Impact of Heat Wave in 2005 on Mortality in Guangzhou,China

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of the heat wave in 2005 on mortality among the residents in Guangzhou and to identify susceptible subpopulations in Guangzhou, China.MethodsThe data of daily number of deaths and meteorological measures from 2003 to 2006 in Guangzhou were used in this study. Heat wave was defined as ≥7 consecutive days with daily maximum temperature above 35.0 °C and daily mean temperature above the 97th percentile during the study period. The excess deaths and rate ratio (RR) of mortality in the case period compared with the reference period in the same summer were calculated.ResultsDuring the study period, only one heat wave in 2005 was identified and the total number of excess deaths was 145 with an average of 12 deaths per day. The effect of the heat wave on non-accidental mortality (RR=1.23, 95% CI: 1.11-1.37) was found with statistically significant difference. Also, greater effects were observed for cardiovascular mortality (RR=1.34, 95% CI: 1.13-1.59) and respiratory mortality (RR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.02-1.69). Females, the elderly and people with lower socioeconomic status were at significantly higher risk of heat wave-associated mortality.ConclusionThe 2005 heat wave had a substantial impact on mortality among the residents in Guangzhou, particularly among some susceptible subpopulations. The findings from the present study may provide scientific evidences to develop relevant public health policies and prevention measures aimed at reduction of preventable mortality from heat waves.     

2002—2017年上海市浦东新区居民脑卒中死亡特征及减寿率分析

背景　脑卒中是在全球范围内严重威胁人类健康的一类疾病,上海市浦东新区居民脑卒中死亡流行病学资料目前依然缺乏。目的　了解2002—2017年上海市浦东新区居民脑卒中死亡特征与减寿情况,为制定相应的干预措施提供依据。方法　以上海市浦东新区户籍居民为研究对象,从浦东新区死因监测系统中提取死亡日期为2002—2017年死因为脑卒中死亡居民的资料进行分析。不同人群间粗死亡率比较采用Poisson分布资料Z检验,标化死亡率比较采用Mantel-Haenszel检验。脑卒中死亡率年均变化百分比（APC）采用Joinpoint 4.0.4计算。减寿指标包括潜在减寿年数（PYLL）、潜在减寿率（PYLLR）、平均减寿年数（AYLL）、标化潜在减寿年数（SPYLL）以及标化潜在减寿率（SPYLLR）。人口因素与非人口因素对于脑卒中死亡率变化的贡献采用率差别分解法进行评价。结果　2002—2017年浦东新区累计报告居民脑卒中死亡56 180例,年均粗死亡率为129.85/10万,标化死亡率为47.03/10万。2002—2017年脑卒中粗死亡率保持稳定（Z=1.362,P=0.195）;标化死亡率呈逐年下降趋势（APC=-3.78%,Z=-14.950,P<0.001）;其中缺血性脑卒中粗死亡率呈逐年上升趋势（APC=3.62%,Z=14.055,P<0.001）,标化死亡率呈逐年下降趋势（APC=-0.74%,Z=4.639,P<0.001）;出血性脑卒中粗死亡率与标化死亡率均呈逐年下降趋势（APC粗死亡率=-1.46%,Z粗死亡率=-5.739,P粗死亡率<0.001;APC标化死亡率=-5.43%,Z标化死亡率=-13.409,P标化死亡率<0.001）。男性居民脑卒中粗死亡率低于女性（Z=-5.465,P<0.001）,标化死亡率高于女性（Z=-35.779,P<0.001）。儿童组、青年组、中年组、低龄老年人组、高龄老年人组年龄别死亡率分别为0.15/10万、2.52/10万、27.86/10万、248.02/10万、2 019.20/10万。年龄别死亡率趋势分析显示,2002—2017年青年组、中年组、低龄老年人组、高龄老年人组居民脑卒中死亡率均呈逐年下降趋势（P<0.001）。脑卒中PYLL为87 302年,PYLLR为2.02‰,AYLL为1.55年/人。2017年浦东新区居民脑卒中死亡率高于2002年,其中人口因素影响死亡率升高,而非人口因素作用使死亡率下降。结论　2002—2017年浦东新区居民脑卒中死亡率保持稳定,导致了严重的疾病负担,人口老龄化因素发挥主要促进作用,应采取综合性的防控措施。     

2002-2019年上海市浦东新区居民肝癌死亡特征及减寿率分析

背景　肝恶性肿瘤是全球常见的消化系统肿瘤之一,浦东新区居民肝恶性肿瘤死亡的流行病学资料依然缺乏。目的　了解2002-2019年浦东新区居民肝癌死亡特征与所导致的寿命损失,为制定针对性的干预措施提供依据。方法　以浦东新区户籍人口为对象,以户籍居民死因数据库为基础,从中筛选出死亡日期在2002-2019年的肝癌死亡资料进行分析。居民死因资料采用国际疾病分类第10版（ICD-10）进行编码与归类,肝癌的编码范围为C22。分别计算浦东新区居民肝癌粗死亡率、标化死亡率、潜在减寿年数（PYLL）、潜在减寿率（PYLLR）、平均减寿年数（AYLL）、标化潜在减寿年数（SPYLL）以及标化潜在减寿率（SPYLLR）,对浦东新区居民肝癌死亡情况以及肝癌导致的寿命损失情况进行分析。肝恶性肿瘤死亡率与寿命损失的变化趋势采用年均变化百分比（APC）进行分析。结果　2002-2019年浦东新区居民肝癌死亡12 522例,年均粗死亡率为25.38/10万,标化死亡率为12.29/10万。2002-2019年浦东新区居民肝癌粗死亡率、标化死亡率均呈逐年下降趋势（粗死亡率：APC=-1.88%,Z=-12.468,P<0.001;标化死亡率：APC=-4.71%,Z=-10.601,P<0.001）。男性、女性居民肝癌粗死亡率与标化死亡率均呈下降趋势（P<0.001）。2002-2019年15~59岁、60~79岁浦东新区居民肝癌粗死亡率总体呈下降趋势（P<0.001）,80岁以上浦东新区居民肝癌死亡率保持稳定（P=0.053）。2002-2019年浦东新区居民肝癌死亡PYLL为98 580年,PYLLR为2.00‰,AYLL为7.87年/人,SPYLL为61 767年,SPYLLR为1.25‰。2002-2019年浦东新区居民肝癌死亡PYLLR、SPYLLR、AYLL总体均呈逐年下降趋势（P<0.001）,除2002-2010年浦东新区居民肝癌死亡AYLL保持稳定（P=0.853）。男性居民肝癌死亡PYLL为81 126年,PYLLR为3.29‰,AYLL为9.20年/人,SPYLL为50 225年,SPYLLR为2.04‰。女性居民肝癌死亡PYLL为17 454年,PYLLR为0.71‰,AYLL为4.72年/人,SPYLL为10 942年,SPYLLR为0.44‰。浦东新区男性居民肝癌死亡PYLL、PYLLR、AYLL、SPYLL及SPYLLR均大于女性。结论　2002-2019年浦东新区居民肝癌粗死亡率与标化死亡率均逐年下降,但仍引起了严重的寿命损失,肝癌对于男性及80岁高龄老年人群的危害需进一步关注,需采取差异化的防控措施,对于男性人群以改善行为危险因素为重点,降低肝癌对该人群的危害;对于高龄肝癌患者,应注重临终关怀与支持治疗工作,改善该人群的生存状态。     

2009-2012年广州市黄埔区居民死因分析

目的分析2009-2012年广州市黄埔区居民的主要死亡原因,了解居民健康状况,为制定疾病预防控制策略提供科学依据。方法收集《国家疾病监测死因登记报告信息系统》中广州市黄埔区2009-2012年户籍居民死亡病例数据,采用描述流行病学方法、运用SPSS17.0软件进行统计分析,计算人群粗死亡率、标化死亡率、死因构成、平均期望寿命等指标。结果广州市黄埔区2009-2012年居民平均死亡率476.37/10万(标化死亡率322.69/10万),其中男性平均死亡率为527.46/10万(标化死亡率401.98/10万),女性平均死亡率为417.43/10万(标化死亡率243.91/10万),两者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2009-2010年黄埔区居民平均期望寿命80.31岁,其中男性为78.57岁,女性为82.18岁。死亡率前5位的死因依次为恶性肿瘤、心脏病、呼吸系统疾病、脑血管病和诊断不明性疾病,占全死因构成的76.72%;死因监测三大类分析中慢性病占总死亡原因的79.52%。结论黄埔区居民的死亡以慢性疾病为主,其中恶性肿瘤是危害居民健康的主要疾病和死因,对居民进行肿瘤防治知识普及、预防和干预是今后工作的重点。     

Regionalized delivery and variable utilization of coronary artery bypass grafting in Ontario from 1981 to 1991.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the geographic variation in the rates of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) between 1981 and 1991. DESIGN: Retrospective study of discharge abstracts (from the provincial hospital discharge database) for odd fiscal years. SETTING: Ontario. PARTICIPANTS: All Ontario residents undergoing CABG between 1981 and 1991. OUTCOME MEASURES: Age- and sex-standardized median, maximum and minimum (plus 25th and 75th percentile) rates of CABG per 100,000 population aged 20 years and over, as well as interregional variation. RESULTS: The median rate of CABG rose from 46.2 to 72.7 per 100,000 adults between 1981 and 1991. The minimum rate varied from 1.9 to 12.4 per 100,000 and the maximum rate from 110.4 to 172.1 per 100,000 during the study period. Variations in the area-specific rates were significant in all years (p < 0.0001, based on the likelihood ratio chi 2 test after adjustment for age and sex). None of the four summary statistical measures showed any obvious diminution between 1981 and 1989, nor was there a change in the utilization pattern during the waiting-list crisis years of 1987 and 1989. However, the summary measures did reach their lowest level in 1991. The relative consistency of local practice patterns was tested by means of ranking area-specific rates and comparing the rankings for different years. Correlation coefficients varied from 0.50 to 0.82 (p < 0.0001); the correlation coefficient for 1991 on 1981 was 0.61 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent and marked variations in the use of CABG existed across the counties of Ontario from 1981 to 1991. Despite a major expansion in provincial caseload capacity and planned regionalization of CABG as a surgical service, incremental resources were apparently not allocated in a manner that reduced interregional discrepancies.     

Skin cancer in Geraldton, Western Australia: a survey of incidence and prevalence

A survey of the incidence and prevalence of non-melanocytic skin cancer in Geraldton, Western Australia, was undertaken in November 1987. All residents aged 40 to 64 years whose names were on the electoral roll on August 1, 1987 were invited to undergo a whole-body skin examination by a dermatologist. When a skin cancer was suspected, participants were referred for treatment to their usual medical practitioner. Subjects were asked to recall incident skin cancers over the preceding two years, and medical records were searched for confirmatory evidence. Histological confirmation of all lesions, both prevalent and incident, was sought and sections were obtained for a standardized review. The prevalence of confirmed non-melanocytic skin cancer in those aged 40 to 64 years was 7.0% in men and 4.7% in women. The prevalence of basal-cell carcinoma (BCC) was 6.5% in men and 4.5% in women while the prevalence of squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) was 1.2% in men and 0.3% in women. The estimated incidence rate of non-melanocytic skin cancer in this age group was 1560 per 100,000 person-years. The estimated incidence rate of BCC in men was 1335 per 100,000 person-years, and in women 817 per 100,000, while in men the estimated incidence rate of SCC was 890 per 100,000 person-years, and in women it was 289 per 100,000 person-years.     

Increased risk of suicide in persons with AIDS

The rate of suicide has been reported to be higher in persons with chronic and life-threatening illnesses (eg, cancer, Huntington's disease, and renal failure). We studied the rate of suicide in 1985 in New York City residents diagnosed with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). There were 668 suicides in New York City residents in 1985, yielding a rate of 9.29 per 100,000 person-years. In men aged 20 to 59 years without a known diagnosis of AIDS, the rate was 18.75 per 100,000 person-years. There were 3828 individuals who lived with the diagnosis of AIDS for some part, or all, of 1985. There were 12 suicides in men aged 20 to 59 years from this group who lived 1763.25 person-years with a diagnosis of AIDS. This yields a suicide rate of 680.56 per 100,000 person-years. Thus, the relative risk of suicide in men with AIDS aged 20 to 59 years was 36.30 times (95% confidence limits, 20.45 to 64.42) that of men aged 20 to 59 years without this diagnosis, and 66.15 times (95% confidence limits, 37.38 to 117.06) that of the general population. We conclude that AIDS represents a significant risk factor for suicide.     

黑河污染及其对人群健康效应影响的研究

本研究运用环境流行病学的原理和方法，以污染严重的淮河支流—黑河沿岸居民作为研究对象，从环境—健康效应谱的角度，对黑河上蔡段沿岸居民的健康进行了多层次的调查研究。结果表明，污染区居民的总死亡率（８４６．５／１０万），男、女性恶性肿瘤死亡率（分别为２３４．０／１０万和１５４．５／１０万）明显高于对照区（各为５９８．３／１０万、１０３．４／１０万和７２．０／１０万），进一步对两区居民外周血淋巴细胞微核进行测定，结果与两区恶性肿瘤死亡率的结果相吻合；污染区居民肝肿大率（６１．７％）是对照区（２７．９％）的２．２倍，不良妊娠结局的发生率也明显高于对照区。该研究结果提示，黑河污染是影响沿岸居民健康的直接或间接原因。     

Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in a rural central Australian aboriginal community

A retrospective study of clinical case records was conducted at the health centre of a rural central Australian Aboriginal community to determine the frequency of acute rheumatic fever and of rheumatic heart disease between 1978 and 1987. The case records of 976 residents over 5 years of age were examined for evidence of the clinical indicators of acute rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease; together they contributed 8015 person-years of study. During the 10-year study period, 18 patients developed acute rheumatic fever and 12 patients had rheumatic heart disease. The annual incidence of acute rheumatic fever (first and recurrent attacks) for children aged 5-14 years was 815 per 100,000 person-years. For the residents aged 5 years and over, the point prevalence for rheumatic heart disease at the end of 1987 was between 7.9 and 12.3 per 1000 persons, according to health clinic records and the official population census, respectively. These rates are similar to those reported for Third World countries. Preventive measures must include efforts by health professionals to help to alleviate the adverse living conditions in Aboriginal communities.     

2007年广东省15～69岁居民吸烟行为流行特征分析

目的了解广东省居民的吸烟现状及与吸烟有关的知识、态度、行为等,为进一步开展控烟工作和推动省级控烟立法提供依据。方法使用2007年广东省慢性病及其危险因素监测调查数据,采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法,随机选取6647名15～69岁的调查对象进行调查。结果人群现在吸烟率为27．59％,男、女分别为56．10％、1．61％,男性明显高于女性（X2=2462．156,P〈O．01）;戒烟率为12．42％;开始吸第1支烟年龄中位数为16．0岁,开始每天吸烟年龄中位数为18．0岁。39．51％的不吸烟者受到被动吸烟的危害,家里是被动吸烟的主要场所。结论广东省居民的吸烟率仍维持在较高水平,需进一步加强吸烟有害健康的宣传教育,提高居民对吸烟有害健康的认识,禁止在公共场所吸烟。降低人群吸烟率。     

A 5 years prospective study of incidence, morbidity and mortality profile of stroke in a rural community of eastern India

Community-based longitudinal study on stroke is rare in India. It has been predicted that the stroke incidence will be higher in developing countries than developed countries. Hence a five years prospective study was planned to carry out in the rural Bengal, India based on WHO protocol to determine the incidence rate, risk factors, morbidity and mortality profile of stroke. In a two-stage procedure, 20717 subjects out of 20842 people from a cluster of 12 villages was surveyed by house-to-house method and the screened cases were examined by a team of neurologists including post stroke surveillance for one year. Altogether 128 first ever stroke cases were detected over 5 years showing an average annual incidence rate of 123.57 per 100,000 persons [age adjusted incidence rate (AAIR)--262/100,000; based on USA population, 1990] and sex-specific AAIR (274/100,000) among women is slightly higher than men (253/100,000). Age-specific stroke incidence rate showed increasing rate from fourth decade up to seventh decade in both sexes when the rate was maximum. First 30 days mortality recorded was 18% with men suffering twice than women. Follow-up after one year revealed speech improvement in 47%, residual spasticity in 46% and independency in activities daily living in 62% of cases. Age and sex matched case control study has shown that hypertension (OR - 2.79), heart disease (OR - 6.20) and smoking (OR - 3.92) are significant risk factors.This study had indicated a higher age adjusted incidence rate of stroke in India as compared to that of developed country and hypertension, heart disease and smoking are important risk factors.     

Freshwater drowning and near-drowning accidents involving children: a five-year total population study.

A large total population study of childhood fresh water immersion accidents is reported. The study was undertaken in the City of Brisbane over the five-year period 1971 to 1975 inclusive, and 111 fresh water immersion accidents involving children were studied and analysed. The childhood fresh water immersion accident rate, including drowning and near-drownings, of 10-43 per year per 100,000 at risk (fatality rate of 5-17) is the highest reported. If an unsupervised child gets into difficulties in fresh water and loses consciousness he has a 50% chance of dying. The immersion accident rate has doubled over the last six years. Age-specific immersion accident rates have been calculated, and have revealed that, in the toddler group (12 months to 23 months), the fresh water immersion accident rate is 50-01 per 100,000 (fatality rate of 22-55). Rates for drowning and near-drowning accidents after a fresh water immersion, by site, age and outcome (survival versus fatality), are also presented for the first time. Swimming pools produce 6-20 immersion accidents per year per 100,000 children at risk, and the domestic family bath tub produces 1-78. Possible factors explaining the high incidence are discussed, and comparisons of drowning rates from other centres are made.     

Trends in coronary artery bypass grafting in Ontario from 1981 to 1989.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the trends in overall and age-specific rates of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in Ontario from 1981 to 1989 and to assess whether relative resource scarcity, as manifested in waiting lists, resulted in obvious age-related or sex-related changes in utilization. DESIGN: Computerized compilation of hospital discharge abstracts from the Hospital Medical Records Institute. All separations for every other year from Apr. 1, 1981, to Mar. 31, 1990, were included. Procedures rather than patients were the unit of analysis (repeat procedures were double-counted if associated with separate hospital admissions). SETTING: Ontario acute care hospitals offering CABG. PATIENTS: People aged 20 years and over who underwent one or more CABG procedures. RESULTS: The overall rate of CABG increased by 31% in the study period, plateauing only between 1983 and 1985. By 1989-90 the rate was 66.03 per 100,000. The highest annual increase in the rate was among people aged 65 to 74 years, at 17.61 procedures per 100,000, as compared with 4.64 per 100,000 among people 75 years and over. In 1989-90 those aged 65 and over represented 37% of the total caseload. The overall male:female ratio did not change significantly throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Since the CABG utilization rate continues to increase in Ontario, recent waiting lists must be due to a disproportionate growth in demand. There was no convincing evidence of age-related or sex-related discrimination in allocating this limited resource. Supply-demand mismatch was driven above all by the continued increase in CABG use among elderly people.     

深圳市宝安区1998～2010年孕产妇死亡率的变化趋势及死亡特征分析

目的：分析深圳市宝安区1998～2010年孕产妇死亡率的变化趋势及死亡特征,为进一步降低孕产妇死亡率提供依据。方法：对深圳市宝安区1998～2010年的161例死亡孕产妇监测资料进行回顾性调查,分析孕产妇死亡率的变化及死亡特征。结果：孕产妇死亡率从1998年的96.8/10万下降到2010年的11.9/10万,13年平均孕产妇死亡率为37.1/10万,呈逐年下降趋势（χ2=56.24,P=0.000）。死亡的主要原因为产科出血（24.2%）、羊水栓塞（23.0%）、妊娠合并内科疾病（13.0%）等。家中分娩、私人诊所分娩及孕产妇年龄≤19岁与孕产妇死亡存在强相关性,OR值分别为30.57（7.60～122.93）、27.66（6.10～125.36）及22.65（4.76～107.79）。结论：宝安区孕产妇死亡率得到有效控制,继续深入开展＂降消＂项目、加强流动人群孕产妇的管理,仍是宝安区今后妇幼保健工作的重要任务。     

Incidence of liver trauma and relative risk factors for mortality: A population-based study

BackgroundLiver trauma is the main cause of death arising from blunt abdominal injury. Nonoperative management (NOM) has been advocated to be a safe option for stable patients who have suffered liver trauma. This study used a population-based dataset to illustrate the incidence of liver trauma, its various causes and treatment, and outcomes.MethodsInformation about all patients with any ICD-9-CM coded as liver injury was retrieved as part of a claims dataset for the years 2007 and 2008 from the database maintained in the Bureau of National Health Insurance in Taiwan. Thereafter, statistical analyses were conducted to discover the incidence, mortality rate, percentage of patients receiving NOM, and the association between variables such as age, gender, injury mechanisms, associated injuries, and outcome.ResultsA total of 3196 liver trauma patients were admitted in 2007 and 2008, resulting in 264 deaths. The incidence rate is 13.9/100,000 population. The highest incidence rate was in the age 15–24 years group, 25.9/100,000 population; the highest mortality rate was in the age 75–84 years group, 2.1/100,000 population. Additionally, rural residents possessed a higher incidence and mortality rate than urban residents (15.9/100,000 population vs. 12.2/100,000 population and 1.4/100,000 population vs. 1.0/100,000 population). By using logistic regression, the mortality rate was significantly higher in the groups with patients aged >64 years, renal failure or liver cirrhosis, with head or chest, or other abdominal injury. If a patient received a hepatic or abdominal operation, this was retrospectively found to be associated with increased mortality risk (4.731 times, p < 0.001 and 4.311 times, p < 0.001, respectively); however, the characteristics of the treating hospitals did not influence the mortality rate. Patients whose monthly income was >US$660 were found to have a higher mortality risk (2.209 times, p < 0.001).ConclusionThe overall incidence rate of liver trauma was higher in the younger age group and in rural residents. A higher risk of mortality was found in the age > 64 years group, pedestrians hit in motor-vehicle accidents, renal failure or liver cirrhosis, with head or chest, or other abdominal injury.     

上海市虹口区15～69岁人群吸烟行为、态度及影响因素

目的 了解上海市虹口区居民的吸烟行为、态度和可能的影响因素,为开展控烟工作提供依据。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,共抽取上海市虹口区15～69岁对象960人,其中958人完成了吸烟情况的调查。结果 该区15～69岁人群吸烟率和标化吸烟率分别为20.04%和18.73%,男性吸烟率和标化吸烟率分别为41.05%和30.07%,女性吸烟率和标化吸烟率分别为0.80%和1.70%,男性吸烟率高于女性（RR＝0.02,95%CI：0.01～0.03）;25岁以上各年龄组吸烟率高于15～24岁组;大专及以上文化程度人群吸烟率低于初中及以下文化程度人群（RR＝0.45,95%CI：0.25～0.79）;饮酒人群吸烟率高于不饮酒人群（RR＝2.68,95%CI：1.76～4.09）。家庭人均年收入越低、烟草危害知识得分越高的人群越反对吸烟,赞同禁烟。结论 上海市虹口区15～69岁人群吸烟率较低,性别、年龄、文化程度和饮酒情况是影响吸烟情况的因素。应加强对35岁以上人群的控烟教育;对文化程度较低的人群应加强吸烟有害知识的宣传,纠正其对吸烟和禁烟的态度;在控烟教育的同时应强调控制饮酒。     

上海市虹口区15～69岁人群吸烟行为、态度及影响因素

目的 了解上海市虹口区居民的吸烟行为、态度和可能的影响因素,为开展控烟工作提供依据.方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,共抽取上海市虹口区15～69岁对象960人,其中958人完成了吸烟情况的调查.结果 该区15～69岁人群吸烟率和标化吸烟率分别为20.04%和18.73%,男性吸烟率和标化吸烟率分别为41.05%和30.07%,女性吸烟率和标化吸烟率分别为0.80%和1.70%,男性吸烟率高于女性(RR＝0.02,95%CI:0.01～0.03);25岁以上各年龄组吸烟率高于15～24岁组;大专及以上文化程度人群吸烟率低于初中及以下文化程度人群(RR＝0.45,95%CI:0.25～0.79);饮酒人群吸烟率高于不饮酒人群(RR＝2.68,95%CI:1.76～4.09).家庭人均年收入越低、烟草危害知识得分越高的人群越反对吸烟,赞同禁烟.结论 上海市虹口区15～69岁人群吸烟率较低,性别、年龄、文化程度和饮酒情况是影响吸烟情况的因素.应加强对35岁以上人群的控烟教育;对文化程度较低的人群应加强吸烟有害知识的宣传,纠正其对吸烟和禁烟的态度;在控烟教育的同时应强调控制饮酒.     

Recent trends in mortality due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Mexico, 1980-2002

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. Changes in classification have a major impact on reported mortality rates. METHODS: Between 1980 and 2002, 230,463 COPD cases were studied (age group 35-94 years); 134,579 men; 95,884 women. RESULTS: The crude mortality rate varied from 37 (1980) to 61 per 100,000 men (2002), (increase: 65%). The crude mortality rate for females increased from 27 (1980) to 43 deaths per 100,000 women (2002), (increase: 56%). The trends of the absolute values by birth year and age groups are higher as age increases. As age of death comes down and the birth cohort increases, the absolute values decrease. The Mexican states located in the northern and central areas present a higher risk for dying. There is an increment coefficient of 93 cases per increment year in males (age group 35-74), and 61 cases per increment year in females (age group 35-74 years). For the age group 35-94 years, the annual increase for males is 288 cases. These results were statistically significant, and the regression model was validated by residual analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The oldest cohorts of the studied population showed the highest COPD mortality absolute values. The geographic risk of dying from COPD is concentrated in two regions: a) the three Mexican states of higher economic income at the northern frontier to the U.S. and b) those Mexican states surrounding the main producer of tobacco (Nayarit).     

Jamaica cancer mortality statistics, 1999

A total of 2697 cancer-related deaths were documented among Jamaicans for the year 1999, accounting for 17.7% of all deaths. Males accounted for 1466 and females for 1231. The age-adjusted cancer mortality rate was 171.7 per 100,000 for males, 122.0 per 100,000 for females and 140.5 per 100,000 for the total population. Leading cancer mortality sites for males were prostate, lung and stomach and in females, breast, cervix uteri and large bowel. Most deaths were recorded in the 55-64 and 65-74 year-age groups. Despite well-established cervical cancer screening programmes, the calculated mortality rate for cancer of the cervix uteri in Jamaican females (15.8 per 100,000) is approximately two and a half times that seen in African-American females.