聚乙二醇修饰蛋白质类药物的研究现状及展望

随着基因工程技术的发展，蛋白质类药物的应用越来越受到人们的青睐。然而由于蛋白质类药物具有血浆半衰期较短、有一定的免疫原性等不足，在一定程度上限制了其临床应用。由于聚乙二醇(PEG)具有与蛋白质相容的特性，用其对蛋白质类药物进行化学修饰已经成为医学和生物工程领域的热门课题，得到了广泛的研究和应用。PEG修饰的蛋白质类药物已经逐渐成为新一代高效、低毒的治疗药物。本文简要介绍了几种已获美国FDA批准的PEG修饰的蛋白质类药物。     

聚乙二醇修饰蛋白质类药物的研究现状及展望

随着基因工程技术的发展 ,蛋白质类药物的应用越来越受到人们的青睐。然而由于蛋白质类药物具有血浆半衰期较短、有一定的免疫原性等不足 ,在一定程度上限制了其临床应用。由于聚乙二醇 (PEG)具有与蛋白质相容的特性 ,用其对蛋白质类药物进行化学修饰已经成为医学和生物工程领域的热门课题 ,得到了广泛的研究和应用。PEG修饰的蛋白质类药物已经逐渐成为新一代高效、低毒的治疗药物。本文简要介绍了几种已获美国 FDA批准的 PEG修饰的蛋白质类药物     

他汀类药物与其他药物联用的安全性评价

目的对门诊处方中他汀类药物与其他药物联用的安全性进行评价,以利临床合理用药。方法抽查门诊使用他汀类药物的处方,以药品说明书中的规定为标准,结合近年来公开发表的相关文献,分析他汀类药物与其他药物联用的安全性。结果他汀类药物与其他药物联用基本合理,没有发现联用CYP3A4抑制剂,但有5种CYP3A4底物和地高辛与他汀类药物联用,存在安全隐患。结论他汀类药物与其他药物联用时应注意观察,避免与CYP3A4抑制剂或其底物联用。     

药物代谢产物安全性评价策略

药物代谢产物存在质和／或量的种属差异，现综述药物代谢产物安全性评价的重要性及评价策略和评价项目。当发现代谢产物是人特有或人体主要代谢产物高于给药剂量或全身暴露量（二者中的较低者）的10％，特别是这些物质比毒性试验动物体内水平高时更应关注其安全性，必须及早确证这些代谢产物，并进行一般毒性试验、遗传毒性试验、胚胎一胎仔发育试验和致癌试验等。     

免疫交叉反应在单克隆抗体类药物临床前安全性评价中的应用

单克隆抗体有特异性识别作用靶点的能力,具有药效精确可控、副作用小的优点。单克隆抗体类药物作为一种新型的生物技术药物具有特定的免疫原性。如果除去本身特定的靶器官外,人体正常组织细胞中存在相同或相似的抗原决定簇,单克隆抗体类药物则可能会与非靶器官外的其他组织或细     

他汀类药物与心血管药物配伍的安全性系统评价

目的:评价他汀类药物与心血管药物配伍的临床安全性及治疗效果. 方法:选取2011年1月~2014年12月我院心内科收治的78例慢性心力衰竭患者,随机分成两组,每组39例,对照组采取扩血管药物进行治疗,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上口服阿托伐他汀,观察两组治疗情况及有无不良反应. 结果:观察组治疗总有效率明显高于对照组(94.9%vs69.2%),P<0.05,差异有统计学意义;观察组在生物利用度、药-时曲线峰浓度两项配伍指标上均优于对照组,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义;两组治疗期间均未出现严重不良反应. 结论:他汀类药物与心血管药物配伍的安全性较高,但须注意搭配使用时的药代动力学变化,减少不良反应.     

代谢组学在中药安全性评价中的应用

代谢组学是后基因时代的一种全新的组学技术,近年来发展极为迅速。随着基于核磁共振、质谱以及化学计量学软件的代谢组学分析技术平台的不断发展,代谢组学技术为中药毒性和安全性研究提供了崭新的和强有力的技术手段,并得到了广泛应用,如发现毒性物质、探讨毒性机制等。综述中药毒性及安全性评价领域代谢组学研究进展,并探讨其应用前景和存在的问题。     

羧酸酯酶与酯类药物代谢

［摘要］哺乳动物羧酸酯酶（Carboxylesterases, CESs, EC3.1.1.1）属于B族酯酶，组成一个多基因家族，其基因产物定位于多种组织的内质网中。CESs参与机体内源性和外源性化合物的水解代谢，并与其他代谢酶或运载体共同作用，极大地影响酯类药物的体内代谢。近年来对于CESs的研究逐步增多，人们将其分为5个亚族, 分别为CES1、CES2、CES3、CES4和CES5。人体内参与酯类药物代谢的CESs主要为hCE 1（人类CES1家族同工酶）和hCE 2（人类CES2家族同工酶）。此两种酶在组织分布和对酯类药物代谢特征上存在较大差异，如小肠上皮由于CES2表达会对部分酯类药物的口服吸收产生重要影响。因此在进行酯类药物尤其是酯类前药合成时，必须考虑该类药物的物理化学和生物学性质，结合体内CESs表达特征和活性综合评价才能获得成功。     

蛋白质多肽类药物药代动力学及分析方法的研究进展

蛋白质多肽类药物,因生理活性强、疗效高而日益受到重视。为了正确评价蛋白质多肽类药物的疗效及安全性,必须研究其在动物和人体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄的规律。蛋白多肽类药物在实现商品化过程中,受到诸多因素的制约,而药物动力学的研究面临更严重的挑战。与小分子药物相比,蛋白多肽类药物具有相对分子质量大、不易透过生物膜、易在体内酶解、降解代谢途径多样等特点,因而在生物体内的药代动力学机制有其特殊性和复杂性。而且生物体内有大量相似物质的干扰,且该类药用量很小,大大增加了检测难度。笔者就对该类药物药代动力学特点及分析…     

Emerging PEGylated drugs

PEGylation is a pharmaceutical technology that involves the covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a drug to improve its pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and immunological profiles, and thus, enhance its therapeutic effect. Currently, PEGylation is used to modify proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, antibody fragments, and small organic molecules. Research groups are striving to improve the consistencies of PEGylated drugs and to PEGylate commercialized proteins and small organic molecules. Furthermore, the PEGylations of novel medications, like oligonucleotides and antibody fragments, are being pursued to improve their bioavailabilities. This active research in the PEGylation field and the continued growth of the biopharmaceutical market predicts that PEGylated drugs have a bright future.     

Interspecies considerations in the evaluation of human food safety for veterinary drugs

Residues are composed of the parent drug and metabolites, and therefore interspecies comparisons must involve a consideration of comparative xenobiotic metabolism. The focus of this article will be the residue studies that are required to establish human food safety, and the interspecies pharmacokinetic differences and similarities that impact drug residues in animal- derived foods. To illustrate the factors that can complicate and assist these comparisons, 2 drugs will be examined in detail: ivermectin and fenbendazole. In addition, the activities of 2 US programs, the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) and the NRSP-7 (National Research Support Project Number 7) Minor Use Animal Drug Program will be presented, along with strategies that may be employed in the study of species differences.     

PEGylated proteins: evaluation of their safety in the absence of definitive metabolism studies.

During the development of any PEGylated protein or peptide, toxicology in relevant species will be conducted prior to human exposure. Normally, comprehensive metabolism data accompany the toxicity studies for a small molecule. We have examined whether such studies would be relevant in the safety assessment of PEGylated material. Literature data indicate that the polyethylene glycol (PEG) associated with a biological molecule should provide no extra concern because the exposure-toxicity relationship of PEG in animals and humans has been thoroughly investigated and metabolism/excretion of PEG is well understood. Based on the comparisons of PEG exposure from PEGylated biological products and the exposure of PEG associated with toxicity in humans, the therapeutic index is large (approximately 600-fold or greater). Therefore, assuming that toxicological evaluation of a biological molecule of interest is complete and satisfactory therapeutic windows are achieved, the data contained in this review indicate that the PEG associated with a protein or other biological molecule does not represent an additional unquantified risk to humans.     

Synthesis,Characterization and In Vivo Efficacy of PEGylated Insulin for Oral Delivery with Complexation Hydrogels

Purpose  This work evaluated the feasibility of combining insulin PEGylation with pH responsive hydrogels for oral insulin delivery. Methods  A mono-substituted PEG–insulin conjugate was synthesized and purified. The site of conjugation was determined by MALDI-TOF MS. Uptake and release of PEGylated insulin was performed in complexation hydrogels to simulate oral dosing. The bioactivity of the conjugate and PK/PD profile was measured in vivo in rats. Results  PEGylation was confirmed to be specifically located at the amino terminus of the B-chain of insulin. Higher loading efficiency was achieved with PEGylated insulin than regular human insulin in pH responsive hydrogels. The release of PEGylated insulin was lower than that of human insulin at all pH levels considered. Full retention of bioactivity of the PEG–insulin conjugate was confirmed by intravenous dosing while subcutaneous dosing exhibited a relative hypoglycemic effect 127.8% that of human insulin. Conclusions  Polyethylene glycol conjugated specifically to the amino terminus of the B-chain of insulin maintained the bioactivity of the protein and significantly extended the duration of the hypoglycemic effect. Used in combination with pH responsive hydrogels, PEGylated insulin has significant potential for oral delivery.     

生育调节药物非临床安全性评价研究的特殊性

生育调节药物是指能够改变人类生殖过程从而达到调节生育目的的物质。由于该类药物的应用对象多数是健康的育龄男女,长期用药者居多,其毒性作用具有蓄积性、迁延性和整体性,又经常脱离临床监控,因此,对其评价要则也有其独特的一面,如:①性别选择性用药,在选择动物时,通常无须♀♂各半,而是要结合临床用药性别特征;②多数激素类药物,特别是孕激素类药物,不宜采用大鼠或Beagle犬作实验动物,而采用猴;③在长期毒性试验中,对动物的激素水平检测应作为必备指标,对动物的性周期和全身性器官观察应作为常规指标;④长期毒性试验周期一般建议超过半年;⑤在安全药理学试验中,常常应开展激素样活性、子宫肌条收缩或阴茎勃起等补充安全药理学试验;⑥生殖毒性伴随毒代动力学研究应对精、血和乳汁药物浓度逐步开展检测,以研究生育调节药物是否能够通过血睾、胎盘和血乳屏障,分别对♂动物、胚胎和子代产生毒副作用;⑦生殖毒性试验除了按常规要求进行外,还要具体问题具体对待;⑧常常需要开展生殖、遗传毒性和致癌试验。     

The role of quantitative safety evaluation in regulatory decision making of drugs

ABSTRACT

Evaluation of safety is a critical component of drug review at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Statisticians are playing an increasingly visible role in quantitative safety evaluation and regulatory decision-making. This article reviews the history and the recent events relating to quantitative drug safety evaluation at the FDA. The article then focuses on five active areas of quantitative drug safety evaluation and the role Division of Biometrics VII (DBVII) plays in these areas, namely meta-analysis for safety evaluation, large safety outcome trials, post-marketing requirements (PMRs), the Sentinel Initiative, and the evaluation of risk from extended/long-acting opioids. This article will focus chiefly on developments related to quantitative drug safety evaluation and not on the many additional developments in drug safety in general.     

抗肿瘤新药临床前安全性评价

大多数药物均具有两重性,一方面能治疗疾病,另一方面又具有副反应,抗肿瘤药更是如此。因此,对新的抗肿瘤药物进行安全性评价就显得更加重要。为了更正确地评价抗肿瘤药物的安全性,特提出抗肿瘤药物临床前安全性评价的基本要求和抗肿瘤药物毒理学研究中需要讨论的一些问题。     

聚乙二醇衍生物及其蛋白药物修饰研究进展

聚乙二醇及其衍生物因其出色的亲水性、生物相容性、生物学惰性等特性而被广泛应用于蛋白药物修饰,其修饰可有效降低蛋白药物的免疫原性并延长体内半衰期。聚乙二醇衍生物的发展经历了第一代随机修饰,第二代特异性和功能性修饰,以及第三代分支型结构的应用。其应用也从简单的药物修饰扩展到生物传感、药物传输等方面。     

浅谈药物安全性评价中病理技术质量控制与评估

病理诊断在药物安全性评价中占有重要地位,最具权威性。制片质量的好坏在很大程度影响诊断人员做出正确的诊断,本文通过对药物安全性评价病理诊断过程中病理技术质量控制与评估的浅谈,以此引起病理技术人员对制片重视,规范病理技术操作,以确保诊断人员对药物的效应作出正确的诊断。     

肽类和蛋白质类药物肺部给药的体内外评价方法

目的介绍肽类和蛋白质类药物肺部给药的体内外评价方法。方法对肽类和蛋白质药物肺部给药研究中的给药方法、药动学评价、药效学评价、肺部沉积、体外评价及安全性评价方法进行综述。结果根据研究的不同阶段选择合适的动物给药模型,采用特异性强、灵敏度高的分析方法是肽类和蛋白质药物肺部给药系统体内评价的关键。肺内沉积是对剂型和给药装置递送效果的综合考察。具有良好体内外相关性的体外评价方法的建立与安全性评价在肺部给药制剂开发中具有十分重要的意义。结论肽类和蛋白质类药物肺部给药的体内外评价方法与其他给药途径有较大区别,在研究和开发中应根据需要选取适当的方法。