Is modified radical mastectomy really equivalent to radical mastectomy in treatment of carcinoma of the breast?

Evaluation of any therapeutic modality for carcinoma of the breast requires prolonged follow-up. Between 1965 and 1968, 870 women with primary unilateral breast cancer were treated surgically at our institution. To achieve a study group that could be meaningfully analyzed, the authors identified and excluded all patients with pre-existing life-threatening disease, incomplete (palliative) operation, multiple lesions, or fixed lesions. There remained 530 patients (322 treated with radical and 208 treated with modified radical mastectomy). No overall statistical difference in 5-year survival to death from breast cancer was noted between the radical (82.1%) and the modified radical (87.0%) mastectomy group. Recently, the authors updated that series, now with 10 to 16 years of follow-up (minimum, 10 years). Two hundred eighty-one patients were alive at 10 years. The 10-year survival from breast cancer after radical (74.5%) and modified radical (74.2%) mastectomy was almost identical. The 10-year node-negative survival was 86.0% and the node-positive survival was 56.3% (P = 0.0001). Results were compared according to age, tumor site, absolute number of involved nodes, histologic features, grade, size, and adjuvant treatment. A numeric combination of these variables was constructed and used as a prognostic score. These results suggest that, with equal long-term efficacy in the treatment of breast cancer, the cosmetically and functionally superior modified radical mastectomy should remain the procedure of choice in the surgical treatment of carcinoma of the breast.     

乳腺癌改良根治术术后放疗的疗效及预后影响因素分析

目的 探讨乳腺癌改良根治术术后放疗的疗效及预后影响因素.方法 收集200例乳腺癌改良根治术及术后放疗患者的临床资料,随访3年,统计患者的生存情况、复发情况和远处转移情况,影响乳腺癌改良根治术后放疗患者预后因素采用单因素和Cox风险比例回归模型分析.结果 随访3年,200例患者局部复发或远处转移58例,无病生存142例,...     

Therapy and survival in male breast carcinoma: A retrospective analysis of 50 cases

The relationship between therapy and overall survival was retrospectively investigated in 50 patients with primary male breast carcinoma. Forty-five had radical or modified radical mastectomy and 5 simple mastectomy. Thirty-five received adjuvant post-operative therapy, including radiation, hormone and chemotherapy, given separately or in combination. The mean follow-up period was 67 (range, 1-230) months. The median survival was 33 months for patients receiving surgery alone and 86 months for those who also had adjuvant therapy (p=0.003). No difference in survival was found between simple or radical/modified radical mastectomy, nor among the various types of adjuvant therapy. Adjuvant therapy was most effective in large size, node positive and poorly differentiated tumors, and retained independent prognostic significance in multivariate analysis. With the limitation due to the small number of cases, our data suggest that adjuvant therapy may improve survival in males with cancer of the breast.     

Postmastectomy locally recurrent breast cancer

With the popularity of breast-conserving treatment plans, the natural history of "breast recurrence" in the ipsilateral breast must be distinguished from local recurrence following modified radical mastectomy. Hence, this study considers those patients who develop skin or chest wall recurrence after modified radical mastectomy, whether as a primary procedure or for patients with "breast recurrence" after partial mastectomy. The incidence of postmastectomy locally recurrent breast cancer following modified radical mastectomy (MRM) and adjuvant immunotherapy (IT) is compared to historical controls. The risk factors and treatment of local recurrence in this program as well as in a larger group of patients who recurred after modified radical mastectomy are reported.     

Operable Breast Cancer： a Clinical Analysis of 6,263 Cases

OBJECTIVE In Europe and America breast cancer commonly occurs in women of middle and old age, with a median age of about 57 years. Modified radical mastectomy now called standard radical mastectomy, has taken the place of traditional radical mastectomy. Patients with breast cancer at an early stage commonly receive BCT (breast conservative therapy). The TNM stage (especially the lymph node status) affects the prognosis, and adjuvant therapy can improve survival. In China, only a few reports have been pubIished studying large numbers of breast cancer patients. This study was designed to analyze the clinical features, surgical pattern and treatment outcome of resectable breast cancer, as well as to explore the prognostic factors and the effect of adjuvant therapy, with a goal to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment.METHODS Records of the 6,263 patients with resectable breast cancer who had been admitted into our hospital from June 1964 to June 2003 were analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS Of the 6,263 cases, 98.8% were female. Breast cancer occurred most frequently in patients of ages 40～49 years (41.0%), especially in patients 45～49 years old (25.2%). A breast lump, which occurred in 96.2% of the patients, was the main clinical manifestation. The overall 5- and 10-year survival rates were 75.16% and 40.44%. Of the patients in TNM stages 0-1,Ⅱ, and Ⅲ, the 5-year survival rates were 96.8%, 73.7% and 46.4% respectively and the 10-year survival rates were 78.7%, 64.6% and 33.5% respectively. The 5-, and 10-year survival rates were higher in the lymph node negative group than in the lymph node positive group (80.3% vs. 55.6%, and 59.2% vs. 31.9%, P＜0.01). Since the 1980s there was no significant difference in survival rates of patients who received a radical mastectomy compared to a modified radical mastectomy(P＞0.05). Of the 73 patients who underwent breast conservative therapy, no local recurrence or metastasis occurred during a maximal follow-up of 17 years. Of the patients in stage T2T4, the 5-, and 10-year survival rates were significantly higher in the group treated with adjuvant chemotherapy compared to the non-chemotherapy group (78.2% vs. 60.1%, and 48.9% vs. 30.7%, P＜0.01).CONCLUSION According to our data, breast cancer most frequently occurred in patients of ages 45～49 years. The TNM stage (especially the lymph node status) relates to breast cancer prognosis. The prognosis was worse in patients with positive lymph nodes compared to the patients with negative lymph nodes. The efficacy of a modified radical mastectomy is equal to that of a radical mastectomy, and breast conservative therapy can be applied to patients in an early stage. Adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy can improve the survival of resectable breast cancer patients.     

Swiss adjuvant trials in women with node-negative breast cancer. OSAKO.

Women with node-negative breast cancer have a 30% chance of relapse 5 years after mastectomy. If it is possible to prevent or defer recurrent disease with adjuvant systemic therapy, node-negative patients, with their low tumor burden, should theoretically benefit most from such treatment. In 1974 we started a randomized adjuvant trial in eastern Switzerland, using a subjectively less toxic regimen [chlorambucil, methotrexate, and fluorouracil (LMF)]. Two hundred fifty-four patients were randomly assigned after standardized modified radical mastectomy to observation only or to treatment with oral LMF for 6 months followed by BCG skin scarifications monthly for up to 2 years. While we find no significant statistical difference between the control group and the treated group in terms of relapse-free survival, there is a strong and consistent trend toward prolongation of overall survival within the treated group.     

40例男性乳腺癌随访资料分析

背景与目的 :探讨男性乳腺癌的临床特点 ,治疗方法和影响预后的因素。 材料与方法 :回顾性总结40例男性乳腺癌的临床特点和治疗方法 ,分析其影响预后的因素。 结果 :全部病例经手术后病理检查确诊。全组患者治疗后的5、10年生存率分别为65 %、52.5 %。根治术与改良根治术患者的5、10年生存率分别为72.2 %、71.4 %。腋窝部淋巴结转移率为62.5 %。 结论 :男性乳腺癌比女性病程长 ,更具有激素依赖性。容易发生腋窝淋巴结转移 ,预后较差。治疗上首选改良根治术并根据不同情况辅以放疗、化疗和内分泌治疗。     

12例原发性乳腺鳞癌的临床分析

目的回顾性分析乳腺鳞癌的临床特点及预后。方法分析12例原发性乳腺鳞癌的临床病理特征、治疗方法及生存情况。结果 1999年至2014年,我院共治疗20750例乳腺癌患者,其中乳腺鳞癌患者12例（0.058%）。中位发病年龄为52岁;Ⅰ期2例,ⅡA期6例,ⅡB期1例,ⅢA期3例。9例患者予改良根治术,2例予保乳术,1例因局部晚期予全乳切除＋淋巴结清除术;4例予术后放疗,9例予术后化疗,3例予内分泌治疗。随访到2014年7月,4例因年代久远失访;1例患者于术后4年发生肺、胸骨、肝和脑的多发转移,行曲妥珠单抗＋托瑞米芬治疗1年,带瘤生存4年;1例保乳术8个月后局部复发予乳腺全切后无瘤生存6年;2例分别于术后7个月、3年出现肺转移,经多程化疗分别于11个月后、3年后死亡;余4例均无复发转移,无瘤生存期最长者157个月,短者7个月。结论乳腺鳞癌发生率低,治疗多联合改良根治术和术后辅助治疗。     

乳腺Paget''s病诊治体会

目的：分析乳腺Paget‘s病的临床、病理、预后，使该病的诊治进一步合理化。方法：结合术后随访，回顾分析我院1956～1999年病理证实的Paget‘s病56例。结果：56例患者平均年龄61.5(29～76)岁；在明确诊断前，病程6月以上者20例，占35．7％；临床可触及乳房肿块者40例(71．4％)，未触及肿块者16例(28．6％)，临床可触及乳房肿块者有较高的浸润性癌发生率，且和淋巴结、病理分级等预后因素密切相关；56例患者根治术30例，改良根治术16例，单纯切除术10例，应用辅助化疗者29例，应用辅助内分泌治疗者21例，术后放疗7例。平均随访46．5(12～120)月，临床可触及乳房肿块者及未触及肿块者总生存率分别为67．5％、81.3％，log-rank检验其差别有统计学意义(P=0．03)。结论：乳腺Paget’s病较易引起患者忽视或临床误诊，应重视该病的临床表现作到早期诊断；乳腺Paget’s病有较高的浸润性癌发生率，特别对于临床可触及乳房肿块者应采取以全乳切除术为主的综合治疗，慎行保乳手术。     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后联合全乳腺放射治疗的疗效分析

目的评价早期乳腺癌保乳手术联合放射治疗的疗效及美容效果。方法对26例早期乳腺癌患者采取保乳手术加术后全乳腺放射治疗,并与19例同期早期乳腺癌行改良根治术加术后放射治疗的患者进行对比分析。结果所有的患者均完成治疗,均无切口感染、切口不愈合及放射性皮肤坏死等不良反应,均有不同程度的近期皮肤反应,但均没有明显纤维化。保乳组的3年、5年生存率分别为96.2%(25/26)、92.3%(24/26),与对照组的3年、5年生存率100.0%(19/19)、94.7%(18/19)相似。保乳组22例(84.6%)美容效果良好。结论乳腺癌保乳手术美容效果良好,放射治疗对乳房外形无明显影响,两者联合应用可显著提高乳腺癌患者的生活质量。     

老年女性乳腺癌156例临床与诊疗分析

目的:探讨老年女性乳腺癌的临床诊治特点。方法:回顾性分析1994年至2006年收治的老年女性乳腺癌的临床资料。结果:156例患者中143例行手术治疗,其中93例在全麻或硬膜外麻醉下行乳腺癌根治或改良根治术,30例行单纯乳房切除术,20例行肿瘤局部切除术,7例单纯放疗,6例单纯化疗。14例于术后(局部切除术9例,单纯切除术3例,改良根治术2例)6个月至5年时局部复发,36例在随访4个月至6年时出现肺、肝、骨及脑部转移,35例在随访8个月至5年7个月时死于本病,9例死于其它疾病。经Kaplan-Meier生存率计算,其总的3、5、10年生存率分别为93.7%、59.3%及58.1%。结论:老年女性乳腺癌的临床治疗应以外科手术为主,并应选择改良根治的手术方式。合并症是影响老年乳腺癌患者预后的重要因素。     

Treatment selection for stage I breast cancer--report of 412 cases

From 1958 to 1982, 412 Stage I breast cancer patients treated by simple operation, operation plus radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy are reported. Of them, 312 were treated by radical mastectomy (R), 43 by simple mastectomy (S), 31 by modified radical mastectomy (M), 20 by tumorectomy (T) and 6 by extended radical mastectomy (E). The results showed that M and T with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy were similar to R in terms of survival and recurrence rates. There were no differences between R, S, M, E groups and combined treatment group in recurrence rate, but there was a significant difference between T group and combined treatment group (P less than 0.01). Recurrence rate of patients with positive axillary lymph nodes was similar to that of patients with negative nodes, because 91.5% of the former patients received combined treatment, but only 54.3% of the latter patients did (P less than 0.01). Six cases in T group recurred and 4 (67%) of them were retreated by salvage surgery. Three cases survived for 15 years, giving a better result than radical mastectomy. It is indicated that modified radical mastectomy and tumorectomy plus combined treatment are advisable for Stage I breast cancer. Prospective randomized clinical trials for assessment of different treatment modalities are needed.     

局部晚期乳腺癌改良根治术后两种辅助放化疗模式的疗效与成本效果分析

目的：结合疗效从经济学角度对局部晚期乳腺癌改良根治术后 FEC －T 后程同步放疗和序贯放疗模式进行分析,为术后辅助治疗模式选择提供参考。方法：采用成本－效果分析对155例改良根治术后接受FEC －T 后程同步放疗或序贯放疗的局部晚期乳腺癌病例进行疗效评价及成本效果分析。结果：中位随访39个月。与序贯模式比较,后程同步放疗模式未增加不良反应;缩短平均治疗时间6．2周,改善3年无复发生存率（92．3％ vs 81．8％,P ＝0．046）,有改善3年的无疾病进展生存率和总生存率趋势;3年无疾病进展生存率的成本－效果比,后程同步模式为999．96元／％,序贯模式为1349．31元／％,增量成本－效果比为－889．38元／％。结论：改良根治术后 FEC －T 后程同步放疗模式及序贯放疗模式都具有良好耐受性及疗效。后程同步放疗模式有更好的疾病控制及成本－效果比,可作为局部晚期乳腺癌的改良根治后辅助治疗模式的良好选择。     

可手术乳腺癌6263例临床分析

背景与目的:欧、美国家的乳腺癌患者以中老年居多,中位年龄约57岁左右;改良根治术已取代传统根治术而被称为标准根治术,早期患者则行保乳手术;肿瘤的分期(尤其淋巴结状况)明显影响预后;辅助治疗能提高疗效。在国内,有关乳腺癌临床研究的大宗报道甚少。本研究分析我院可手术乳腺癌6263例的临床特点、手术方式与治疗效果,分析影响预后的因素和辅助治疗的作用等情况,以期提高乳腺癌的诊治水平。方法:将我院1964年6月～2003年6月收治的6263例可手术乳腺癌的临床资料输入计算机并分析可手术乳腺癌患者年龄的分布和临床特点。用SPSS10.0统计软件,分析手术术式与治疗效果以及影响预后的因素和辅助治疗的作用等情况。结果:6263例可手术乳腺癌中,女性占98.8%。按每5岁年龄段计算,45～49岁最多(25.2%)。按每10岁年龄段计算,40～49岁最多(41.0%)。临床表现以乳腺肿块为主(96.2%)。全组总5年和10年生存率分别为75.2%和40.4%,0～Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期的5年生存率分别为96.8%、73.7%和46.4%,10生存率则分别为78.7%、64.6%和33.5%。腋窝淋巴结阴性和阳性的5年生存率分别为80.3%和55.6%,而10年生存率分别为59.2%和31.9%。20世纪80年代后作传统根治术和改良根治术后各期的5年和10年生存率相比较,均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。早期     

Risk factors for locoregional recurrence among breast cancer patients: results from International Breast Cancer Study Group Trials I through VII.

PURPOSE: To explore prognostic factors for locoregional failures (LRF) among women treated for invasive breast cancer within clinical trials of adjuvant therapies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 5,352 women who were treated with a modified radical mastectomy and enrolled in one of seven International Breast Cancer Study Group randomized trials. A total of 1,275 women with node-negative disease received either no adjuvant therapy or a single cycle of perioperative chemotherapy, and 4,077 women with node-positive disease received adjuvant chemotherapy of at least 3 months' duration and/or tamoxifen. Median follow-up is 12 to 15.5 years. RESULTS: In women with node-negative disease, factors associated with increased risk of LRF were vascular invasion (VI) and tumor size greater than 2 cm for premenopausal and VI for postmenopausal patients. Of the 1,275 patients, 345 (27%) met criteria for the highest risk groups, and the 10-year cumulative incidences of LRF with or without distant metastases were 16% for premenopausal and 19% for postmenopausal women. For the node-positive cohort, number of nodes and tumor grade were factors for both menopausal groups, with additional prediction provided by VI for premenopausal and tumor size for postmenopausal patients. Of the 4,077 patients, 815 (20%) met criteria for the highest risk groups, and 10-year cumulative incidences were 35% for premenopausal and 34% for postmenopausal women. CONCLUSION: LRFs are a significant problem after mastectomy alone even for some patients with node-negative breast cancer, as well as after mastectomy and adjuvant treatment for some subgroups of patients with node-positive disease. In addition to number of positive lymph nodes, predictors of LRF include tumor-related factors, such as vascular invasion, higher grade, and larger size.     

乳腺癌改良根治术后T1-2N1期患者局部区域复发的部位分析

目的 分析乳腺癌改良根治术后T1-2N1患者的局部区域复发(LRR)部位分布,探讨放疗的照射范围。方法 1997年9月至2015年4月中国医学科学院肿瘤医院收治2472例改良根治术后T1-2N1女性乳腺癌患者,均未行新辅助治疗。1898例未行术后放疗的患者纳入本研究,分析患者的局部和区域复发部位。采用Kaplan-Meier法进行局部复发率和区域复发率计算,采用Log-Rank法对影响患者局部复发和区域复发的各因素分别进行单因素分析,纳入单因素分析P值小于0.05的因素进行Cox回归法多因素分析。结果 中位随访时间71.3个月,164例(8.6%)患者发生局部和(或)区域复发。其中复发在锁骨上106例(65%),胸壁69例(42%),腋窝39例(24%),内乳19例(12%)。多因素分析显示年龄(>45岁/≤45岁)、肿瘤位置(其他象限/内象限)、T分期(T1/T2)、腋窝阳性淋巴结数(1个/2~3个)、激素受体(阳性/阴性)是局部复发和区域复发共同的影响因素。结论 乳腺癌改良根治术后T1-2N1期患者的LRR部位主要是锁骨上,其次是胸壁,腋窝和内乳少见。影响局部和区域复发的高危因素基本相似,放疗患者建议照射锁骨上区和胸壁。     

Adjuvant chemotherapy in males with cancer of the breast

Analysis of recurrence rates in male breast cancer (MBC) has suggested that tumor size and degree of axillary lymph node involvement carry the same prognostic implications as for breast cancer in women. A similar spectrum of antineoplastic agents appears active in both females and males. Based on reports of active adjuvant chemotherapy of women with breast cancer, we initiated a trial of adjuvant chemotherapy of MBC in July 1974. Twenty-four patients have been treated with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF). All patients had nodal involvement (median three nodes positive; seven patients had a single positive lymph node). All patients began adjuvant therapy within 4 weeks of either a radical or modified radical mastectomy. No postoperative radiotherapy was given. Median potential follow-up is 46 months. Four patients have recurred, one each at 15, 45, 61, and 65 months following mastectomy; two are dead of metastatic disease. The five-year survival rate projected by actuarial means is in excess of 80% (95% confidence interval: 74-100%). Based on these data, this treatment is highly encouraging when compared to other forms of treatment reported in the literature in which 5-year disease-free survival rates are less than 30%. We conclude that adjuvant therapy of MBC with a CMF regimen is feasible and may be associated with substantial improvement in disease-free survival and overall survival.     

Current surgical management of in situ cancer of the female breast

Surgical procedures for breast cancer were compared in 468 cases with insitu and 4,967 cases with invasive lesions. The cases were obtained from the Michigan Cancer Foundation Registry, a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) participant, and were incident-resident cases diagnosed from 1973–1978. For single, primary in situ or invasive cancer, the preferred mastectomy was modified radical. Partial and simple resections were used more often than radical procedures for non-inflitrating, especially lobular lesions. For cases with bilateral primaries, with at least one in situ, the mastectomy of choice was the simple procedure for the in situ malignancy and modified radical for the invasive cancer. The change in preferred surgery for in situ lesions, from modified radical to simple mastectomy, was not due to any change in strategy for treatment of bilateral invasive disease, which remained modified radical resection.     

乳腺癌改良根治术后T1-2N1期患者局部区域复发的部位分析

目的 分析乳腺癌改良根治术后T1-2N1患者的局部区域复发(LRR)部位分布,探讨放疗的照射范围。方法 1997年9月至2015年4月中国医学科学院肿瘤医院收治2472例改良根治术后T1-2N1女性乳腺癌患者,均未行新辅助治疗。1898例未行术后放疗的患者纳入本研究,分析患者的局部和区域复发部位。采用Kaplan-Meier法进行局部复发率和区域复发率计算,采用Log-Rank法对影响患者局部复发和区域复发的各因素分别进行单因素分析,纳入单因素分析P值小于0.05的因素进行Cox回归法多因素分析。结果 中位随访时间71.3个月,164例(8.6%)患者发生局部和(或)区域复发。其中复发在锁骨上106例(65%),胸壁69例(42%),腋窝39例(24%),内乳19例(12%)。多因素分析显示年龄(>45岁/≤45岁)、肿瘤位置(其他象限/内象限)、T分期(T1/T2)、腋窝阳性淋巴结数(1个/2~3个)、激素受体(阳性/阴性)是局部复发和区域复发共同的影响因素。结论 乳腺癌改良根治术后T1-2N1期患者的LRR部位主要是锁骨上,其次是胸壁,腋窝和内乳少见。影响局部和区域复发的高危因素基本相似,放疗患者建议照射锁骨上区和胸壁。