双源CT增强扫描在判断中央型肺癌周围侵犯中的价值

目的:探讨双源CT增强扫描在判断中央型肺癌对气管、支气管树及纵隔/肺门大血管侵犯中的价值。材料与方法:92例中央型肺癌患者术前均行双源CT增强扫描,通过多种后处理技术分析气管、支气管树及纵隔/肺门大血管侵犯情况,并与手术/病理结果进行对照。结果:1共分析气管、支气管201支,DSCT诊断阳性149支,表现为管壁受压增厚、管腔轻度不规则56支(37.6%,其中有8支高估),管壁增厚、管腔狭窄71支(47.7%),管腔截断/闭塞22支(14.7%);DSCT诊断阴性52支(其中14支低估)。2共分析血管209支,DSCT诊断阳性120支,表现为血管壁轻度不规则17支(14.2%,其中9支高估),血管腔明显狭窄甚至闭塞93支(77.5%),血管腔瘤栓形成、充盈缺损10支(8.3%);DSCT诊断阴性89支(其中10支低估)。结论:双源CT增强扫描多种后处理技术可准确评价肺癌周围侵犯程度,对判断中央型肺癌侵犯气管、支气管及纵隔/肺门血管有重要价值,有助于胸外科医师制定恰当的治疗方案。     

CT诊断与鉴别诊断胸部局限性巨大淋巴结增生症

目的 探讨胸部局限性巨大淋巴结增生症(LCD)的CT表现及其诊断、鉴别诊断.方法 收集经手术病理证实的10例纵隔及肺门淋巴结LCD患者.以临床综合诊断或病理证实的影像不典型的纵隔及肺门区的团块状病变患者为对照组,包括肺门区类癌14例、纵隔及肺门区淋巴结核21例、胸腺瘤15例、神经源性肿瘤9例、结节病12例、淋巴瘤15例及肺癌淋巴结转移25例.观察肿块影像及增强扫描强化特点.结果 10例LCD患者中,7例位于纵隔及2例位于左肺门淋巴结的病灶为透明血管型,1例位于右肺门淋巴结的病灶为混合型.CT平扫10例LCD均表现为结节及球形软组织密度影,边界清晰,5例病灶内见分支、条状及斑片状低密度影,1例可见分支、片状钙化.LCD病灶强化方式:1例右肺门混合型病灶呈中度强化,其余病灶均呈明显强化并呈快进慢出型动态强化方式.9例明显强化病灶中4例病灶可见较粗大的滋养血管.9例透明血管型LCD与纵隔及肺门区常见实性结节样病变CT值比较:LCD最大增强CT值明显高于胸腺瘤、纵隔淋巴结结核、神经源性肿瘤、肺门区支气管腔外类癌,明显低于支气管腔内类癌CT值(P均＜0.05).结论 胸部透明血管型LCD的CT影像具有一定特征,动态增强扫描对诊断及鉴别诊断具有特征性意义.     

肺癌术前多层螺旋CT增强扫描价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT增强扫描用于肺癌术前评估的价值.方法:65例肺癌患者术前均行多层螺旋CT增强扫描,分析气管支气管、纵隔大血管浸润及淋巴结转移情况,并与病理结果进行比较.结果:手术及病理诊断阳性气管、支气管树114支,多层螺旋CT诊断一致105支(92.1%);手术及病理诊断纵隔、大血管阳性29例,多层螺旋CT诊断一致26例(89.7%);手术及病理诊断淋巴转移46例,多层螺旋CT一致43例(93.5%).结论:多层螺旋CT增强扫描可较准确判断肺癌浸润程度及淋巴结转移情况,肺癌患者术前行多层螺旋CT增强扫描有助于手术方案的选择及预后判定.     

动静脉期CT扫描联合诊断右肺上叶肺癌及纵隔淋巴结转移的价值研究

目的:研究分析对右肺上叶肺癌及纵隔淋巴结转移采用动静脉期CT扫描联合诊断的临床应用价值。方法:采用回顾性病例分析。搜集2016年10月至2017年12月收住我院并经手术病理确认的肺癌患者50例,术前均进行CT等影像学检查。分析其完整临床资料和影像资料,以病理结果为"金标准",对所有患者肺癌类型、CT影像中病灶强化程度以及是否存在纵隔淋巴结转移进行统计。结果:与手术病理结果相比较,50例患者术前CT检查结果显示对右肺上叶肺癌总确诊断率92.00%(46/50)。病理类型:鳞癌42.00%(21/50),小细胞癌26.00%(13/50),腺癌24.00%(12/50),鳞腺混合癌8.00%(4/50)。肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移32例(64.00%),肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移确认率为90.63%(29/32)。CT影像特征为右肺上叶肿块伴不张,肿块下缘光整,形成反"S"改变;支气管鼠尾状狭窄、中断,纵隔偏移及纵隔淋巴结转移。增强后轻、中度强化,病灶中央相对低密度。结论:对右肺上叶肺癌及纵隔淋巴结转移联合采用动静脉期CT扫描具有较高的临床应用价值。     

增强MRI及MRCP术前评估肝门胆管癌的可切除性

目的研究肝门区胆管癌的MRI表现,探讨增强MRI及MRCP对肝门区胆管癌可切除性评估价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的30例肝门区胆管癌MRI增强扫描、MRCP表现,将MRI术前可切除性评估与手术结果进行比较。结果 30例肝门区胆管癌均显示肝门区肿块,增强以延迟强化为主,肝内胆管不同程度扩张;MRI增强扫描结合MRCP可有效显示胆管受侵范围、门静脉血管受侵情况、肝实质及淋巴结有无转移。MRI综合评价肿瘤是否可切除的敏感度、特异度及准确度分别为82.4%、84.6%及83.3%。结论增强MRI结合MRCP,能在术前较为客观地对肝门区胆管癌的可切除性进行评价。     

螺旋CT双期增强扫描对胃癌的诊断

目的:探讨螺旋CT双期增强扫描对胃癌的诊断。方法:回顾性分析68例经手术及/或病理证实的胃癌的螺 旋CT双期增强扫描。结果:螺旋CT双期增强扫描对胃癌的诊断与手术或病理符合率100%。结论:手术前对胃 癌进行螺旋CT双期增强扫描检查是必要的,对胃癌的分期及评价预后有极大优越性,应常规进行。     

64排螺旋CT术前增强扫描在辅助诊断非小细胞肺癌淋巴结转移的应用价值分析

目的探讨64排螺旋CT术前增强扫描在辅助诊断非小细胞肺癌淋巴结转移的应用价值。方法选择2014年6月-2017年6月在我院及北京友谊医院进修期间诊断治疗的非小细胞肺癌患者120例为研究对象。所有患者采用Philips64排螺旋CT进行扫描,将术前增强CT影像学特点与术后淋巴结病理分期作对照分析。结果病理结果显示75例患者发生淋巴结转移,转移率62.5%,CT结果显示72例患者淋巴结肿大,占60.0%。CT检查淋巴结肿大结果:48例无淋巴结肿大,7例肺门淋巴结肿大,52例单纯纵隔淋巴结肿大,13例同时有肺门及纵隔淋巴结肿大。肿瘤直径3cm,尤其是7cm,淋巴结最小直径1cm,纵隔淋巴结肿大以及肺门与纵隔淋巴结肿大患者淋巴结转移率高(P0.05)。结论 CT通过诊断淋巴结大小判断是否有淋巴结转移存在一定的误差。肿瘤直径3cm,尤其是7cm,淋巴结最小直径1cm,纵隔淋巴结肿大以及肺门及纵隔淋巴结肿大患者淋巴结转移率较高。     

肾细胞癌的多层螺旋CT表现与病理对照

目的分析肾细胞癌多层螺旋(MSCT)增强扫描特征与病理类型的关系。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的32例肾细胞癌术前MSCT的征象并与手术病理结果进行对照分析。结果 32例中,28例病理诊断为透明细胞癌,CT增强扫描特征为皮质期肿瘤增强部分与肾皮质增强相似(可达146～175HU),肾实质期肿瘤内对比剂轻微廓清,肾盂期明显廓清呈相对低密度;4例为颗粒状细胞癌,三期增强扫描均表现为无增强到轻度增强(CT值38～55HU)。32例肾细胞癌三期增强扫描,诊断符合率为100%,分期诊断符合率为96.42%。结论肾细胞癌的MSCT三期增强扫描表现对术前肿瘤的诊断和判断肾细胞癌肿瘤细胞的类型、分期有重要意义。     

电视纵隔镜与CT在胸部疾病诊断的临床应用

目的 探讨电视纵隔镜检查与CT在纵隔疾病的诊断及术前肺癌N分期上的价值,并比较两种诊断方法之间的差别.方法 回顾性分析临床行CT或PET-CT检查后诊断为纵隔疾病及高度怀疑为肺癌的患者68例的电视纵隔镜检查.纵隔疾病组的电视纵隔镜检查诊断与CT诊断相比较,判断术前术后的诊断符合率及CT的误诊率;以肺癌组行电视纵隔镜检查后病理报告为"金标准"推测电视纵隔镜及CT对肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移诊断的灵敏度、特异度、真实性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值,并比较电视纵隔镜与CT在肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移的诊断上有无差异性.结果 ①纵隔疾病组中电视纵隔镜检查术前术后的诊断符合率是55%(11/20),CT的误诊率是45%(9/20).术前诊断为肺癌的病例组中,以41例病理报告确诊为肺癌的病例为样本推测电视纵隔镜检查对肺癌伴有纵隔淋巴结转移诊断的灵敏度93.3%,特异度100%,真实性97.6%,阳性预测值100%,阴性预测值96.3%;CT对肺癌伴有纵隔淋巴结转移诊断的灵敏度66.7%,特异度53.8%,真实性58.5%,阳性预测值45.5%,阴性预测值73.7%,电视纵隔镜检查的各项指标均高于CT,P<0.05(X<,C><'2>=4.083),差异有显著性.②本研究组的手术并发症发生率2.94%(2/68),其中,1例为气胸,1例为喉返神经损伤.结论 电视纵隔镜检查对纵隔疾病诊断及对术前肺癌N分期准确性高,优于CT;电视纵隔镜检查安全有效,在胸外科领域的发展前景广阔.     

支气管肺癌及淋巴结转移在CT增强扫描与PET/CT影像学对比分析

目的:探讨支气管肺癌病灶及淋巴结转移在CT增强扫描与PET/CT检查影像学表现的差异。方法:回顾性分析经手术及病理诊断支气管肺癌的25例患者的临床、CT增强扫描与PET/CT检查病灶及淋巴结转移情况。结果:CT增强扫描21例病灶明显不均匀强化,4例轻度强化, 6例淋巴结不均匀强化,19例淋巴结均匀强化。PET/CT检查25例患者病灶呈不同程度代谢,SUVmax3.2-20,14例肺门及纵隔淋巴结呈不同程度代谢,SUVmax1.2-16.5,11例肺门及纵隔淋巴结无确切代谢。结论:CT增强扫描与PET/CT两种影像学检查方法对支气管肺癌与淋巴结转移定性各有其独到之处,两者有机结合,相互证实,相互弥补,提高支气管肺癌及淋巴结转移的诊断准确率。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.