辛伐他汀与氟伐他汀调脂疗效的比较

目的：观察比较辛伐他汀（simvastatin,商品名：舒降之,默沙东公司生产）与氟伐他汀（fluvastatin,商品名,来适可,诺华制药公司生产）临床调脂疗效及耐受性,方法：将100例TC＞5．2mmol/L伴或不伴TG＞1．7mmol/L的对象随机分成辛伐他汀组（n=50)与氟伐他汀组（n=50),辛伐他汀组给予辛伐他汀20mg/d,氟伐他汀组给予氟伐他汀40mg/d,两组疗程均为12周,治疗．前,治疗后6周,12周分别测定TC,TG,HDL－C,LDL－C以及ALT,AST,CK值,结果：两组治疗6周后及治疗12周后,TC,TG,LDL－C水平与治疗前比较均有显著下降（P＜0．01）,治疗12周HDL－C水平与治疗前比较明显升高（P＜0．01）,两组间比较,治疗6周后,TC降低判别有非常显著意义（P＜0．01）,治疗12周后,TC,LDL－C降低判别有显著意义（P分别＜0．05和＜0．01）,HDL－C升高差别有显著意义（P＜0．05）。两组均未见明显不良反应,结论：辛伐他汀20mg/d,氟伐他汀40mg/d调脂疗效均较好且完全,其中,辛伐他汀在降低TC,LDL－C水平以及升高HDL－C水平优于无氟伐他汀,但对肝功能影响辛伐他汀氟伐他汀大。     

辛伐他汀和普伐他汀对冠心病sVCAM-1水平的影响

目的　探讨辛伐他汀和普伐他汀对冠心病 (CHD)患者血清中可溶性血管细胞粘附分子 1(sVCAM 1)水平的影响。　 方法　 10 6例CHD患者随机分为 3组 :A组 (安慰剂组 ) ,B组 (辛伐他汀组 ) ,C组 (普伐他汀组 )。采用酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)和常规酶法分别测定 3组患者用药前与用药 4、6周和 8周后血清sVCAM 1含量及总胆固醇 (TC)水平。　 结果 　①B组和C组患者服药 4、6周及 8周后血清sVCAM 1含量明显低于A组 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1,P <0 0 1)。②B组和C组患者服药 4、6周及 8周后血清sVCAM 1含量呈逐渐下降趋势 ,同用药前相比差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1,P <0 0 1)。③B组和C组患者服药 4、6周及 8周后血浆TC含量与用药前相比差异均有统计学意义 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1,P <0 0 1)。④B组和C组患者血清sVCAM 1水平的降低与血浆TC含量的降低无明显相关性。　 结论 　辛伐他汀和普伐他汀不仅降低CHD患者血浆TC含量 ,而且降低血清中sV CAM 1的水平。     

氟伐他汀对老年高脂血症患者血小板功能和凝血纤溶功能的影响

目的　研究氟伐他汀对老年高脂血症患者血小板活化功能和凝血纤溶功能的影响。方法　 80例老年高脂血症患者随机分为氟伐他汀组 (2 0 mg/ d)和辛伐他汀组 (2 0 mg/ d) ,均治疗 4～ 8w。测定治疗前后的总胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三酯 (TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL- C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL- C)、血小板α颗粒膜糖蛋白 (GMP- 1 4 0 )、纤维蛋白原 (FIB)、血浆组织型纤溶酶原激活物 (t- PA)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物 1 (PAI- 1 )及凝血酶原时间 (PT)。结果　氟伐他汀治疗 4w、8w后 ,血 TC、TG、LDL- C、GMP- 1 4 0、FIB及 PAI- 1较治疗前有明显下降 (P<0 .0 5～ P<0 .0 1 ) ,而辛伐他汀治疗 4 w、8w后 FIB无变化 (P>0 .0 5) ,血 HDL- C水平较治疗前有明显上升 (P<0 .0 5～ P<0 .0 1 ) ;治疗 8w后血 TC、LDL- C较治疗 4 w后有明显下降 (P<0 .0 5～ P<0 .0 1 )。结论　氟伐他汀在降脂的同时可抑制血小板活性 ,改善凝血纤溶功能。     

辛伐他汀与氟伐他汀强化降脂的疗效和安全性观察

目的比较辛伐他汀与氟伐他汀对高脂血症病人的降脂疗效及安全性影响。方法100例高指血症患者以随机数字表法平均分成两组。A组:辛伐他汀40mg/d;B组:氟伐他汀80mg/d。治疗前和治疗后2周、4周、8周检查血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、甘油三脂(TG)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、肌酸磷激酶(CK)。结果两组均能非常显著比降低TC、LDL-C、TG(P<0.01),A组作用强于B组(P<0.05);两种降脂药均能升高HDL-C,A组仍大于B组(P<0.05)。两组均有良好的安全性。结论辛伐他汀与氟伐他汀均能显著降低TC、LDC-C、TG水平,升高HDL-C水平;辛伐他汀40mg/d作用明显优于氟伐他汀80mg/d,两者均有好的安全性。     

不同剂量辛伐他汀调脂治疗冠心病的疗效及安全性研究

目的　观察冠心病 (CHD)患者中 ,辛伐他汀不同剂量调脂的有效性和安全性。方法　选择确诊为CHD的 114例患者 ,随机 (计算机数字表 )、开放分为辛伐他汀 2 0mg组 (n =5 8)和 10mg组 (n =5 6 ) ,年龄 40～ 86岁 ,平均年龄(6 0 .7± 9.7)岁。均为每晚服药 1次。分别于用药前、用药后第 6、12、2 4周空腹采静脉血清 ,以酶法测定总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)、甘油三酯 (TG)以及肝、肾功能等。结果　 (1)用药第 6周始 ,两组TC和LDL C均比用药前明显下降 ,且一直保持到用药 2 4周末 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。 (2 )第 6、12、2 4周的TC、LDL C水平 ,在 2 0mg组比 10mg组明显低 (P <0 .0 5 )。 (3) 2 4周TC达标率 ,2 0mg组明显高于 10mg组(78.2 %比 5 2 .9% ,P <0 .0 5 )。 (4 )两组间谷丙转氨酶 (ALT)升高等副作用未见明显差异。结论　 2 0mg辛伐他汀能够安全而且更有效地降低TC和LDL C水平 ,使更多的CHD患者的血清胆固醇达到理想标准水平     

早期辛伐他汀治疗对急性冠状动脉综合征患者血脂和炎症反应标志物的影响

目的　观察急性冠状动脉综合征 ( ACS)早期辛伐他汀治疗对血脂和炎症反应标志物的影响及差异 ,探讨他汀类药物在 ACS早期治疗中的作用。方法　 ACS住院患者 12 3例 ,入院后测定血浆三酰甘油 ( TG)、总胆固醇 ( TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 ( L DL -C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 ( HDL -C)、白细胞介素 -6( IL -6)和 C反应蛋白 ( CRP)水平 ,然后随机分为辛伐他汀治疗组和非辛伐他汀治疗组。出院时重复测定上述指标。同期测定 15例慢性稳定型心绞痛 ( SAP)患者和 15例健康者相同指标用于比较。结果　 ( 1)ACS患者血浆 TC、L DL-C、IL -6、CRP显著高于健康者 ( P<0 .0 1) ,血浆 L DL-C、IL -6显著高于 SAP患者 ( P<0 .0 1)。 ( 2 )出院与入院时比较 ,辛伐他汀组和非辛伐他汀组血浆 IL-6、CRP显著降低 ( P<0 .0 1) ,但出院时辛伐他汀组血浆 IL-6、CRP显著低于非辛伐他汀组 ( P<0 .0 1)。 ( 3 )据入院时血浆 IL-6、CRP水平 ,把 ACS患者分别分为 IL-6、CRP高值组和低值组 ,出院与入院时比较 ,高值组和低值组血浆 IL-6、CRP均显著降低 ( P<0 .0 1,P<0 .0 1) ,但只有高值组 ,出院时辛伐他汀治疗者血浆 IL-6、CRP显著低于非辛伐他汀治疗者 ( P<0 .0 1,P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 ACS患者早期辛伐他汀治疗有明显抗炎症作用。     

急性冠脉综合征早期辛伐他汀治疗对血脂和炎症反应标记物的影响

目的　观察急性冠脉综合征 (ACS)早期辛伐他汀治疗对血脂和炎症反应标记物的影响及差异 ,探讨他汀类药物在ACS早期治疗中的作用。　方法　ACS住院患者 12 3例 ,入院后测定血浆甘油三酯 (TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)、白细胞介素 6 (IL 6 )和C反应蛋白 (CRP)水平 ,然后随机分为辛伐他汀治疗组和非辛伐他汀治疗组。出院时重复测定上述指标。同期测定 15例慢性稳定性心绞痛 (CAP)患者和 15名健康者作对照比较。　结果　 1 ACS患者血浆TC、LDL C、IL 6、CRP显著高于健康者 (P <0 0 1) ,血浆LDL C、IL 6显著高于CAP患者 (P <0 0 1)。 2 出院与入院时比较 ,辛伐他汀组和非辛伐他汀组血浆IL 6、CRP显著降低 (P <0 0 1) ,出院时辛伐他汀组血浆IL 6、CRP也显著低于非辛伐他汀组 (P <0 0 1)。 3 据入院时血浆IL 6、CRP水平 ,把ACS患者分别分为IL 6、CRP高值组和低值组 ,出院与入院时比较 ,高值组和低值组血浆IL 6、CRP均显著降低 (P<0 0 1,P<0 0 1) ,但只有高值组 ,出院时辛伐他汀治疗者血浆IL 6、CRP显著低于非辛伐他汀治疗者 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 )。　结论　ACS患者早期辛伐他汀治疗有明显抗炎症作用。     

匹伐他汀钙治疗老年冠心病患者42例的疗效

目的：观察匹伐他汀钙治疗老年冠心病患者的疗效及安全性。方法：入选82例口服辛伐他汀10～20mg至少一年的老年冠心病患者,入院后随机分为辛伐他汀组（40例：继续服用辛伐他汀）和匹伐他汀组（42例,改为每晚睡前口服匹伐他汀钙1-2mg）,疗程为8周。分别于用药前、用药后2、4、8周检测两组肝功、血脂、磷酸肌酸激酶变化,并进行比较。结果：匹伐他汀钙组总胆固醇（Tc）和低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（LDL—c）水平的下降与辛伐他汀片10～20mg／d相当[TC（4．31±0．67）mmol／L比（4．32±0．65）mmol／L,LDL—C（2．15±0．56）mmol／L比（2．05±0．78）mmol／L],P均〉0．05。不良反应较轻微,仅辛伐他汀组出现3例谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶水平升高,在治疗4周时其值均明显高于匹伐他汀组（P〈0．05）。结论：匹伐他汀钙对老年冠心病患者疗效及安全性均较好,对肝功损害较轻。     

氟伐他汀和辛伐他汀对急性冠脉综合征患者调脂疗效及安全性的对比研究

目的比较氟伐他汀和辛伐他汀对急性冠脉综合征患者的调脂疗效及安全性。方法将60例急性冠脉综合征患者随机分成辛伐他汀组（A组,辛伐他汀20mg,每晚1次）和氟伐他汀组（B组,氟伐他汀40mg,每晚1次）,服药前及服药4、8周测定总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、三酰甘油（TG）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）,并随访1年,记录主要心血管事件及药物不良反应。结果 （1）治疗4、8周后两组TC、LDL-C、TG均明显降低（P〈0.05）。（2）两组疗效差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。（3）两组均能降低主要心脑血管事件发生率,组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。（4）两组药物相关不良反应发生率低,疗效差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论氟伐他汀和辛伐他汀均能明显降低急性冠脉综合征患者的TC、LDL-C、TG水平,疗效和不良反应无差异,具有良好的安全性。     

不同剂量阿托伐他汀短期治疗对急性冠脉综合征患者血清hs—CRP和MMP-9水平的影响

目的探讨应用不同剂量阿托伐他汀短期治疗对急性冠脉综合征患者血清高敏C反应蛋白（hs—CRP）和基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）水平的影响。方法选择确诊的急性冠脉综合征患者63例,随机分为A组（22例,阿托伐他汀10mg／d）、B组（20例,阿托伐他汀20mg／d）和C组（21例,阿托伐他汀80mg／d）,均于确诊后24小时内开始给药,其余用药按常规进行。所有患者均于服用阿托伐他汀前及服药后24小时、3天、7天采集静脉血,ELISA法测定血清hs—CRP和MMP-9水平。结果3组患者的临床基础资料比较无显著性差异;与治疗前比较服用阿托伐他汀3天后,C组血清hs—CRP和MMP-9水平明显减低（P〈0．05）,而A、B两组虽有下降趋势,但差异无统计学意义;7天后,3组患者血清hs—CRP和MMP-9水平均明显降低（P〈0．05）;C组患者血清hs—CRP和MMP-9水平明显低于A组和B组（P〈0．05）;3组均未发现阿托伐他汀相关不良反应。结论急性冠脉综合征患者短期给予大剂量阿托伐他汀治疗可发挥其强大的抗炎作用,明显降低血浆hs—CRP和MMP-9水平。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。