Shh、Ptch1及Ptch2基因在小鼠磨牙发育过程中的表达

目的通过原位杂交的方法研究Sonic Hedgehog（Shh）、Patched1（Ptch1）及Patched2（Ptch2）在小鼠下颌磨牙发育过程中的表达，以探讨该信号通路在牙胚发育中的作用。方法制备小鼠下颌第一磨牙发育各期标本，原位杂交检测Shh、Ptch1及Ptch2的表达部位及强度。结果Shh在帽状期表达于釉结，钟状早期表达于内釉上皮，钟状晚期表达于成釉细胞；Ptch1在帽状期表达于牙囊、外釉上皮及星网状层，钟状早期表达于牙囊、外釉上皮及牙乳头，钟状晚期表达于成牙本质细胞及牙乳头；Ptch2在帽状期表达于釉结，钟状早期表达于内釉上皮，钟状晚期无表达。结论Shh信号系统在牙胚发育各期有各自的表达特点，提示可能在牙胚形态的调控，成釉细胞、成牙本质细胞分化的诱导中起重要作用。     

Shh及其受体Ptc1、Ptc2在鼠帽状期磨牙的基因表达

目的 观察信号分子Sonic Hedgehog(Shh)及其受体Ptcl、Ptc2在小鼠下颌第一磨牙帽状期的基因表达，以探讨Shh信号路径在牙胚形态发育早期的作用。方法 制备昆明小鼠磨牙形态发育早期标本(E10．5～E15．5)，常规HE染色观察组织形态。免疫组化SP法对增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen，PCNA)进行定位研究。原位杂交法分析Shh、Ptcl、Ptc2 mRNA在牙胚中的表达与分布。结果 E14．5，内、外釉上皮，星网状层及牙乳头细胞PCNA阳性，大部分釉结细胞PCNA阴性，少量釉结细胞PCNA阳性。Shh、Ptcl、Ptc2 mRNA在内、外釉上皮、星网状层及釉结中均有表达。结论 在帽状期，信号分子Shh可能经自分泌或旁分泌途径作用于釉结以外的上皮和间充质，促进其增殖。     

Expression of neural cell-adhesion molecule mRNA during mouse molar tooth development

This study employed in situ hybridisation using a probe recognising all isoforms of the molecule. Expression of the molecule in tooth germs started at embryonic day 13, when they were at the bud stage. Both inner cells of the epithelial bud and peripheral cells of the dental mesenchyme were positive. At the cap stage, positive cells were found in the inner part of the enamel organ but only in a limited area near the outer enamel epithelium. In the mesenchyme at the cap stage, expression was weak in the dental papilla and strong in the follicle. From the bell stage onward, epithelial cells in the enamel organ were negative except for the cells of the stratum intermedium, which were transiently positive at early and late bell stages. In the dental papilla, expression had mostly ceased during and after the bell stage, although transient expression was found in cuspal areas at the early bell stage. The dental follicle strongly expressed neural cell-adhesion molecule (NCAM) to the end of the experimental period, at post-natal day 4. In contrast to the first molar at its earliest stage of appearance, in which both the thickened epithelium and surrounding mesenchyme were negative for the expression of the molecule, the second molar appeared as a combination of extending epithelial thickenings and mesenchymal cells strongly positive for its expression. This study newly identifies the dental papilla and the stratum intermedium as NCAM-expressing sites.     

同源盒基因Msx-1、Msx-2和Dlx-2在小鼠下颌第一磨牙发育阶段的表达

目的 观察同源盒基因Msx—1、Msx-2和Dlx-2 mRNA在小鼠下颌第一磨牙发育阶段的表达。方法 取胎龄E11～E18和新生P1～P3小鼠的头或下颌，制备5μm连续冠状切片。体外转录合成地高辛标记的Msx—1、Msx-2和Dlx-2 RNA探针。原位杂交后观察Msx—1、Msx—2和Dlx—2在小鼠下颌第一磨牙中的表达。结果 在牙胚发育过程中，Msx—1转录信号始终只在间质细胞中观察到，在上皮细胞中呈阴性。Msx-2和Dlx-2在牙源性上皮和间质中均表达，在磨牙发育起始期二者表达相似，但在随后的牙胚发育过程中，它们出现不同的表达特征。结论 牙胚发育过程中，Msx—1、Msx-2和Dlx-2有不同的表达特征，可能共同参与调控上皮和间质问的相互作用。     

透明质酸在小鼠下颌第一磨牙牙胚不同发育时期的表达

目的:检测透明质酸在小鼠下颌第一磨牙牙胚不同发育时期的表达,探讨其在小鼠牙胚发育过程中的作用。方法:取不同胎龄的ICR胎鼠,制备小鼠下颌第一磨牙不同发育时期切片,用免疫组织化学实验方法检测透明质酸在下颌第一磨牙牙胚组织中的表达情况。结果:透明质酸在小鼠下颌第一磨牙牙胚的不同发育阶段表达各异。在小鼠磨牙开始发生时,透明质酸即在增厚的牙板上皮中表达,随后在蕾状期牙蕾中央的上皮细胞间可见透明质酸的表达,而在深层的牙源性间充质表达则不明显。自帽状期至钟状晚期,透明质酸在牙胚星网状层细胞间以及牙源性间充质细胞的表达逐渐增强,而在基底膜、内外釉上皮细胞、成釉细胞以及成牙本质细胞所在区域不表达。结论:透明质酸在牙胚发育过程中呈现时间-空间特异性表达。特别是其在星网状层细胞以及牙乳头间充质细胞中的表达随着牙胚的发育逐渐增强提示其可能与牙胚的形态发生密切相关。     

Notch1在小鼠下颌第一磨牙牙胚发育中的表达

目的探讨Notch1在小鼠下颌第一磨牙胚胎发育过程中的组织学分布。方法制作ICR小鼠下颌第一磨牙不同发育阶段的冰冻组织切片,对小鼠下颌第一磨牙自牙胚发育起始期至出生后2天不同发育阶段组织的Notch1分布情况进行免疫组织化学染色。结果 Notch1在小鼠下颌第一磨牙牙胚发育起始期和蕾状期牙板上皮上方或其包绕的口腔上皮中表达,在牙板上皮中没有表达。自帽状期至钟状期,Notch1在牙胚的中间层表达,而在内釉上皮中无表达。至牙釉质和牙本质分泌期,Notch1仍在颈环部位的中间层表达。此外,Notch1还在牙胚发育不同时期的间充质、牙乳头和早期牙髓中表达。结论 Notch1可能在小鼠下颌第一磨牙发育过程中的牙上皮特别是内釉上皮的细胞分化,以及牙囊和牙乳头细胞分化及分化完成后的牙髓干细胞的稳定性方面有重要作用。     

小鼠牙齿发育中Pax-9的表达及意义

目的 通过观察PAX-9在牙发育中的分布及变化规律，探索牙齿发生的机制。方法 标本为妊娠10．5～18．5天昆明小鼠分别取胎鼠，分别作HE染色和免疫组化染色，图像分析仪分析。结果 Pax-9表达于胞浆中。蕾状期，牙蕾上皮及间充质细胞不表达Pax-9；帽状期牙乳头细胞表达较强；钟状期早期成牙本质细胞或前成牙本质细胞表达强阳性，内釉上皮细胞、星网状层细胞及牙乳头细胞有微弱表达；钟状期晚期成牙本质细胞、成釉细胞、及釉牙本质界处集中表达，新形成的釉质和前期牙本质染色较强。结论 PAX-9促进牙胚从蕾状期向帽状期转变，调节钟状期成牙本质细胞及成釉细胞的分化及基质分泌，并参与生物矿化过程。     

转录调节因子LMO4在牙胚发育中的基因表达

目的观察转录调节因子LMO4在鼠磨牙牙胚形态发生中的基因表达，并与Shh信号分子的基因表达进行比较。方法制备昆明小鼠磨牙形态发育各期标本（E11．5～P1．5），wholemount原位杂交分析LM04 mRNA在鼠胚中的表达与分布。切片原位杂交分析LMO4及Shh mRNA在牙胚中的表达与分布。用免疫组化SP法对增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）进行定位研究。结果wholemount原位杂交发现，在E11．5，LMO4 mRNA在上下颌突、肢芽、脑、表皮和体节中呈阳性表达。切片原位杂交发现，E13．5～E16．5，LMO4 mRNA分别在牙蕾上皮、成釉器两侧尖部和颈环处呈阳性表达，Shh mRNA表达于釉结；E18．5～P1．5，LMO4 mRNA在成釉细胞层和中间层呈阳性表达。免疫组化染色发现，E13．5～E16．5，部分牙蕾上皮及颈环处细胞PCNA阳性，恰与LMO4基因表达部位重合。结论LMO4在牙胚形态发生中呈时空特异性表达并且局限表达于上皮来源的组织。LMO4与Shh信号分子表达范围邻近，在牙胚发育早期可能调控细胞增殖，晚期可能参与成釉细胞的分化。     

跨膜蛋白Syndecan-1在不同发育时期小鼠磨牙组织中的表达

目的以小鼠磨牙为发育模型,研究其不同发育时期跨膜蛋白Syndecan- 1的表达特点,进而分析Syndecan-1在牙齿发育中的作用。方法取不同胎龄的胎鼠,制作其下颌第一磨牙的切片,进行免疫荧光染色,并在荧光显微镜下观察Syndecan- 1的表达情况。结果Syndecan- 1的表达随牙胚发育的时期不同而变化：蕾状期时在牙源性上皮和间充质中有弱的阳性分布,帽状期时成釉器上皮阳性表达减弱,而牙乳头及周围的间充质的阳性反应明显增强,钟状期时成釉器上皮又呈阳性表达,并以在中间细胞层的反应更为强烈,而牙乳头间充质的染色则很弱,同时前成釉细胞以及下方的成牙本质细胞的顶端也呈Syndecan- 1的阳性表达。结论Syndecan- 1参与了成釉器和牙乳头的发育和分化过程的调节,并与牙胚细胞的增殖以及成釉细胞和成牙本质细胞的分化相关。     

BMP activity is required for tooth development from the lamina to bud stage

Several Bmp genes are expressed in the developing mouse tooth germ from the initiation to the late-differentiation stages, and play pivotal roles in multiple steps of tooth development. In this study, we investigated the requirement of BMP activity in early tooth development by transgenic overexpression of the extracellular BMP antagonist Noggin. We show that overexpression of Noggin in the dental epithelium at the tooth initiation stage arrests tooth development at the lamina/early-bud stage. This phenotype is coupled with a significantly reduced level of cell proliferation rate and a down-regulation of Cyclin-D1 expression, specifically in the dental epithelium. Despite unaltered expression of genes known to be implicated in early tooth development in the dental mesenchyme and dental epithelium of transgenic embryos, the expression of Pitx2, a molecular marker for the dental epithelium, became down-regulated, suggesting the loss of odontogenic fate in the transgenic dental epithelium. Our results reveal a novel role for BMP signaling in the progression of tooth development from the lamina stage to the bud stage by regulating cell proliferation and by maintaining odontogenic fate of the dental epithelium.     

Notch1蛋白在小鼠下颌切牙发育中的表达

目的探讨Notch1在小鼠下颌切牙牙胚发育过程中的组织学分布。方法制作ICR小鼠下颌切牙不同发育阶段的冰冻组织切片,对小鼠下颌切牙牙胚自牙胚发育起始期至钟状晚期不同发育阶段组织Notch1的分布情况进行免疫组织化学染色。结果 Notch1在小鼠下颌切牙发育蕾状期牙胚的口腔侧上皮中表达,而在和间充质相邻的牙胚上皮中没有表达。从帽状期至钟状期,Notch1在牙胚的中间层表达,而在内釉上皮中没有表达。钟状期的唇侧颈环部位星网状层和部分牙上皮细胞也表达Notch1。此外,Notch1还在牙胚发育不同时期的间充质、牙乳头和早期牙髓中表达。结论 Notch1可能在小鼠下颌切牙发育过程中的牙上皮,特别是内釉上皮的细胞分化,以及牙囊和牙乳头细胞分化及分化完成后的牙髓干细胞的稳定性方面有重要作用。     

Sonic hedgehog regulates epithelial proliferation and cell survival in the developing tooth germ.

Shh expression is highly restricted to the future sites of tooth development during the initiation of odontogenesis. This suggests a role for Shh as a proliferative factor, as localized epithelial thickenings invaginate to form a tooth bud. We have investigated this role by blocking Shh signaling between E10.5 and E12.5 in murine mandibular processes using a 5E1 blocking antibody and the PKA activator Forskolin. This results in down-regulation of Ptc, a principle target of Shh signaling. The effects of inhibition varied with developmental time. At E10.5, tooth development was arrested as epithelial thickenings and the numbers of teeth developing were considerably reduced. Inhibition at E12.5 produced localized apoptosis in the epithelium at the tip of the tooth buds, although some teeth were able to develop. Thus, Shh has dual roles in early odontogenesis, first in bud formation by stimulating epithelial proliferation, and second in the development of cap-stage tooth germs by increasing epithelial cell survival.     

Runx2/cbfa1在人牙胚发育过程中的表达

观察核心因子Runx2/cbfa1在人牙胚发育过程中的表达,探讨cbfa1在牙齿发育过程中的作用。方法:制备人牙胚发育各期标本,免疫荧光法观察cbfa1在人牙胚发育过程中的表达情况。结果:在牙胚发育的不同时期均可见不同的时空表达模式。蕾状期表达比较广泛;帽状期内外釉上皮细胞和牙囊中呈强阳性表达,中间层也为强阳性,牙乳头为弱阳性;钟状早期,前成牙本质细胞处有强阳性表达;钟状中后期,成釉细胞为强阳性,成牙本质细胞为阴性,而牙囊部位仍为强阳性。结论:Runx2/cbfa1转录因子在人牙胚整个发育过程中的表达状况,提示该因子可能在牙胚各期的发育起一定作用,参与了各种成牙相关细胞的分化和硬组织的形成。     

β-连环蛋白和E-钙粘蛋白在小鼠磨牙牙胚发育中的研究

目的研究β-连环蛋白(β-catenin,β-cat)和E-钙粘蛋白(E-cadherin,E-cad)在小鼠磨牙牙胚发育过程中的表达分布和意义。方法取胚胎13,15,16天(E13,E15,E16)和出生后1天、5天(P1,P5)的ICR小鼠,制备含上颌第一磨牙的各阶段牙胚发育标本,免疫组化二步法检测β-cat和E-cad在牙胚发育不同时期的表达。结果E13天牙胚处于蕾状期,E15天为帽状期,E16天为钟状早期,P1天处于钟状中期,P5天为钟状晚期。β-cat和E-cad在牙齿发育的各个阶段表达具有时空特异性,前者在各个阶段的成釉器上皮和其下方间充质中均表达,后者在釉质形成之前仅表达于成釉器上皮,之后在成牙本质细胞中也有表达。结论β-连环蛋白和E-钙粘蛋白参与牙胚发育的细胞形成与分化,表明细胞粘附和Wnt信号途径对牙胚发育具有调控作用。     

Expression of the Hedgehog antagonists Rab23 and Slimb/betaTrCP during mouse tooth development

The sonic hedgehog signalling peptide has been demonstrated to play an important role in the growth and patterning of several organs including the tooth. Inappropriate activation of Shh signalling in the embryo causes various patterning defects and complex regulation of this pathway is important during normal development. A growing list of diverse antagonists have been identified that restrict Shh signalling in the embryo, however, only Ptc1, Gas1 and Hip1 have been studied during tooth development. We have examined the expression pattern of the putative antagonists Rab23 and Slimb/betaTrCP during early murine odontogenesis and find that these molecules are expressed in the developing tooth. Interestingly, Rab23 demonstrates contrasting expression domains in the incisor and molar dentition during the cap stage, being restricted to the mesenchymal compartment of molar teeth and the epithelium of the enamel knot in incisor teeth. These findings provide the first evidence of distinct regulatory pathways for Shh in teeth of different classes.     

c-Met在小鼠颌下腺胚胎发育中的表达

目的探讨c-Met在小鼠颌下腺发育不同阶段的表达特点。方法制作ICR小鼠颌下腺不同发育阶段的冰冻组织切片,利用免疫组织化学方法对小鼠颌下腺自蕾状期至出生后两天不同发育阶段c-Met的表达情况进行了研究。结果 c-Met在小鼠颌下腺发育的蕾状期上皮中表达呈明显阳性,在假腺管期早期表达减弱,而在假腺管期晚期的上皮突起中表达增强。在微管期的分枝状上皮条索和顶端胚芽中呈不对称表达,周围细胞表达较强而中心细胞表达较弱。在终末分化期的腺泡、闰管的部分上皮细胞表达,在导管上皮中持续性强表达。结论 c-Met在小鼠颌下腺发育的细胞增殖、分支形态发生及腺泡和导管的形成中可能扮演重要角色。     

Wnt signaling in the murine diastema

The correct number and shape of teeth are critical factors for an aesthetic and functional dentition. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating tooth number and shape are therefore important in orthodontics. Mice have only one incisor and three molars in each jaw quadrant that are divided by a tooth-less region, the diastema. Although mice lost teeth in the diastema during evolution, the remnants of the evolutionary lost teeth are observed as transient epithelial buds in the wild-type diastema during early stages of development. Shh and Fgf signaling pathways that are essential for tooth development have been shown to be repressed in the diastema. It remains unclear however how Wnt signaling, that is also required for tooth development, is regulated in the diastema. In this study we found that in the embryonic diastema, Wnt5a expression was observed in mesenchyme, whereas Wnt4 and Wnt10b were expressed in epithelium. The expression of Wnt6 and Wnt11 was found in both tissues. The Wnt co-receptor, Lrp6, was weakly expressed in the diastema overlapping with weak Lrp4 expression, a co-receptor that inhibits Wnt signaling. Secreted Wnt inihibitors Dkk1, Dkk2, and Dkk3 were also expressed in the diastema. Lrp4 mutant mice develop supernumerary teeth in the diastema that is accompanied by upregulation of Wnt signaling and Lrp6 expression. Wnt signaling is thus usually attenuated in the diastema by these secreted and membrane bound Wnt inhibitors.