替罗非班在急性ST段抬高心肌梗死急诊介入治疗中的应用

血小板糖蛋白(GP)Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂可以提供最有效的抗血小板作用,将会减少血栓负荷和继发的远端微循环栓塞,有助于真正恢复冠状动脉介入治疗术后的血流和心肌组织水平灌注。目前国际上GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂在急性ST段抬高心肌梗死急诊介入治疗中的应用以阿昔单抗居多,而替罗非班在这方面的应用研究少见,其应用价值尚不肯定。现将专门对替罗非班在ST段抬高心肌梗死急诊介入治疗中的应用现状作一综述。     

Clinical Outcomes of Primary Angioplasty in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients With Antecedent Hypertension During Hospital Stay and Follow-up

Hypertension is a known risk factor for coronary artery disease. However, the number of studies focusing on the events following ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in patients with an antecedent hypertension is limited. Our aim is to evaluate the clinical outcomes of primary angioplasty in STEMI patients with antecedent hypertension during hospital stay and follow-up. A total of 373 patients (177 of whom had antecedent hypertension) who were treated by primary angioplasty because of STEMI were included in this study. All parameters were compared between the groups with and without hypertension. Hypertensive patients who received primary angioplasty were older (59.9 ± 12.6 vs. 52 ± 12.3, P < .001) and had higher rates of in-hospital mortality and major adverse cardiac events than patients without hypertension. Among STEMI patients, only history of hypertension for more than 10 years was a predictor of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio: 4.374, 95% CI 1.017–18.822, P = .04). Patients with an antecedent hypertension have higher initial risk profiles and show more negative outcomes during a 6-month follow-up period.     

Old Age and Outcome After Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of age as an independent factor determining the prognosis and outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated using primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). DESIGN: A retrospective analysis from a dedicated database. SETTING: A high‐volume interventional cardiology center in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Four thousand nine hundred thirty‐three consecutive patients with AMI. MEASUREMENTS: Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes after 30 days and 1 year were compared according to age categorized in three groups: younger than 65, 65 to 74, and 75 and older. A more‐detailed analysis was performed with six age groups, from younger than 40 to 80 and older. RESULTS: Of the 4,933 consecutive patients with AMI treated with PCI between 1992 and 2004, 643 were aged 75 and older. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients aged 65 to 75 had a greater risk of 1‐year mortality than those younger than 65 (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.15–2.16) and that those aged 75 and older had a greater risk of 1‐year mortality than those younger than 65 (AOR=3.03, 95% CI=2.14–4.29). CONCLUSION: In this retrospective analysis, older age was independently associated with greater mortality after PCI for AMI. Patients aged 65 and older had a higher risk of mortality than younger patients, and those aged 75 and older had the highest risk of mortality.     

替罗非班在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死中的合理应用

直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中尽早、有效、合理的抗血小板治疗无论是对于开通梗死相关冠状动脉还是防止再梗死等临床事件均具有十分重要的意义。替罗非班是一种高选择性非肽类、短效血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂,具有很强抗血小板聚集作用,可与阿司匹林和氯吡格雷联合应用于急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者。     

Pre-Hospital Fibrinolysis Followed by Angioplasty or Primary Angioplasty in Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Long-Term Clinical Outcome

BACKGROUND: Randomized trials comparing primary angioplasty and in-hospital fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have shown an advantage for primary angioplasty. The long-term follow-up of pre-hospital fibrinolysis followed by elective or rescue coronary angioplasty versus primary angioplasty is not well established after acute myocardial infarction. This study sought to assess the long-term clinical outcome of patients with AMI having either received pre-hospital fibrinolysis optimized by coronary angioplasty or primary angioplasty. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis involving 318 patients who either underwent primary angioplasty ( n = 157) or received pre-hospital fibrinolysis followed by an angioplasty (rescue or elective) ( n = 161) within 6 hours of the onset of chest pain. RESULTS: The groups were similar regarding their baseline characteristics except for the ages. No difference was noted for in-hospital mortality (primary PTCA group: 2.48%, combined group: 2.54%; p = ns) with no increased risk of hemorrhage. The 3-year mortality was not significantly different in the two groups (9.7% vs. 4.9%; p = 0.15). Regarding major adverse cardiac events (29.5% vs. 37.5%; p = 0.23), reintervention (22.5% vs. 23.2%; p = 0.99) or target lesion revascularization (16.1% vs. 14.7%; p = 0.68), the groups were statistically similar. CONCLUSION: These data from real-life practice emphasize the safety and similar benefits on the long-term clinical outcome of AMI patients having undergone either pre-hospital fibrinolysis followed by angioplasty or primary angioplasty.     

急性ST段抬高性前壁心肌梗死患者的右心室功能分析

目的:评价急性前壁ST段抬高性心肌梗死直接经皮冠状动脉成形术(PCI)患者的右心室收缩和舒张功能变化。方法:分析46例急性前壁ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者[前降支近端完全闭塞者24例(前降支近端闭塞组),前降支远端急性闭塞者22例(前降支远端闭塞组)]直接PCI和35例冠状动脉造影"正常"患者(对照组)的临床、冠状动脉造影和心电图资料。采用二维心脏超声分别测定入选患者的右心室舒张末期容积(RVEDV),右心室收缩末期容积(RVESV),右心室射血分数(RVEF),平均肺动脉压(MPAP),左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV),左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV),左心室射血分数(LVEF)和心脏指数(CI)。结果:与对照组相比,前降支远端闭塞组的平均肺动脉压无显著性差异(P>0.05),而右心室舒张末期容积和收缩末期容积增大,右心室射血分数降低;左心室舒张末期容积和收缩末期容积增加,左心室射血分数、心脏指数减低(P均<0.01)。与前降支远端闭塞组比较,前降支近端闭塞组的左心室舒张末期容积和收缩末期容积增加(P<0.01),心脏指数和左心室射血分数减少(P<0.01),右心室舒张末期容积收缩末期容积和平均肺动脉压增加(P<0.05～0.01),右心室射血分数降低(P<0.01)。多元线性回归分析表明前降支近端闭塞与右心室射血分数降低(R2=0.38,P<0.01)、右心室舒张末期容积增加(R2=0.410,P<0.01)有较好的相关性。2周后,前降支近端和远端闭塞组的右心室舒张末期容积、右心室收缩末期容积、平均肺动脉压和右心室射血分数无明显差异,而前降支近端闭塞患者的左心室舒张末期容积和收缩末期容积增大,左心室射血分数和心脏指数较低(P均<0.01)。结论:提示前降支近端闭塞可能伴右心室前壁部分心肌梗死导致右心室收缩和舒张功能障碍。     

急性心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术后中性粒细胞的活化作用

目的：在急性心肌梗死行紧急经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）后观察中性粒细胞（ＰＭＮ）的活性变化过程。方法：２４例急性心肌梗死行紧急ＰＴＣＡ的病例，根据血管阻塞的程度及有无侧支循环的形成分为缺血不完全组（ｎ＝１０）和缺血完全组（ｎ＝１４），测定ＰＭＮ产生超氧阴离子自由基的活性作用。结果：缺血完全组在ＰＴＣＡ后较缺血不完全组ＰＭＮ的活性明显增强，同时血浆丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量也增高。结论：在急性心肌梗死行紧急ＰＴＣＡ后可能存在着由ＰＭＮ介导的心肌缺血再灌注损伤，而且ＰＭＮ的活性与血管阻塞程度有关。     

冠脉内应用半量替罗非班在老年急性心肌梗死急诊PCI中的疗效及安全性

目的 探讨冠脉内应用半量血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/ Ⅲa受体拮抗剂盐酸替罗非班在老年急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术中的效果及安全性。方法 2012.1—2015.1入院的125例行急诊PCI的老年(>70岁)STEMI患者,随机分为替罗非班组62例和对照组63例,替罗非班组冠脉内注射小剂量盐酸替罗非班(5μg/kg),继而以0.075μg/(kg.min)由微量泵持续静脉泵入24小时,对照组不予应用。对比分析两组PCI术后IRA TIMI血流分级,校正的TIMI计帧数(CTFC)及心肌灌注分级(TMP),PCI术后30d主要不良心脏事件(MACE)及出血并发症。结果 PCI术后IRA TIMI 3级比例替罗非班组高于对照组(91.94% vs 79.37 %, P<0.05),CTFC亦显示替罗非班组低于对照组(22.79±5.75vs 31.36±4.72, P<0.05);心肌灌注分级TMP2级以上的比例替罗非班组高于对照组(74.19% vs 55.56%, P<0.05);出血并发症两组无显著性差异,MACE发生率替罗非班组低于对照组(6.45% vs 19.05%, P<0.05)。结论：老年STEMI患者急诊PCI术前冠脉内应用半量盐酸替罗非班可以迅速抑制血小板聚集,增加IRA TIMI血流分级,改善心肌灌注,减少无复流发生,而且不增加出血并发症,减少了MACE事件发生。     

Impact of Stress Hyperglycemia on No-Reflow Phenomenon in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background:Stress hyperglycemia is a common finding during acute myocardial infarction and associated with poor prognosis. To reduce the occurrence of no-reflow, prognostic factors must be identified before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Our objective was to investigate the impact of stress hyperglycemia in non-diabetic and diabetic patients on no-reflow phenomenon after PPCI.Methods:The study comprised 480 patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who were managed by PPCI. Patients were classified into two groups according to thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade: Group I (Patients with normal flow, TIMI 3 flow) and Group II (Patients with no-reflow, TIMI 0-2 flow). Patients were analyzed for clinical outcomes including mortality and major adverse cardiac events.Results:Incidence of stress hyperglycemia was 14.8% in non-diabetic patients and 22.2% in diabetic patients; the incidence of no-reflow phenomenon was 13.5% and no-reflow was significantly higher in patients with stress hyperglycemia. Multivariate regression analysis identified the independent predictors of no-reflow phenomenon: stress hyperglycemia OR 3.247 (CI95% 1.656–6.368, P = 0.001), Killip class >1 OR 1.893 (CI95% 1.004–3.570, P = 0.049) and cardiogenic shock OR 3.778 (CI95% 1.458–9.790, P = 0.006).Conclusion:Stress hyperglycemia was associated with higher incidence of no-reflow phenomenon. The independent predictors of no-reflow were stress hyperglycemia, Killip class >1 and cardiogenic shock.     

Incidence,Predictors and Outcomes of Contrast Induced Nephropathy in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background:Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is considered one of the most common causes of hospital acquired renal failure and severely affects morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to investigate incidence, predictors and outcomes of CIN in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).Methods:The study was conducted on 550 patients with STEMI subjected to PPCI. Patients were classified into two groups according to the occurrence of CIN; group I (Patients without CIN) and group II (Patients with CIN). The two groups were assessed for the clinical outcomes including mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE).Results:Incidence of CIN was 10.6%, multivariate regression analysis identified the independent predictors of CIN including; age > 60 years OR 6.083 (CI95% 3.143–11.77, P = 0.001), presence of diabetes mellitus OR 2.491 (CI95% 1.327–4.675, P = 0.005), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use OR 2.708 (CI95% 1.393–5.263, P = 0.003), the volume of contrast agent >200 ml OR 6.543 (CI95% 3.382–12.65, P = 0.001) and cardiogenic shock OR 4.514 (CI95% 1.738–11.72, P = 0.002). Mortality was higher in group II than group I (11.9% vs. 4.4% respectively, P = 0.015). The incidence of MACE were higher in group II than group I (heart failure; 18.6% vs. 7.3%, cardiac arrest; 8.5% vs. 2.8% and cardiogenic shock; 16.9% vs. 6.9% with P. value = 0.003, 0.024, 0.007 respectively).Conclusion:Contrast induced nephropathy was associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The independent predictors of CIN were advanced age, diabetes mellitus, NSAIDs use, the volume of contrast agent >200 ml and cardiogenic shock.     

Effectiveness and Feasibility of Transradial Approach for Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of transradial approach for primary, emergency percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） in patients with acute myocardial infarction （AMI）. Methods One hundred and ninety five patients with AMI undergone primary PCI were randomized into two groups using different catheter insertion pathways ： 105 cases by transfemoral approach and 90 cases by transradial approach. We compared data of different operating approaches in terms of success rate of access, cannulation time, the time from local anesthesia to the first balloon inflation, the total procedure time, success rate of PCI, access site complications, total duration of hospitalization, and the clinical outcomes at six-month follow-up. Results The success rate of artery puncture, cannulation time, and the time from local anesthesia to the first balloon inflation in the transradial and transfemoral groups were 98.9 % vs 100 % （P 〉0. 05）, 3.15 ± 1.56 minutes vs 2. 86 ± 0.97 minutes （P 〉0. 05）, and 18.56 ± 4. 37 minutes vs 17.75± 3.21 minutes （P 〉 0. 05 ）, respectively. Although the total procedure time was significantly shorter in the transfemoral group （27.89 ± 3.95 minutes） than in the transradial group （29.75 ±4. 38 minutes） （P 〈0. 05）, the overall PCI success rate was similar between the two groups （96.2 % vs 96. 7 % ）. Use of the transradial approach was associated with fewer access site complications （ 2. 2 % vs 11.4 %, P 〈 0. 05 ） and a shorter length of hospital stay （ 10. 6 days vs 13.8 days, P 〈 0. 05 ）. At six-month follow-up, the cumulative cardiac event-free survival rate was 86. 1% and 86. 4% （P 〉 0. 05 ）, respectively, in the transradial and transfemoral groups. Conclusions Transradial approach achieved similar effectiveness as transfemoral approach in emergency PCI. However, the use of the transradial approach decreased access complications and hospital stay. Primary PCI via transradial approach is safe, effective, and feasible in patients with AMI.     

Quantitative Comparison of Coronary Artery Flow and Myocardial Perfusion in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Presence and Absence of Recent Cocaine Use

Background: Numerous factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cocaine associated myocardial infarction (CAMI). However, the relative contributions each of these mechanisms provide to the pathogenesis of CAMI have not been well defined. We hypothesized that significant angiographic differences exist between CAMI patients vs thrombotic AMI patients (TAMI) and normal controls. Methods: The TIMI Flow Grade, corrected TIMI Frame Count (CTFC), TIMI Myocardial Perfusion Grade (TMPG), presence of triple-vessel disease, stenosis severity, and presence of angiographically apparent thrombus were compared in patients who sustained CAMI to TAMI patients and normal controls. Results: 2,495 angiograms were analyzed (CAMI = 57, TAMI = 2,403, Controls = 35). Impairment in both epicardial and microvascular flow in patients with CAMI was intermediate between TAMI and controls. Compared to TAMI patients, CAMI patients were less likely to have 3 vessel disease (8.9% vs. 19.1%; p < 0.05), epicardial stenosis was less severe (14.9+/–30.2 vs. 72.6+/–18.6; p < 0.0001), less thrombus was present (6.5% vs. 33.1%; p < 0.001) and TIMI grade 3 flow was observed more frequently (76% vs. 59%). Normal TMPG 3 perfusion was significantly impaired in both CAMI and TAMI patients when compared to controls without AMI (TMPG 3 was 40% and 26.6% vs. 100% respectively; p < 0.001 for both). The majority of patients in both AMI groups had diminished or absent tissue level perfusion (TMPG 0 flow, CAMI 53.9 vs. TAMI 56.8%). Conclusions: Both epicardial and microvascular flow is impaired in CAMI. While epicardial flow among CAMI patients is slightly better than TAMI patients, the incidence of little or severely impaired tissue level perfusion is nearly identical.     

替罗非班联合冠脉内血栓导管抽吸对急诊ST段抬高心肌梗死患者PCI术血运重建的影响

目的探讨替罗非班联合冠脉内血栓导管抽吸对急诊ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者标准经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术血运重建的影响。方法 98例STEMI患者随机分为PCI+血栓抽吸+替罗非班组(A组),PCI+替罗非班组(B组)。观察两组患者血管再通时即刻的血流血管心肌梗死溶栓(TIMI)分级、TIMI心肌灌注(TMPG)分级、术后2h心电图ST段回落大于50%的发生率、心肌磷酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)峰值、CK-MB峰值时间,术后2h胸痛缓解率再灌注心律失常发生率。结果 A组心肌灌注明显增加,TIMI血流及TMPG血流明显改善,术后2h心电图ST段回落大于50%的发生率、CK-MB峰值、CK-MB峰值时间,术后2h内胸痛缓解率及再灌注心律失常发生率优于对照组。结论血栓抽吸与替罗非班联合治疗可改善急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者冠脉内血栓病变的血栓负荷、冠状动脉血流、心肌灌注,改善患者预后。     

ST‐Segment Resolution Prior to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Is a Poor Indicator of Coronary Artery Patency in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background: The prognostic value of ST‐segment resolution (STR) after initiation of reperfusion therapy has been established by various studies conducted in both the thrombolytic and mechanic reperfusion era. However, data regarding the value of STR immediately prior to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to predict infarct‐related artery (IRA) patency remain limited. We investigated whether STR prior to primary PCI is a reliable, noninvasive indicator of IRA patency in patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: The study population consisted of STEMI patients who underwent primary PCI at our institution between 2000 and 2007. STR was analyzed in 12‐lead electrocardiograms recorded at first medical contact and immediately prior to primary PCI and defined as complete (≥70%), partial (70%? 30%), or absent (<30%). Results: In 1253 patients with a complete data set, STR was inversely related to the probability of impaired preprocedural flow (P_{for trend} < 0.001). Although the sensitivity of incomplete (<70%) STR to predict a Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow of <3 was 96%, the specificity was 23%, and the negative predictive value of incomplete STR to predict normal coronary flow was only 44%. Conclusions: This study establishes the correlation between STR prior to primary PCI and preprocedural TIMI flow in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI. However, the negative predictive value of incomplete STR for detection of TIMI‐3 flow is only 44% and therefore should not be a criterion to refrain from immediate coronary angiography in STEMI patients. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2010;15(2):107–115     

急性心肌梗死冠脉内超声溶栓

目的研究冠脉内低频（２０ｋＨｚ）、高强度（４０Ｗ）超声溶栓在急性心肌梗死梗塞相关血管中的应用。方法急性心肌梗死患者１１例（前壁心梗６例,下壁心梗５例）,梗塞相关血管前向血流均为ＴＩＭＩ０级和１级（左前降支６例,左回旋支２例,右冠状动脉３例）,超声溶栓后行急诊经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（ＰｒｉｍａｒｙＰＴＣＡ）。结果冠脉内超声溶栓对梗塞相关血管的开通率为７３％（血流达ＴＩＭＩ３级）,残余狭窄为（７２±１４）％,１１例全部立即行ＰＴＣＡ,超声溶栓失败的３例经ＰＴＣＡ后血管全部开通,ＰＴＣＡ术后残余狭窄为（２４±１２）％。冠脉内超声溶栓时,因超声探头折断,血管再度闭塞１例,冠脉轻度撕裂１例;无血管痉挛,无远端血管栓塞等并发症,也无室速、室颤等恶性事件发生。结论本研究表明冠脉内低频、高强度超声溶栓是安全、有效的血管开通方式,可应用于临床。     

Unusual Evolution of ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction

We report a case of acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction with an unusual evolution of ST‐segment elevation. Several possible explanations of this progression are discussed with supportive evidence for each explaination. The clinical, electrocardiographic, and angiographic features of this case are also illustrated.     

冠脉内超声溶栓对急性心肌梗死患者胸痛、心电图和心肌酶学的影响

目的 通过研究冠脉内超声溶栓对急性心肌梗死患者胸痛、心电图和心肌酶学的影响以探讨经导管超声溶栓挽救成活心肌的意义.方法 入选急性心肌梗死患者56例(前壁心肌梗死30例,下壁心肌梗死26例).分组:超声溶栓后梗死相关血管血流达TIMI3级为溶栓成功组(A组=20例);超声溶栓后梗死相关血管血流达不到TIMI3级而后行PTCA达TIMI3级为超声溶栓+PTCA组(B组=16例);单行PTCA后梗死相关血管血流达TIMI3级为PTCA成功组(C组=20例).结果 各组发病到来院时间、来院进手术室时间和进手术室到血管开通时间均无差异.A组和B组所有患者全部达临床再通和冠脉造影再通标准,冠脉造影再通标准与临床再通标准相关性好.C组中90%患者胸痛缓解50%以上,80%患者ST段下降50%以上,100%患者心肌酶峰提前.结论低频高能超声可有效地溶解梗死相关血管内的血栓,挽救成活心肌.但超声溶栓加PTCA可能有更高的血管开通率,可挽救更多的成活心肌.     

急诊冠状动脉介入联合替罗非班治疗急性心肌梗死的临床研究

目的研究急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者术中使用国产盐酸替罗非班的有效性和安全性。方法入选156例接受急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）的ST段抬高急性心肌梗死（STEMI）患者,给予替罗非班静脉持续泵入至术后12～48h,观察30d内的主要不良心脏事件（MACE）的发生率和左室射血分数（LVEF）。结果安全性及预后：术后30d内MACE发生率：死亡0例,再梗死1例（0.625%）,LVEF（%）：（59±8）%,所有患者均未发生严重出血,轻度出血6.3%,主要是术后伤口渗血、穿刺处血肿,均经对症处理好转。结论盐酸替罗非班能显著改善左室射血分数,使术后30dMACE发生率降低,同时并不显著增加出血并发症的发生率。