞效果、术中术后不良反应及并发症和新生儿Apgar评分情况.结果 A组感觉运动神经起效时间及最大运动阻滞时间均长于B、C组,最大阻滞平面高于B、C组,感觉运动神经恢复时间快于B、C组,麻醉效果及最大运动阻滞程度均差于B、C组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);且B、C组上述指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).A、B组不良反应及并发症发生率均低于C组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);A、B组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).3组Apgar评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 重比重罗哌卡因腰麻用于剖宫产是安全可行的,且罗哌卡因15mg加入10%葡萄糖溶液中配成的3ml重比重局部麻醉液为较适合的剂量.     

小剂量罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼腰麻在高龄患者下肢手术中阻滞程度与时间的效果观察

目的：观察小剂量罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼腰麻在高龄患者下肢手术中效果。方法选择行下肢手术患者50例,按随机数字表法分为 A、B 组,每组25例。A 组,罗哌卡因7.5 mg 与10％葡萄糖溶液配成2.5 ml 溶液。B组,罗哌卡因5 mg 加舒芬太尼5μg 与10％葡萄糖溶液配成2.5 ml 溶液。观察并记录麻醉前后血压与心率变化,感觉阻滞最高平面,到达感觉阻滞最高平面时间,运动神经阻滞消退时间,以及恶心、呕吐、寒战、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等不良反应。结果所有患者麻醉镇痛完善。A 组低血压和寒战的发生率显著高于 B 组（ P ＜0.05）;A 组运动神经阻滞程度与阻滞持续时间显著高于 B 组（ P ＜0.05）。不良反应的发生率 A 组显著高于 B 组（ P ＜0.05）。结论小剂量罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼腰麻能满足老年患者下肢手术的麻醉要求,且不良反应明显减少。     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于腰硬联合麻醉的最佳剂量探讨

目的探讨罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于腰硬联合麻醉的最佳剂量。方法择期足月单胎剖宫产手术产妇140例分为A、B、C、D共计4组(n=35),分别注入0.5%盐酸布比卡因注射液0.6mL、1mL、1.5mL、1.8mL,术中根据麻醉平面及产妇血压情况酌情硬膜外腔追加注入0.75%罗哌卡因。结果 4组产妇麻醉镇痛效果、术中肌松评价、感觉阻滞起效时间、最高阻滞平面等比较均无明显差异;A组感觉阻滞持续时间明显短于其他3组(P<0.05),硬外追加0.75%罗哌卡因剂量显著高于其他各组(P<0.01);D组不良反应发生率为28.6%(10/35),显著高于其他3组(P<0.01)。结论 0.5%布比卡因1～1.5mL腰麻联合硬外追加适当剂量的0.75%罗哌卡因是剖宫产手术麻醉用药最佳剂量。     

国产罗哌卡因单独或复合舒芬太尼用于老年患者单侧腰麻的最低镇痛剂量

目的 研究国产罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼后用于老年患者下肢手术单侧腰麻的最低镇痛剂量（MLAD）. 方法 择期在单侧腰麻下行下肢手术老年患者58例,美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）Ⅱ～Ⅲ级,年龄65～88岁,采用随机数字表法分为2组：A组（单纯国产罗哌卡因）、B组（国产罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼5μg）,每组29例.各组中首例患者的国产罗哌卡因剂量为7.5 mg,其后各患者所用剂量按序贯法调整,剂量变化梯度为0.25 mg.观察感觉阻滞起效时间、感觉阻滞最高平面、感觉阻滞持续时间、运动阻滞程度和相关不良反应.根据Dixon-Massey法计算出国产罗哌卡因的MLAD. 结果 2组患者的运动阻滞程度和不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义;与A组相比,B组的感觉阻滞起效时间缩短,持续时间延长,感觉阻滞平面最高.单侧腰麻时A组罗哌卡因的MLAD为6.30 mg[95%可信区间（CI）5.91～6.83 mg],B组为4.15 mg（95%CI3.42～4.96 mg）. 结论 老年患者单侧腰麻时蛛网膜下隙注入国产罗哌卡因混合舒芬太尼5μg可明显减少罗哌卡因的剂量,不仅能满足下肢手术的麻醉需求,还能减少术中可能出现的不良反应和并发症.     

0.5%罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞应用于剖宫产术的临床研究

目的评价0．5％罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉（简称腰麻）用于剖宫产手术的临床效果及安全性，并与0．5％布比卡因进行比较。方法择期剖宫产手术100例，随机分为B组50例（布比卡因组）和R组50例（罗哌卡因组），两组产妇均于L2～3椎间隙作腰硬联合穿刺，成功后注入局麻药并置入硬外导管备用。观察感觉与运动阻滞、腹壁肌松、新生儿Apgar氏评分及不良反应发生情况。结果罗哌卡因与布比卡因在剂量相同时，罗哌卡因较布比卡因感觉及运动阻滞起效慢，但运动阻滞维持时间短，不良反应少。结论0．5％罗哌卡因腰麻用于剖宫产手术效果满意，产妇及胎儿较安全。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.