CD40-1C/T多态性(rs1883832)与粤西汉族人Graves病的关系

目的 探讨CD40基因单核苷酸多态性(rs1883832)与粤西汉族人群Graves病的关系.方法 选取Graves病患者219例(Graves病组)和健康体检人员200例(对照组).收集相关资料,检测甲状腺激素(游离T3、游离T4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)及促甲状腺激素受体抗体(TRAb)水平.应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)对样本基因分型.分析基因多态性与Graves病遗传易感性、家族史、眼病和预后的关系,及TRAb水平在不同基因型携带者之间的差异.结果 (1)Graves病组等位基因C分布频率高于对照组(56.8％ vs.47.3％,x2=7.722,P=0.005);共性及隐性遗传模型均显示Graves病组CC基因型高于对照组(38.4％vs.25.5％,x2=8.054,P共性=0.018;x2=7.912,P隐性=0.005);相对于等位基因T携带者,CC基因型增加Graves病发病风险[CC vs.TT:优势比(OR)=1.89,CC vs.CT:OR=1.77,CC vs.CT+ TT:OR=1.83).(2)等位基因与基因型分布频率在有/无家族史、伴/不伴眼病及初发/复发亚组中差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).(3)在Graves病组中,C等位基因携带者TRAb水平较TT基因型者高[(18.23 ±0.96)vs.(12.65±1.68) IU/L,F=4.576,P=0.002].结论 CD40-1C/T多态性(rs1883832)可能与粤西汉族人群Graves病及TRAb水平相关,与甲状腺眼病、家族史及预后无关.     

间隙性连接蛋白37基因1019C/T多态性与原发性高血压的关系

目的 研究无锡地区人群中间隙性连接蛋白37 （connexin 37,CX 37）基因1019C/T多态性与原发性高血压的相关性.方法 入选在无锡市人民医院初次诊断为原发性高血压的患者1 126例,874名健康体检者作为正常对照组,均采用基因测序技术对CX37基因1019多态性位点基因型进行检测,比较两组人群中基因型及等位基因分布差异.结果 （1）两组人群中均存在CX 37基因1019C/T多态性,基因型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律.（2）原发性高血压组与正常对照组相比,C等位基因分布频率升高（57.37％vs.42.05％,P＜0.01）.C等位基因携带者（CC＋TC）在原发性高血压组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（80.46％ vs.66.70％,P＜0.01）.与Tr纯合子相比,（CC＋TC）基因型原发性高血压患病风险增加（OR=2.06,95％ CI：1.68～2.52）.对性别进行亚组分析显示：无论男性还是女性人群中原发性高血压组C等位基因携带者频率均显著高于正常对照组（男性：79.19％vs.69.05％,P＜0.01;女性：81.75％ vs.64.40％,P＜0.01）,C等位基因携带者原发性高血压患病风险明显高于TT型（男性：OR=1.71,95％CI：1.28～2.27;女性：OR=2.48,95％ CI：1.85～3.31）.结论 CX37 C等位基因可能与老年原发性高血压相关.     

TGF-β1rs1800469基因多态性与HBV感染及肝癌家族聚集的相关性

目的:探讨TGF-β1rs1800469基因多态性与HBV感染及肝癌家族聚集性的相关性.方法:以广西肝癌高发区肝癌高发家族成员114名为实验组,采取年龄±5岁、性别、民族及HBsAg配对法选取无癌家族成员114名为对照组,提取外周血DNA,应用聚合酶链反应—限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术,对TGF-β1rs1800469位点上的基因型CC、TC、TT,等位基因T、C进行分析.结果:TGF-β1rs1800469等位基因T、C的频率和基因型CC、TC、TT在肝癌高发家族成员和无癌家族成员间的分布无统计学差异(P>0.05).TGF-β1rs1800469等位基因T、C的频率和基因型TC、TT在乙肝表面抗原阳性和阴性组间分布无统计学差异(P>0.05),而基因型CC在两组间的分布存在差别(P<0.05).结论:TGF-β1rs1800469等位基因T、C和基因型CC、TC、TT与广西肝癌家族聚集危险性似无明显相关性;TGF-β1r s1800469基因型CC可能会增加HBV感染危险性,而TGF-β1rs1800469等位基因T、C的频率和基因型TC、TT无明显作用.     

2型糖尿病患者载脂蛋白A5基因多态性与血脂异常的关联

应用PCR-RFLP研究载脂蛋白A5基因-1131T→C多态性位点各基因型及等位基因的分布频率及其与2型糖尿病(T2DM)的关系。T2DM组等位基因C携带者(CC TC)TG水平明显高于C非携带者(TT);T2DM组C等位基因的频率明显高于对照组,C等位基因与罹患T2DM有关,可能是湖北汉族人群T2DM的独立危险因子之一。     

G蛋白β3亚单位基因和α-内收蛋白基因多态性与早发冠心病的相关性研究

目的 观察G蛋白β3亚单位基因(GNB3)C825T和α-内收蛋白基因(ADD1)CA60W多态性在中国早发冠心病(coronary heart disease,CHD)患者中的分布情况及特点,探讨CHD发生的遗传学机制。方法 采用聚合酶链反应和限制性片段内切酶的方法检测了342例早发CHD患者(冠状动脉造影证实,其中男性275例,年龄<55岁,女性67例,年龄<65岁)及133例对照(冠状动脉造影阴性)的GNB3基因C825T和ADDl基因G460W多态性。结果 GNB3基因C825T多态性在两组人群中的分布差异有显著性,CHD组T等位基因和TT基因型频率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),ADD1基因CA60W的等位基因和基因型频率两组比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示:在调整了其他危险因素后,T等位基因携带者和具有TT基因型者早发CHD的相对危险度增加(T等位基因:OR=1.8,95％CI为1.117～3.040,P=0.017;TT 基因型:OR=2.4,95％CI为1.312～4.254,P=0.004)。进一步的联合基因型分析显示:同时具有GNB3 825TF基因型和ADD1 460WW基因型者比单独有825TT基因型者有较高的早发CHD的危险(OR=6.1;95％CI 1.316～27.945,P=0.021)。结论 GNB3基因C825T多态性的825T等位基因和TT基因型可能是CHD早期发病的遗传因素之一。在早发CHD患者中GNB3 825TT基因型和ADD1 460WW基因型相互有一定影     

SLC30A8和PTPRD基因多态性与南京地区中老年人群2型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的 探讨溶质载体家族30/锌转运体,成员8(SLC30A8)基因(rs13266634和rs3802177)和蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶受体D(PTPRD)基因(rs17584499)单核苷酸多态性与南京地区中老年人群2型糖尿病的相关性.方法 对南京地区40岁以上人群行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验及问卷调查,选取2型糖尿病1 758例(糖尿病组),正常对照1 970名(对照组),提取外周血基因组DNA,对其SLC30A8和PTPRD基因3个目标位点的基因型进行检测,分析与2型糖尿病的关系.结果 SLC30A8基因位点rs13266634在糖尿病组的基因型频率(CC、CT和TT)分别为35.9％、48.2％和15.9％,对照组为33.3％、48.8％和17.9％,糖尿病组C等位基因频率高于对照组(x2=3.986,P=0.046),C等位基因携带者患2型糖尿病的风险是T等位基因的1.158倍[优势比(OR)=1.158,P=0.005].位点rs3802177在糖尿病组的基因型频率(CC、CT和TT)分别为35.3％、48.2％和16.5％,对照组为32.1％、49.9％和18.0％,糖尿病组C等位基因频率高于对照组(x2=4.085,P =0.043),C等位基因携带者患2型糖尿病的风险是T等位基因的1.162倍(OR =1.162,P=0.004).PTPRD基因位点rs17584499在糖尿病组的基因型频率(CC、CT和TT)分别为81.9％、16.9％和1.2％,对照组为82.4％、16.5％和1.1％,两组基因频率分布无统计学差异(x2=0.274,P=0.600).结论 SLC30A8基因位点rs13266634和rs3802177的C等位基因可能是2型糖尿病的风险基因,与南京地区中老年人群2型糖尿病相关,未发现PTPRD基因(rs17584499)与本地区2型糖尿病相关.     

白细胞介素6基因启动子区-572位点多态性与男性肝细胞癌的发生相关

目的 探讨白细胞介素(IL)6基因启动子区-572位点多态性与男性肝细胞癌(HCC)发生的关系.方法 采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究,以500例经肝组织病理学诊断为HCC,且无其他器官肿瘤史的男性患者作为病例组,以同期来自相同医院创伤骨科和眼科的无肿瘤病史、无长期慢性疾病史的男性患者590例作为对照组.应用ABI 7500fast实时荧光定量PCR仪对IL-6基因启动子区-572位点多态性进行分型.采用x2检验和非条件logistc回归模型比较携带不同基因型人群罹患HCC的风险,logistic回归模型进行交互作用分析.结果 -572位点G/C等位基因、各基因型频率在病例组和对照组中的分布差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);多因素logistc回归分析发现,男性携带G等位基因个体(CG+GG)HCC发生风险是CC基因型的1.31倍(95％CI为1.00～1.71).分层分析显示,在HBV感染者中与CC基因型相比,男性携带CG基因型能增加HCC发生的风险(OR=1.60,95％ CI为1.14 ～2.24);趋势x2检验结果显示,个体HCC发生风险随携带等位基因G数量的增加而升高(Ptrend＜0.05).Brelow-Day一致性检验发现HBV感染与IL-6多态性具有交互作用(P＜0.05),HBV感染与携带G等位基因同时存在时的OReg=5.95 (95％ CI为3.99～8.87),且为超相乘交互作用.结论 男性IL-6基因启动子区-572位点多态性可能与HCC发生相关.男性携带G等位基因与HBV感染有超相乘交互作用,两者同时存在可能增加男性HCC发生的风险.     

G蛋白β3亚单位C825T等位基因多态性与原发性高血压的关系

目的 探讨温州地区汉族人群G蛋白β3亚单位(GNB3)C825T等位基因多态性与原发性高血压的相关性.方法 原发性高血压患者109例,正常对照组378例,聚合酶链反应(PCR)/酶解-琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测基因型.结果 (1)温州地区汉族人群GNB3 825T等位基因频率为43.5%,与其他人种的该基因频率显著不同.(2)原发性高血压组的TT基因型携带率明显升高(P＜0.01),TT基因型携带者与CT型携带者比较,其致高血压的比数比(OR值)为2.5(P＜0.01);TT型与CC型比,其OR值为2.4(P＜0.01);等位基因T与C比较,致高血压的OR值为1.5(P＜0.05).(3)GNB3不同基因型间的血压水平比较,收缩压CT和TT携带者与CC携带者比较均增高(P＜0.05和P＜0.01),TT携带者与CT携带者比较亦有升高(P＜0.01),舒张压TT携带者比CC携带者增高(P＜0.05),而CT携带者与CC携带者比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05),TT携带者与CT携带者比较,收缩压和舒张压均增高(P＜0.01和P＜0.05).结论 GNB3 825T基因型可作为早期预测原发性高血压的遗传学指标之一.     

连接蛋白37基因C1019T多态性与缺血性卒中及其转归的相关性

目的 探讨连接蛋白37(connexin37,Cx37)基因C1019T多态性与缺血性卒中及其转归的关系.方法 采用限制性片段长度多态性分析技术检测缺血性卒中组和对照组Cx37基因C1019T多态性的分布,采用改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)评价发病后3个月时神经功能转归.结果 纳入急性缺血性卒中患者232例,其中转归良好(mRS评分＜3分)210例,转归不良(mRS评分≥3分)22例;对照组235例.缺血性卒中组TT基因型(12.93％对6.39％;x2=10.087,P=0.006)和T等位基因(31.25％对21.49％;x2 =11.466,P=0.001)频率显著高于对照组.多变量logistic回归分析显示,TT基因型[优势比(odds ratio,OR)5.794,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI)1.405～23.894;P=0.015]和T等位基因(OR 131.016,95％ CI 6.943～2472.477;P =0.001)可显著增高缺血性卒中的发病风险.单因素分析显示,TT基因型(OR 0.650,95％ CI 0.144～2.934;P=0.575)、CT基因型(OR 0.622,95％ CI 0.234～1.655;P=0.342)、CC基因型(OR 0.654,95％ CI0.268～1.595;P=0.350)与缺血性卒中转归均无显著相关性.结论 Cx37 1019TT基因型和T等位基因可增高缺血性卒中风险,T等位基因是缺血性卒中的遗传易感因素之一,但其基因多态性与缺血性卒中发病3个月时的转归无关.     

血管内皮生长因子-460C/T基因多态性与非贲门胃癌的关系

目的探讨VEGF-460C/T基因多态性与非贲门胃癌的关系。方法研究人群为胃癌(包括胃体癌及胃窦癌)患者159例,对照组为非溃疡性消化不良患者162例。应用聚合酶链反应和限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术对VEGF-460C/T基因位点多态性进行基因分型,比较病例组与对照组基因型分布及其与临床病理特征的关系。结果 VEGF-460位点CC、CT和TT基因型在病例组中的频率分别为3.2%、35.2%、61.6%,在对照组中的频率分别为8.0%、48.2%、43.8%,基因型在两组分布显著不同(χ2=11.454,P=0.003)。TT纯合子在胃癌组分布较对照组明显增高,TT型患胃癌风险是CC型的3.58倍[OR=0.279,95%可信区间(CI):0.095～0.817],是CT型的1.9倍[OR=0.52,95%CI:0.329～0.824]。进一步分析表明携带T等位基因患胃癌的相对危险度是携带C等位基因的1.8倍[OR=0.55,95%CI:0.387～0.792]。基因型分布与临床分期和病理分级未见显著性差异。结论 VEGF-460C/T基因多态性T等位基因可作为胃癌易感性的预测指标,但不能作为预后预测指标。     

Clinical associations between thyroid and liver diseases

Abstract The liver has an important role in thyroid hormone metabolism and the level of thyroid hormones is also important to normal hepatic function and bilirubin metabolism. Besides the associations between thyroid and liver diseases of an autoimmune nature, such as that between primary biliary cirrhosis and hypothyroidism, thyroid diseases are frequently associated with liver injuries or biochemical test abnormalities. For example, thyroid diseases may be associated with elevation of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, which is mainly of bone origin, in hyperthyroidism and aspartate aminotransferase in hypothyroidism. Liver diseases are also frequently associated with thyroid test abnormalities or dysfunctions, particularly elevation of thyroxine-binding globulin and thyroxine. Hepatitis C virus infection has been connected with thyroid abnormalities. In addition, antithyroid drug therapy may result in hepatitis, cholestasis or transient subclinical hepatotoxicity, whereas interferon (IFN) therapy in liver diseases may also induce thyroid dysfunctions. These thyroid-liver associations may cause diagnostic confusions. Neglect of these facts may result in over or under diagnosis of associated liver or thyroid diseases and thereby cause errors in patient care. It is suggested to measure free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) which are usually normal in euthyroid patients with liver disease, to rule out or rule in coexistent thyroid dysfunctions, and consider the possibility of thyroid dysfunctions in any patients with unexplained liver biochemical test abnormalities. It is also advisable to monitor patients with autoimmune liver disease or those receiving IFN therapy for the development of thyroid dysfunctions, and patients receiving antithyroid therapy for the development of hepatic injuries.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Interactions between Dislocations and Boundaries during Deformation

The interactions between dislocations (dislocations and deformation twins) and boundaries (grain boundaries, twin boundaries and phase interfaces) during deformation at ambient temperatures are reviewed with focuses on interaction behaviors, boundary resistances and energies during the interactions, transmission mechanisms, grain size effects and other primary influencing factors. The structure of boundaries, interactions between dislocations and boundaries in coarse-grained, ultrafine-grained and nano-grained metals during deformation at ambient temperatures are summarized, and the advantages and drawbacks of different in-situ techniques are briefly discussed based on experimental and simulation results. The latest studies as well as fundamental concepts are presented with the aim that this paper can serve as a reference in the interactions between dislocations and boundaries during deformation.     

Jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from China

A near-perfect mimetic association between a mecopteran insect species and a ginkgoalean plant species from the late Middle Jurassic of northeastern China recently has been discovered. The association stems from a case of mixed identity between a particular plant and an insect in the laboratory and the field. This confusion is explained as a case of leaf mimesis, wherein the appearance of the multilobed leaf of Yimaia capituliformis (the ginkgoalean model) was accurately replicated by the wings and abdomen of the cimbrophlebiid Juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia (the hangingfly mimic). Our results suggest that hangingflies developed leaf mimesis either as an antipredator avoidance device or possibly as a predatory strategy to provide an antiherbivore function for its plant hosts, thus gaining mutual benefit for both the hangingfly and the ginkgo species. This documentation of mimesis is a rare occasion whereby exquisitely preserved, co-occurring fossils occupy a narrow spatiotemporal window that reveal likely reciprocal mechanisms which plants and insects provide mutual defensive support during their preangiospermous evolutionary histories.     

The relationship between evolutionary and physiological variation in hemoglobin

Physiological and evolutionary adaptations operate at very different time scales. Nevertheless, there are reasons to believe there should be a strong relationship between the two, as together they modify the phenotype. Physiological adaptations change phenotype by altering certain microscopic parameters; evolutionary adaptation can either alter genetically these same parameters or others to achieve distinct or similar ends. Although qualitative discussions of this relationship abound, there has been very little quantitative analysis. Here, we use the hemoglobin molecule as a model system to quantify the relationship between physiological and evolutionary adaptations. We compare measurements of oxygen saturation curves of 25 mammals with those of human hemoglobin under a wide range of physiological conditions. We fit the data sets to the Monod-Wyman-Changeux model to extract microscopic parameters. Our analysis demonstrates that physiological and evolutionary change act on different parameters. The main parameter that changes in the physiology of hemoglobin is relatively constant in evolution, whereas the main parameter that changes in the evolution of hemoglobin is relatively constant in physiology. This orthogonality suggests continued selection for physiological adaptability and hints at a role for this adaptability in evolutionary change.     

Association between dementia and hepatitis B and C virus infection

Several viral infections are known to increase the risk of dementia through brain cell damage and systemic infection. The association between hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) infections and dementia was evaluated using a national sample cohort from South Korea. Using the national cohort study from the Korean National Health Insurance Service, we extracted data for patients with HBV or HCV infection and for matched control participants. The controls were matched to the patients according to age, sex, income, region of residence, and past medical histories. The incidence of HCV infection was higher in the dementia group (1.0% [113/11,228]) than in the control group (0.8% [364/44,912], P = .043). However, there was no difference in the incidence of HBV infection in the dementia and control groups. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for HCV infection was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–1.54, P = .043) in the dementia group. According to the subgroup analysis by sex, the adjusted ORs for HCV infection were 1.04 (95% CI = 072–1.49, P = .851) in men and 1.38 (95% CI = 1.06–1.79, P = .016) in women. We concluded that the incidence of HCV infection was higher (with a higher OR) in women with dementia than in matched control participants in South Korea.     

Cross Talk between Viruses and Insect Cells Cytoskeleton

Viruses are excellent manipulators of host cellular machinery, behavior, and life cycle, with the host cell cytoskeleton being a primordial viral target. Viruses infecting insects generally enter host cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion mechanisms followed by transport of the viral particles to the corresponding replication sites. After viral replication, the viral progeny egresses toward adjacent cells and reaches the different target tissues. Throughout all these steps, actin and tubulin re-arrangements are driven by viruses. The mechanisms used by viruses to manipulate the insect host cytoskeleton are well documented in the case of alphabaculoviruses infecting Lepidoptera hosts and plant viruses infecting Hemiptera vectors, but they are not well studied in case of other insect–virus systems such as arboviruses–mosquito vectors. Here, we summarize the available knowledge on how viruses manipulate the insect host cell cytoskeleton, and we emphasize the primordial role of cytoskeleton components in insect virus motility and the need to expand the study of this interaction.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Relationship between Thermal Diffusivity and Mechanical Properties of Wood

This paper describes an experimental study of the relationships between thermal diffusivity and mechanical characteristics including Brinell hardness, microhardness, and Young’s modulus of common pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), and small-leaf lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) wood. A dependence of Brinell hardness and thermal diffusivity tensor components upon humidity for common pine wood is found. The results of the measurement of Brinell hardness, microhardness, Young’s modulus, and main components of thermal diffusivity tensor for three perpendicular cuts are found to be correlated. It is shown that the mechanical properties correlate better with the ratio of longitude to transversal thermal diffusivity coefficients than with the respective individual absolute values. The mechanical characteristics with the highest correlation with the abovementioned ratio are found to be the ratio of Young’s moduli in longitude and transversal directions. Our technique allows a comparative express assessment of wood mechanical properties by means of a contactless non-destructive measurement of its thermal properties using dynamic thermal imaging instead of laborious and material-consuming destructive mechanical tests.