肿瘤术后化疗致胃肠道反应60例临床护理体会

目的为了解肿瘤术后化疗病人焦虑状态,主要影响因素及病人的生活质量,以便采取及时有效的健康教育措施。方法为减轻化疗后胃肠道反应,使恶心、呕吐、腹泻、乏力、食欲不振等胃肠道反应的患者能正确对待疾病并配合饮食护理,可明显改善患者的不良反应。我们对2008年1月-2008年12月我院60例肿瘤术后化疗病人致胃肠道反应进行了调查．并给予针对性的护理与健康教育。结果为了使化疗过程安全顺利,应对致胃肠道不良反应给予以下心理护理、化疗患者的饮食护理等科学有效的护理方法．以应时和减轻化疗中出现的恶心呕吐、食欲下降引的反应。结论通过以上方法有针对性的进行肿瘤术后化疗致胃肠道反应患者的临床护理,免除了他们恶心、呕吐等胃肠道反应,可正常进食,其它不良反应也相对减轻,提高了病人的生活质量。     

耳穴埋籽用于肿瘤化疗后胃肠道反应的疗效观察及护理

目的：观察耳穴埋籽用于肿瘤化疗后胃肠道反应的疗效，并探讨对化疗后患者的临床护理体会。方法选取我院于2011年6月~2013年6月收治的80例肿瘤患者，对患者的耳部皮肤、合作程度、心理状态进行评估，予以耳穴埋籽治疗，观察患者治疗后的肠胃道反应。结果80例患者中70例患者于化疗后3d未采用止吐药物并未出现胃肠道反应，占总数的87.5%，剩余10例患者化疗后有呕吐、恶心等轻度胃肠道反应，患者经肌肉注射盐酸甲氧氯普安后胃肠道反应得以缓解。结论耳穴埋籽可有效用于肿瘤化疗后胃肠道反应的临床治疗，具有疗效好、损伤小、方法简单和不良反应少等优点，患者安全无痛苦，利于肿瘤化疗患者的接受。     

替吉奥单药治疗晚期消化系统肿瘤的护理

目的 总结晚期消化系统肿瘤患者口服化疗药物替吉奥的护理体会.方法 对8例患晚期消化系统肿瘤患者口服替吉奥化疗,观察不良反应,总结护理问题及护理措施.结果主要不良反应为恶心、呕吐,不良反应分级多为I度-II度.结论胃肠道反应除了药物本身因素外,患者化疗前的心态也可能存在相关性.化疗前的心理护理及宣教很重要,能有效减少不良反应的发生.     

化疗致消化道反应的护理

近年来，随着抗癌药物的不断涌现，肿瘤化疗得以广泛应用，然而多数抗癌药物在杀伤或抑制癌细胞的同时，也损害正常组织和细胞，导致病人出现一系列不良反应。其中，病人主观上感觉很痛苦的就是恶心、呕吐等消化道反应；同时，消化道反应还影响病人的食物摄入和全身营养补充。因此，对化疗所致恶心、呕吐病人的护理显得尤为重要。     

癌症患者化疗相关的预期性恶心呕吐(综述)

预期性恶心呕吐(ANV)是癌症患者常见的化疗不良反应之一,其发生与条件反射的形成有关,另外还受到心理社会因素及人口统计学因素的影响。心理干预如系统脱敏、催眠、生物反馈疗法等能够缓解ANV,精神科药物如苯二氮艹卓类药物、奥氮平也有助于预防预期性恶心呕吐的发生。目前肿瘤临床医护人员对ANV的认识还不够,对化疗患者ANV的发生率缺乏大样本流行病学调查;尚无预测和评估ANV的工具;对各种ANV预防和干预的药物方案的疗效还有待大样本随机双盲对照研究的验证和比较     

顺铂化疗后程加用地塞米松对迟发性恶心呕吐的防治作用观察

目的评价顺铂化疗后程加用地塞米松防治迟发性恶心呕吐的效果。方法我院50例采用DDP为基础化疗恶性肿瘤患者为研究对象，按照入院顺序随机分为两组：对照组患者给予阿扎司琼，观察组在此基础上加用地塞米松。观察两组患者化疗第2、3、4d内恶心呕吐的情况及不良反应。结果观察组治疗有效率相比，差异具有显著性（P<0.05）；观察组不良反应率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 DDP化疗后程短期加用地塞米松可有效防治迟发性恶心呕吐的发生，降低不良反应发生率。     

鼻咽癌调强放疗综合化疗的临床观察与护理

目的：探讨鼻咽癌调强放疗综合化疗时的护理方法。方法82例局部晚期鼻咽癌患者分调强放疗综合化疗(观察组,42例)和常规放疗综合化疗(对照组,40例),治疗期间每周观察急性毒副反应,在治疗前后从心理、皮肤、口腔及黏膜、饮食、骨髓抑制、功能锻炼方面实施相应护理措施。结果对照组皮肤反应、口腔黏膜反应及口干反应均比观察组重(<0.01);两组恶心、呕吐、白细胞下降。比较差异无统计学意义(跃0.05)。结论鼻咽癌综合治疗时注意观察毒副反应,及时给予有效的治疗和护理,可以有效降低正常组织损伤和并发症发生率,改善患者的生存质量。     

恩丹西酮与地塞米松联用治疗癌症化疗引起的呕吐

随着恶性肿瘤发病率的逐年增加和化疗药物的广泛应用，化疗引起的恶心、呕吐等胃肠道反应越来越引起人们的关注。我科经过多年的临床观察，发现恩丹西酮与地塞米松联用，具有良好对抗化疗药物引起的恶心呕吐作用，报道如下。     

中药与护理在防治化疗引起恶心中的辅助作用

目的 探讨中药加护理恶心呕吐中的作用.方法 将本院近年收治的化疗患者172例随机分成2组,每组各86例,一组(对照组)化疗期只用昂升司琼止吐;另一组(观察组)在此基础上辅以中药对症治疗,同时加强护理,观察化疗后第2～5天的胃肠道反应情况.结果 观察组止吐率为83.7%～98.8%.优于对照组50.0%～90.7%.结论 中药加护理在预防化疗恶心呕吐中的作用较大,具有减轻化疗后的副作用的意义.     

枢丹等联合对肺癌化疗性呕吐疗效观察及护理

肺癌患者在接受化疗时 ,最常见的反应是有不同程度的恶心、呕吐表现 ,严重者使化疗无法正常进行。我科自1999.0 1月～ 2 0 0 1.0 6月对化疗患者采用枢丹、胃复安等联合用药 ,有效的减少了患者化疗期恶心、呕吐的发生 ,现报告如下。1　资料及方法1.1　资料　本组 40例肺癌患者 ,全部经过纤维支气管镜或病理化检验室检查确诊为肺癌。其中磷癌 2 4例 ,腺癌 8例 ,小细胞癌 5例 ,混合癌 3例。男 38例 ,女 2例。年龄 39～ 76岁 ,平均年龄 6 0 .9岁。1.2　方法　将 40例肺癌患者随机分为两组 ,设对照组与观察组各 2 0例。对照组按常规化疗护理 ,化…     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.