脊髓型颈椎病伴发育性椎管狭窄患者的脊髓储备空间

【摘要】 目的：观察脊髓型颈椎病伴发育性椎管狭窄患者颈椎MRI上脊髓在硬膜囊内的储备空间。方法：2006年2月~2010年7月,以脊髓型颈椎病就诊于北京大学第三医院骨科的患者123例,其中66例不伴后纵韧带或黄韧带骨化、椎体后缘骨赘或椎间盘突出的椎管侵占不超过50%的患者被纳入研究,其中男性41例,女性25例;年龄34~84岁,平均57岁。依据颈椎中立位X线平片上中矢径比值将所有患者分为伴发育性椎管狭窄组（狭窄组,中矢径比值≤0.75,n=38）和不伴发育性椎管狭窄组（非狭窄组,中矢径比值>0.75,n=28）,在MRI T2矢状位像上测量C3~C7硬膜囊中矢径和椎体中矢径,在MRI T2横断位像上测量脊髓横截面积和硬膜囊横截面积,计算并比较两组患者MRI中矢径比值（硬膜囊中矢径/椎体中矢径）和硬膜囊占有率（脊髓横截面积/硬膜囊横截面积）。结果：狭窄组C3~C7各节段MRI中矢径比值均显著小于非狭窄组（P<0.001）;C3~C6节段硬膜囊占有率与非狭窄组无显著性差异（P>0.05）,而C7节段有显著性差异（P<0.05）。结论：脊髓型颈椎病患者中,伴有发育性颈椎管狭窄的患者硬膜囊矢状径明显减小,但C3~C6节段脊髓在硬膜囊内的储备空间并未显著减小,呈现“小椎管小脊髓”的特点。     

脊髓型颈椎病患者颈脊髓与椎管匹配关系和脊髓致压因素的动态变化分析

【摘要】 目的：观察脊髓型颈椎病（cervical spondylotic myelopathy,CSM）患者颈脊髓与颈椎管匹配关系的动态变化,分析脊髓椎管匹配关系及脊髓致压因素与脊髓受压风险的关系。方法：收集2018年1月~2021年7月在我院行颈椎动态磁共振成像（dynamic magnetic resonance imaging,DMRI）检查的CSM患者的影像学资料,排除图像不清晰、屈伸角度不理想者,共纳入63例患者,其中男37例,女26例;年龄50~67岁（56.6±4.9岁）。在DMRI横断面T2像上测量颈椎前屈、中立、后伸体位下C3~C7椎间盘水平脊髓面积及硬膜囊面积,计算脊髓与硬膜囊面积的比值（即椎管占有率）;横断面T2像上测量椎间盘突出程度,矢状面T2像上测量黄韧带厚度;横断面T2像上观察脊髓的受压程度,采用改良Muhle分级标准进行脊髓受压分级;观察椎间盘的退变程度,应用Pfirrmann分级标准进行评估。将所有观察节段分为椎间盘突出组及椎间盘非突出组进行比较,分析椎间盘突出是否影响脊髓椎管的匹配关系及黄韧带厚度变化。结果：共测量252个颈椎节段,其中C3/4椎间盘非突出节段33个,突出节段30个;C4/5非突出节段21个,突出节段42个;C5/6非突出节段17个,突出节段46个;C6/7非突出节段27个, 突出节段36个。椎间盘非突出组与突出组都满足脊髓横断面积后伸位>中立位>前屈位,硬膜囊面积前屈位>中立位>后伸位,椎管占有率后伸位>中立位>前屈位,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。椎间盘突出组中立位与非突出组前屈位、中立位C5/6椎管占有率在C3～C7四个节段中最高,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。椎间盘突出程度后伸位>中立位>前屈位,脊髓受压分级后伸位>中立位>前屈位,黄韧带的厚度后伸位>中立位>前屈位,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;椎间盘突出组的椎间盘退变等级高于非突出组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。椎间盘突出组黄韧带较厚,与非突出组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：DMRI可显示CSM患者颈脊髓与椎管匹配关系的动态变化,颈椎由前屈位向后伸位运动时椎管占有率增高,脊髓受压风险增大,其中C5/6节段所受影响最明显。     

脊髓型颈椎病椎管形态学改变与黄韧带胶原含量变化的相关性研究

目的:探讨脊髓型颈椎病椎管形态学改变和黄韧带中Ⅰ型/Ⅱ型胶原含量比的相关性。方法:收集颈椎病患者(A组)黄韧带标本84块;颈椎外伤患者(B组)黄韧带标本30块;颈椎病患者中椎间不稳节段(C组)的黄韧带标本为22块;椎间稳定节段(D组)的黄韧带标本为62块。利用CT测量A组和B组的椎管及硬膜囊横截面积,CTM测量A组俯卧过伸位脊髓横截面积;盐析法测定各标本中Ⅰ型/Ⅱ型胶原含量比;将其与椎管、硬膜囊及脊髓的横截面积进行相关性分析。结果:A组黄韧带中Ⅰ型/Ⅱ型胶原含量比、硬膜囊横截面积与B组相比,有显著性差异(P<0.05);C组中Ⅰ型/Ⅱ型胶原含量比值较D组显著增加,而脊髓横截面积及脊髓/椎管横截面积之比则显著下降(P<0.05)。A组黄韧带中Ⅰ型/Ⅱ型胶原含量比与仰卧过伸位的脊髓横截面积/椎管横截面积之间存在显著相关性(P<0.05)。结论:脊髓型颈椎病患者硬膜囊和脊髓横截面积的下降可能与Ⅱ型胶原过度增加、黄韧带代偿性肥厚有关,同时椎间节段不稳可加速黄韧带的这种退变。     

锚定钉在多节段脊髓型颈椎病单开门椎管扩大术中的应用

目的:探讨锚定钉在颈椎单开门椎管扩大术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病中的临床应用价值。方法:2009年1月～2011年1月,采用颈椎单开门椎管扩大术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病25例,男21例,女4例。年龄35～78岁,平均63.5岁。病程1.6～18年,平均3.6年。3节段18例,4节段7例。20例合并发育性或退变性颈椎管狭窄,均有颈脊髓受压症状,JOA评分3～11分,平均6.7±2.2分。均行颈椎单开门椎管扩大术,开门节段均为C3～C7,均采用锚定钉固定,固定节段为C3、C5、C7。结果 :锚定钉均顺利置入,手术时间60～100min,平均75min。术中出血100～500ml,平均200ml,无脊髓损伤、脑脊液漏、硬膜外血肿等并发症发生。1例术后有颈肩部疼痛,给予对症处理2个月后疼痛消失。术后随访0.5～2.5年,平均1.9年,末次随访时JOA评分10～16分,平均13.8±1.4分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),平均改善率为(68.1±7.5)%,优良率为88%。X线片检查显示颈椎曲度基本正常,椎管中矢状径与椎体中矢状径比值平均为1.2,锚钉无松动,无颈椎不稳及关门。结论:在颈椎单开门椎管扩大术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病时应用锚定钉固定开窗椎板方法简单可靠,可避免"关门",临床疗效满意。     

节段性不稳定在颈椎病性脊髓病发病中的作用

复习１００例颈椎病性脊髓病患者的临床资料，并以正常成人４９例作为对照，在颈椎侧位及伸、屈位Ｘ线片上测量椎管中矢径、椎体中矢径、功能Ⅰ径、功能Ⅱ径，颈伸位时椎体后滑距离，椎体后缘骨刺。将颈椎管中矢径比值小于０．７５作为发育性椎管狭窄的判断标准，中矢径比值小于０．７５为椎管狭窄组（Ａ组），其余为非狭窄组（Ｂ组），将正常成人组定为Ｃ组。对所测数据进行统计学处理。用ＪＯＡ法对脊髓病患者（Ａ、Ｂ组）的颈脊髓功能做出评估。结果显示：Ａ、Ｂ组中节段性不稳定（ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔａｌｉｎｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ，ＳＩ）发生率明显高于正常人，但不稳定程度（颈椎后滑）无明显差异。脊髓病损程度Ａ组重于Ｂ组，在Ａ组中与滑移程度正相关。Ａ组功能Ⅰ径＜Ⅱ径，Ｂ组功能Ⅰ径＞Ⅱ径，提示节段性不稳定合并发育性椎管狭窄时具有致病作用。颈伸位时椎体后滑使功能Ⅰ径小于１２ｍｍ为脊髓受压的临界标准。     

Cloward术式治疗脊髓型颈椎间盘突出症疗效分析

目的　报告Cloward颈椎前路手术治疗脊髓型颈椎间盘突出症疗效 ,分析术前各种因素对手术疗效的影响。方法　用核磁共振 (MRI)测量术前椎管矢状径、受累节段脊髓矢状径与横径比值、最小横断面积。结合手术前后神经功能评分 ,分析术前因素对手术疗效的影响。结果　单节段受累术后神经功能恢复优于多节段 (P <0 0 1)。年龄、椎管矢径、脊髓矢状径与横径比值 ,对术后疗效无明显影响 (P >0 0 5 ) ,临床病程、综合征类型、受累节段横断面积 ,对术后疗效有显著性影响 (P <0 0 1)。结论　Cloward颈椎前路手术对单节段受累脊髓型颈椎间盘突出症手术疗效好 ,减压较彻底 ,术后并发症轻。临床病程长、受累节段多、脊髓明显变形的脊髓型颈椎间盘突出症 ,手术疗效较差 ;脊髓型颈椎间盘突出症应尽早手术。建议对二个个节段以上受累的脊髓颈椎间盘突出症 ,行次全椎体切除术 ,或后路颈椎管成形     

改良颈椎前路单椎体次全切除融合术并单节段颈椎前路椎间盘切除融合术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病

目的 探讨改良颈椎前路单椎体次全切除融合术(ACCF)并单节段颈椎前路椎间盘切除融合术(ACDF)治疗连续3节段椎间盘突出并椎管狭窄的脊髓型颈椎病(CSM)的可行性、安全性和有效性.方法 2010—2018年本院收治3节段椎间盘突出并椎管狭窄的CSM患者379例,其中133例采用传统单节段ACCF并ACDF治疗,并以长...     

多节段脊髓型颈椎病术前颈椎曲度对椎管扩大椎板成形术术后神经功能恢复影响

目的探讨多节段脊髓型颈椎病患者术前颈椎曲度与椎管扩大椎板成形术术后神经功能之间的相关性。方法选取2013年1月—2015年12月在第二军医大学附属长征医院实施椎管扩大椎板成形术的70例多节段脊髓型颈椎病患者作为研究对象进行回顾性分析。按照患者术前X线片中的颈椎曲度将患者分为曲度正常组(A组)、曲度变直组(B组)、轻度曲度后凸组(C组),比较3组患者术后各节段脊髓后移距离、神经功能恢复率,并探讨术前颈椎曲度、术后脊髓后移距离与神经功能恢复率之间的相关性。结果 3组患者术后各节段脊髓后移距离组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。3组患者术前、术后的组间日本骨科学会(JOA)评分、神经功能恢复率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);与术前相比,术后3组患者的JOA评分均明显增高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。颈椎曲度与神经功能恢复率、脊髓后移距离之间无相关性。结论术前颈椎曲度变直及轻度后凸的多节段脊髓型颈椎病患者在实施椎管扩大椎板成形术后脊髓神经功能均可改善,曲度变直及轻度后凸可能不再是多节段脊髓型颈椎病行椎管扩大椎板成形术的禁忌证。     

颈椎前路椎体撑开椎管扩大的实验研究

目的：探索颈椎管狭窄症以及伴有颈椎管狭窄的脊髓型颈椎病的治疗方法。方法：采用新鲜尸体颈椎标本5具，于C5、C6椎体开骨槽，分别撑开前缘3、5、7、10mm后行CT横断面扫描，测量C5、C6同一平面的骨性椎管的各相关径线及面积，统计后比较分析，并将CT扫描图像行三维表面重建，运用图像处理功能将重建图像切割处理，动态多角度观察椎管各个剖面形态变化。结果：颈椎体撑开后椎管可扩大，且扩大的部分主要为椎管的前方和侧前方。椎管面积和横径明显增加，椎管矢径亦有增加，椎体前线撑开3—10mm，椎管面积增加约为10—40mm^2。结论：颈椎前路椎体撑开可扩大颈椎管的有效容积，在解决局部压迫的同时可减低脊髓受压应力。     

脊髓型颈椎病患者椎间隙狭窄程度与颈椎不稳的关系

目的探讨脊髓型颈椎病(cervicalspondyloticmyelopathy,CSM)患者椎间隙狭窄程度与颈椎不稳和脊髓压迫部位的关系及其对术式选择的意义。方法回顾性分析35例伴有椎间隙明显狭窄的CSM患者的动态X线和MRI表现,观察颈椎不稳和脊髓压迫部位与狭窄椎间隙的关系,并与同期75例椎间隙接近正常的CSM患者比较。结果伴有椎间隙明显狭窄的CSM患者组中,25例狭窄椎间隙上方的邻近椎体出现不稳(71.4%),21例上方邻近椎间盘明显退变(60%)。椎间隙接近正常的CSM患者组,17例存在节段性颈椎不稳(22.7%)。结论CSM患者明显狭窄椎间隙的上方邻近椎体有失稳倾向,上方邻近椎间盘有加速退变的趋势。手术时应注意对邻近节段的处理。     

颈椎管容积与颈脊髓体积比值与脊髓型颈椎病病变程度的相关性分析

背景：直接测量颈椎管容积和颈脊髓体积可以较全面、立体地反映颈椎管对颈段脊髓的包容情况,尸体标本石蜡灌注法、树脂灌注法和有限元模型法均具参考价值,但操作繁复,且较难应用于临床,目前尚缺乏能够准确测量颈脊髓体积和颈椎管容积的简便测量方法。目的：探讨颈椎管容积与颈脊髓体积比值与脊髓型颈椎病（CSM）临床症状的相关性。方法：根据JOA评分将CSM患者分为A组（轻度）31例及B组（中重度）27例,所有患者均接受颈椎MRI扫描并计算颈椎管容积与颈脊髓体积比值,对两组患者的颈椎管容积与颈脊髓体积比值进行独立样本t检验,对两组患者的颈椎管容积与颈脊髓体积比值和JOA评分进行相关性分析。结果：A组患者的颈椎管容积与颈脊髓体积比值明显大于B组（t=15.094,P=0.001）;B组患者的颈椎管容积与颈脊髓体积比值与JOA评分的决定系数（r2=0.738）高于A组（r2=0.563）;颈椎管容积与颈脊髓体积比值与JOA评分的线性回归趋势提示A、B两组患者的颈椎管容积与颈脊髓体积比值均与JOA评分呈正相关。结论：颈椎管容积与颈脊髓体积比值可以反映颈椎管对颈脊髓的包容状态,利用MRI测量颈椎管容积与颈脊髓体积比值可以定量反映脊髓的损害程度。     

Measurement of volume-occupying rate of cervical spinal canal and its role in cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Purpose

To compare volume-occupying rate of cervical spinal canal between patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) and normal subjects, and to investigate its significance in cervical spine disease.

Methods

Spiral computed tomography (CT) scan (C4–C6 cervical spine unit) was performed in 20 normal subjects and 36 cases of CSM at a neutral position, and data were transferred to the Advantage Workstation Version 4.2 for assessment. Bony canal area and fibrous canal area in each cross section, and sagittal diameters of cervical spinal canal and cervical spinal body were measured. Volume-occupying rate of cervical spinal canal was calculated using MATLAB. Cervical spinal canal ratio and effective cervical spinal canal ratio were calculated, and Japanese Orthopaedic Association score was used to assess cervical spinal cord function.

Results

Volume-occupying rate of cervical spinal canal at a neutral position was significantly higher in CSM patients as compared to normal subjects (P < 0.01). There was no correlation between cervical spinal canal ratio and JOA score in CSM patients, with a Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.171 (P > 0.05). However, sagittal diameter of secondary cervical spinal canal, effective cervical spinal canal ratio and volume-occupying rate of cervical spinal canal were significantly associated to JOA score, with Pearson’s coefficient correlations of 0.439 (P < 0.05), 0.491 (P < 0.05) and ?0.613 (P < 0.01), respectively.

Conclusions

Volume-occupying rate of cervical spinal canal is an objective reflection of compression on cervical spine and spinal cord, and it is associated with cervical spinal cord function. These suggest that it may play a significant role in predicting the development of CSM.     

Comparison of computerized tomography parameters of the cervical spine in normal control subjects and spinal cord-injured patients

The cross-sectional area and the sagittal and transverse diameters of the cervical spinal canal were measured, using high-resolution, thin-section computerized-tomography images, in 100 control subjects and forty-two patients who had a traumatic injury to the spinal cord. No significant differences were found between the control and the spinal cord-injured group with regard to the cross-sectional area of the spinal canal; however, the differences between the two groups were significant with regard to mean sagittal and transverse diameters of the spinal canal. The sagittal diameters of the spinal canal of the control group were significantly larger than those of the spinal cord-injured group. Conversely, the transverse diameters of the spinal canal of the spinal cord-injured group were significantly larger than those of the control group. These findings suggest that certain patients may be predisposed to spinal cord injury, given sufficient trauma. It is not the total volume of space in the spinal canal that is the critical factor; rather, it is the shape. An index of shape is the ratio of the sagittal to the transverse diameter. The difference between the two groups, based on the ratio of sagittal to transverse diameter, was highly significant. Because this measure is a ratio, there is no need to evaluate an individual on the basis of measurements of absolute values.     

Changes of cervical spinal cord and cervical spinal canal with age in asymptomatic subjects

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and radiographic findings of the cervical spine. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the age-related changes of the cervical spinal cord and the cervical spinal canal and the relationship between the spinal cord and the spinal canal in asymptomatic subjects using MRI and radiography. SETTING: Tokyo, Japan. METHODS: The transverse area of the cervical spinal cord and the ratio of the anteroposterior diameter to the transverse diameter (RAPT) were investigated, using MRI in 229 asymptomatic subjects. The sagittal spinal canal diameter and anteroposterior diameter of the cervical vertebral body were also measured on plain lateral radiographs. The canal body ratio (CBR), which was defined as the diameter of the spinal canal divided by that of the vertebral body, was calculated. RESULTS: The transverse spinal cord area correlated negatively with age. RAPT did not correlate with age. The CBR correlated negatively with age. The correlation between spinal cord area and CBR was significant but weak and the correlation between RAPT and CBR was not significant. CONCLUSION: The transverse area of the cervical spinal cord measured by MRI decreased with age, while RAPT remained unchanged. The bony spinal canal became narrower with age. The spinal cord area and the shapes of the spinal cord were independent from the spinal canal diameter in asymptomatic subjects. These facts should be considered when evaluating radiological findings in patients with cervical spinal disorders.     

Comparison of computerized tomography parameters of the thoracolumbar spine in normal control subjects and spinal cord injured patients

The cross-sectional area and the sagittal and transverse diameters of the spinal canal at the thoracolumbar junction were measured using high resolution thin-section computerized tomography images in 15 control subjects and 28 patients with traumatic injury to the spinal cord at the thoracolumbar junction. No significant difference between the control and study groups was found with regard to any of the three measures taken. With the exception of the sagittal canal diameter for the first lumbar vertebra, all the mean values were higher for the spinal cord injured group. The ratio of the sagittal to transverse diameter was larger for the control group; however, this difference also was not significant. These findings suggest no significant differences in the dimensions and shape of the canal at the thoracolumbar region between the spinal cord injured and control groups. In contrast to the cervical spinal canal, there appears to be no correlation between the spinal cord injury and the dimensions of the thoracolumbar spinal canal.     

Increased spinal cord movements in cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Background context

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a very useful diagnostic test for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) because it can identify degenerative changes within the spinal cord (SC), disclose the extent, localization, and the kind of SC compression, and help rule out other SC disorders. However, the relationships between changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, cord motion, the extent and severity of spinal canal stenosis, and the development of CSM symptoms are not well understood.

Purpose

To evaluate if changes in the velocity of CSF and SC movements provide additional insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CSM beyond MRI observations of cord compression.

Study design

Prospective radiologic study of recruited patients.

Patient sample

Thirteen CSM subjects and 15 age and gender matched controls.

Outcome measures

Magnetic resonance imaging measures included CSF and SC movement. Cervical cord condition was assessed by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, compression ratio (CR), and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) of the tibial and ulnar nerves.

Methods

Phase-contrast imaging at the level of stenosis for patients and at C5 for controls and T₂-weighted images were compared with clinical findings.

Results

Cerebrospinal fluid velocity was significantly reduced in CSM subjects as compared with controls and was related to cord CR. Changes in CSF velocity and cord compression were not correlated with clinical measures (JOA scores, SSEP) or the presence of T₂ hyperintensities. Spinal cord movements, that is, cord displacement and velocity in the craniocaudal axis, were increased in CSM patients. Increased SC movements (ie, total cord displacement) both in the controls and CSM subjects were associated with altered spinal conduction as assessed by SSEP.

Conclusions

This study revealed rather unexpected increased cord movements in the craniocaudal axis in CSM patients that may contribute to myelopathic deteriorations in combination with spinal canal compression. Understanding the relevance of cord movements with respect to supporting the clinical CSM diagnosis or disease monitoring requires further long-term follow-up studies.     

正常人颈脊髓矢状径MRI测量

目的 提供颈脊髓矢状径、颈椎管有效矢状径(脑脊液柱矢状径)正常参考值,筛选出较科学的评估颈脊髓病的影像学标准.方法 在120例正常人颈椎MRI片上,对各节段颈脊髓矢状径、颈椎管有效矢状径、M值(桥脑-延髓交界处矢状径)进行测量,计算脊髓矢状径与椎管有效矢状径比值,以及脊髓矢状径和M值的比值(C/M值),研究它们与性别、年龄和颈椎长度的相关性.评估脊髓矢状径与椎管有效矢状径比值和C/M值的临床应用价值.结果 脊髓矢状径、椎管有效矢状径、M值男性大于女性(P<0.05),脊髓矢状径和椎管有效矢状径比值和C/M值男女无差别(P>0.05).颈脊髓矢状径和M值随着颈椎长度的增加而增加(r=0.215,P=0.010;r=0.151,P=0.020).颈脊髓矢状径和颈椎管有效矢状径比值与年龄成呈相关(r=0.242,P<0.01),与颈椎长度无明显相关(r=0.082,P=0.200).C/M值与年龄和颈椎长度均无相关性(r=0.06,P=0.359;r=0.003,P=0.900).结论 C/M值能够很好评价颈脊髓萎缩、受压、损害的状况,它很少受到个体差异的影响,是临床评估颈脊髓疾病的良好标准之一.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的全脊柱三维MRI特点及与侧凸严重度相关性研究

目的 研究青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic seoliosis,AIS)的MRI特征性变化,探讨AIS的MRI特征性变化与侧凸严重度的相关性.方法 应用三维莺建MRI技术对90例青少年(49例AIS,41名健康青少年)进行全脊髓脊柱和后脑MR检查.测量颈椎和胸椎各节段的脊髓最大前后径(AP)、最大横向直径(TS)和凸凹侧脊髓旁间隙(LCS)、小脑扁桃体与枕骨大孔基线的距离、齿突与枕骨大孔基线的距离、颈髓中轴线与延髓中轴线夹角(α)、枕骨大孔基线与延髓中轴线夹角(β)、脊髓面积、椎管面积、脊髓椎管面积比,测量脊髓全长、脊柱全长、脊髓脊柱全长比.结果 与健康对照组相比,AIS患者的AP、TS、AP/TS 和LCS比值明显增加,小脑扁桃体位置相对枕骨大孔明显下移,脊髓圆锥位置相对上移,β角减小,脊髓椎管面积比增大(P＜0.01);AIS组与对照组相比,全脊髓或全脊柱长度差异无统计学意义,但脊髓脊柱全长比明显减小(P＜0.01),与Cobb角无明显相关性.AP、AP/TS和LCS比值与Cobb角明显正相关(P＜0.05).结论 AIS患者在脊髓和脊柱的横断面上存在显著性形态学异常,部分与Cobb角有明显正相关;脊髓和脊柱纵轴上存在明显的脊髓牵拉受限,提示可能存在神经系统和骨骼系统的生长不平衡,这些可能与AIS的发病机制有关.     

Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment

Age-related changes in the spinal column result in a degenerative cascade known as spondylosis. Genetic, environmental, and occupational influences may play a role. These spondylotic changes may result in direct compressive and ischemic dysfunction of the spinal cord known as cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Both static and dynamic factors contribute to the pathogenesis. CSM may present as subclinical stenosis or may follow a more pernicious and progressive course. Most reports of the natural history of CSM involve periods of quiescent disease with intermittent episodes of neurologic decline. If conservative treatment is chosen for mild CSM, close clinical and radiographic follow-up should be undertaken in addition to precautions for trauma-related neurologic sequelae. Operative treatment remains the standard of care for moderate to severe CSM and is most effective in preventing the progression of disease. Anterior surgery is often beneficial in patients with stenotic disease limited to a few segments or in cases in which correction of a kyphotic deformity is desired. Posterior procedures allow decompression of multiple segments simultaneously provided that adequate posterior drift of the cord is attainable from areas of anterior compression. Distinct risks exist with both anterior and posterior surgery and should be considered in clinical decision-making.     

Anterolisthesis and retrolisthesis of the cervical spine in cervical spondylotic myelopathy in the elderly

Background Degenerative spondylolisthesis of the cervical spine has received insufficient attention in contrast to that of the lumbar spine. The authors analyzed the functional significance of anterior and posterior degenerative spondylolisthesis (anterolisthesis and retrolisthesis) of the cervical spine to elucidate its role in the development of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) in the elderly. Methods A total of 79 patients aged 65 or older who eventually had surgical treatment for CSM were evaluated radiographically. Results Altogether, 24 patients (30%) had displacement of 3.5 mm or more (severe spondylolisthesis group), 31 had displacement of 2.0–3.4 mm (moderate spondylolisthesis group), and 24 had less than 2.0 mm displacement (mild spondylolisthesis group). The severe spondylolisthesis group consisted of 14 patients with anterolisthesis (anterolisthesis group) and 10 patients with retrolisthesis (retrolisthesis group). Patients with severe spondylolisthesis had a high incidence (93%) of degenerative spondylolisthesis at C3/4 or C4/5 and significantly greater cervical mobility than those with mild spondylolisthesis. The anterolisthesis group, but not the retrolisthesis group, had a significantly wider spinal canal than the mild spondylolisthesis group, although the degree of horizontal displacement and cervical mobility did not differ significantly between the anterolisthesis and retrolisthesis groups. Severe cord compression seen on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and high-intensity spinal cord signals seen on T2-weighted MRI scans corresponded significantly to the levels of the spondylolisthesis. Conclusions Degenerative spondylolisthesis is not a rare radiographic finding in elderly patients with CSM, which tends to cause intense cord compression that is seen on MRI scans. Greater mobility of the upper cervical segments may be a compensatory reaction for advanced disc degeneration of the lower cervical segments, leading to the development of degenerative spondylolisthesis. With a similar degree of displacement, anterolisthesis tends to have a greater impact on the development of CSM than retrolisthesis.