乳腺浸润性导管癌的X线分析

目的　分析乳腺浸润性导管癌的钼靶X线特征 ,提高影像学诊断水平。方法　 3 7例经病理证实的乳腺浸润性导管癌 ,钼靶摄取乳腺轴、斜位片 ,分析其影像学表现。结果　主要X线表现 :3 7例中显示肿块影 3 3例 ,占 89.2 % ;显示毛刺状改变 18例 ,占 48.6% ;细小钙化如精盐样 12例 ,占 3 2 .4% ;所显示肿块较临床触诊扪及为小 2 6例 ,占显示肿块病例的78.8%。结论　乳腺浸润性导管癌在X线上有较特征性表现 ,乳腺钼靶检查是诊断此病最基本的影像学方法 ,有助于临床制定合理的治疗方案。     

钼靶摄影乳腺疾病误诊37例分析

目的进一步提高乳腺疾病影像诊断水平。方法对37例钼靶摄影误诊和病理证实的乳腺疾病进行分析。结果误诊为良性病变的恶性肿瘤37例,钼靶摄影表现:肿块影20例,结节影5例,团片状影4例,未见明显异常8例。结论分析钼靶摄影片时,强调与临床、彩超相结合,可减少误诊,提高诊断水平。     

乳腺小管癌钼靶摄影和超声的特征表现

目的 明确乳腺小管癌的钼靶摄影和超声图像的特征表现.方法 回顾性分析经术后病理证实的17例乳腺小管癌钼靶摄影和超声表现.结果 在乳腺钼靶像上17例乳腺小管癌中有15例表现为不规则形团块,边缘有毛刺.17个团块中16个团块中心致密.8例小管癌伴有钙化.声像图上见15个低回声团块,边缘不清和后方声影占93.33%(14/15).结论 小管癌在乳腺钼靶图上通常表现为不规则肿块伴中心致密和毛刺状边缘.大多数小管癌在声像图上表现为低回声团块伴边缘模糊和后方声影.尽管乳腺小管癌的钼靶摄影和超声检查不能充分鉴别小管癌与放射状瘢痕.但超声在引导活检和估计多灶和多中心性病变中有重要作用.     

钼靶X线摄影联合增强磁共振成像在乳腺导管原位癌诊断中的价值

目的探讨乳腺导管原位癌(DCIS)的特征性影像学表现以及钼靶X线摄影以及增强磁共振成像(MRI)联合诊断的优势。方法收集本院行手术治疗且术后病理证实为乳腺DCIS及DCIS伴微浸润的45例患者的影像资料,分析DCIS在钼靶X线和增强MRI上的特征性影像学表现,并评价钼靶X线联合增强MRI的诊断效能。结果钼靶X线可见钙化28例(28/45,62. 2%),其中簇状钙化12例(12/28,42. 9%),段样分布钙化13例(13/28,46. 4%),区域分布钙化3例(3/28,10. 7%)。增强MRI可见非肿块样强化33例(33/45,73. 3%),其中段样分布强化11例(11/33,33. 3%),线样分布强化10例(10/33,30. 3%),局灶性强化9例(9/33,27. 3%),区域分布的强化3例(3/33,9. 1%)。非肿块样强化内部可见集群状强化18例(18/33,54. 5%),不均匀强化13例(13/33,39. 4%),均匀强化2例(2/33,6. 1%),簇状环形强化21例(21/33,63. 6%)。钼靶X线摄影、增强MRI及两者联合诊断对DCIS诊断准确率分别为53. 3%、71. 1%、86. 7%,3种方法的诊断准确率比较差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论乳腺钼靶X线上簇状或段样分布的钙化灶,增强MRI上线样或段样分布的非肿块样强化,内部呈集群样强化或簇状环形强化,是DCIS的特征性影像学表现。钼靶X线摄影与增强MRI的联合诊断可以优势互补,提高DCIS诊断的准确率。     

计算机摄影钼靶检查在乳腺癌普查中的应用

目的:探讨计算机摄影(CR)钼靶检查在大规模乳腺疾病普查中的应用价值,提高早期乳腺癌的诊断水平。方法:应用钼铑双靶乳腺机和带有计算机辅助诊断(CAD)软件的CR系统,对8270例普查对象进行乳腺摄影检查,回顾性分析检查结果,其中有手术或病理活检结果的414例。结果:手术或病理活检证实的414例中,乳腺癌59例,其中临床触诊阴性的早期乳腺癌19例。早期乳腺癌主要X线表现为单纯簇状细微钙化、小结节、局部结构不良和小斑片状致密影。结论:乳腺CR钼靶摄影结合CAD是较为可靠的影像学方法,对早期乳腺癌的诊断有价值,可以应用于大规模乳腺疾病普查中。     

数字化钼靶X线摄影在乳腺肿瘤诊断中的应用价值分析

目的:探讨数字化钼靶X线摄影在乳腺肿瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法:选取2012年8月至2019年4月我院126例乳腺肿瘤为研究对象,所有患者均行彩超及数字化钼靶X线摄影检查,最终以手术病理检查为诊断的金标准,比较两种检查方法的诊断效果。结果:彩超检出阳性47例(占88.68%),阴性58例(占79.45%),钼靶X线检出阳性49例(占92.45%),阴性61例(占83.56%),两种方法比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),在40岁以上患者中彩超检出阳性26例(占65.00%),阴性27例(占45.76%),钼靶X线检出阳性37例(占92.50%),阴性50例(占84.75%),两种方法比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:彩超及数字化钼靶X线摄影检查在乳腺肿瘤中的诊断准确率相当,但数字化钼靶X线摄影检查在40岁以上乳腺肿瘤患者中的诊断准确率较彩超更为显著。     

全数字化钼钯对乳腺肿瘤良恶性的鉴别诊断

目的:通过分析乳腺肿瘤的钼靶X线表现特征,提高乳腺肿瘤的术前诊断水平,以提高其术前指导价值。材料与方法:对经术后病理检查证实的140例乳腺肿瘤全数字化钼靶X线表现特征进行对照分析,其中恶性94例,良性46例。结果:良恶性肿瘤X线诊断准确率分别为86·34%和90·56%。X线诊断的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为96·34%,91·45%和95·21%,阳性预测值96·03%,阴性预测值91·04%。毛刺状肿块、细微簇样钙化是乳腺恶性肿瘤特异性X线征象。结论:乳腺钼靶摄影是鉴别良恶性肿瘤的有效影像学方法。     

乳腺导管内癌的病理特征与钼靶X线摄影及超声造影检查的相关性

目的探究乳腺导管内癌(DCIS)的病理特征与钼靶X线摄影及超声造影检查的相关性。方法选取83例DCIS患者为研究对象,采用乳腺钼靶X线摄影和超声造影检查,分析DCIS的临床病理特征与两种检查的相关性。结果乳腺钼靶X线摄影结果显示, 83例DCIS患者中,恶性钙化影60例(72.29%),软组织块影27例(32.53%)。乳腺钼靶X线摄影结果与DCIS患者恶性钙化、软组织块影呈显著正相关(P0.05)。不同分化类型、淋巴结转移病理特征患者的超声造影增强评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);超声造影增强评分与DCIS患者分化类型呈显著负相关(P0.05),与淋巴结转移呈显著正相关(P0.05)。结论 DCIS的病理特征与恶性钙化、软组织肿块影、患者不同分化类型和淋巴结转移相关。临床采用钼靶X线摄影与超声造影联合诊断DCIS可提高诊断准确性。     

乳腺疾病钼靶X线诊断分析

目的:乳腺疾病钼靶X线检查的临床应用及诊断价值。方法:回顾分析864例乳腺摄片及临床资料。结果:乳腺增生症708例(82%),纤维腺瘤67例(7.8%),乳腺癌34例(3.9%),乳腺囊肿8例(0.9%),巨乳2例(0.23%),急性乳腺炎1例(0.12%)。结论:乳腺疾病钼靶X线表现各具特征性,对早期乳腺癌的诊断更具有重要意义。     

钼靶结合MRI对微小乳腺癌的诊断价值分析

目的：探讨全数字化X线乳腺钼靶摄影、3.0 T MRI检查对微小乳腺癌的诊断价值。材料与方法回顾性分析31例经手术证实的微小乳腺癌患者的全数字化X线乳腺钼靶及3.0 T MRI检查资料,分析其影像学特征,并统计对比钼靶、MRI单独和联合应用的诊断准确率。结果 X线乳腺钼靶摄影准确率为64.5%(20/31),MRI 检查诊断准确率为90.3%(28/31),联合应用诊断准确率为96.7%(30/31),高于两者单独应用,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论微小乳腺癌X线乳腺钼靶摄影、MRI表现具有一定的特征性,两者联合应用有助于提高乳腺癌的诊断正确率。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.