乳腺乳头部腺瘤恶变2例

<正>乳腺乳头部腺瘤是乳头部位一种罕见的良性肿瘤,表现为乳头部集合管上皮和周围小管的弥漫性增生,其镜下形态变化复杂且多样性,可伴有普通型旺炽性导管上皮增生、粉刺样坏死,也可出现硬化、假浸润样改变[1],但伴发原位癌变(导管/小叶原位癌)和浸润性癌者罕见。本研究报道2例乳头部腺瘤伴导管内癌变和浸润性导管癌的病例,其中1例同时合并小叶原位癌,观察其形态学特征,并讨论诊断及鉴别诊断的相关问题。     

乳房乳头部腺瘤15例临床病理分析

目的 研究乳房乳头部腺瘤的形态学特点，探讨其诊断及鉴别诊断。方法 对我院1991－2000年间15例乳头部腺瘤进行临床病理分析。结果 乳头部腺瘤好发于中年女性，多数患者伴乳头溢液，镜下导管上皮细胞增生，以乳头状或腺瘤样增生为主，外周肌上皮细胞免疫标记，如SMA、S－100对肌上皮辨别有帮助。结论 乳头部腺瘤是一种少见的乳腺良性肿瘤，认识其临床及病理形态特点，对湿疹样癌、导管内乳头状瘤、乳头汗腺样腺瘤和乳腺浸润性癌的鉴别很重要。     

子宫腺瘤样瘤15例临床病理分析

目的 探讨子宫腺瘤样瘤的发生、临床病理特点、免疫组化表达特征及鉴别诊断。方法 对15例子宫腺瘤样瘤进行临床病理、组织化学及免疫组织化学观察。结果 15例子宫腺瘤样瘤占同期子宫切除标本的1．81％，肿瘤多位于子宫浆膜下及近浆膜的子宫肌壁间，内膜下少见；2例呈弥漫性生长，13例呈结节状，结节直径0．5～5cm不等，临床表现无特征性。镜下见肿瘤由大小不等、形态不一的腺样及腔隙样结构组成，伴有间质平滑肌增生，分为丛状型、腺管型、脉管型及囊肿型。8例腔隙内黏液样物阿尔辛蓝染色（＋），PAS染色（-）。免疫表型：AE1／AE3、vimentin和calretinin（＋），CEA、ER、PR和CD31（-）。结论 子宫腺瘤样瘤并非罕见，支持间皮起源，临床及病理检查均易误诊和漏诊。免疫组化检查可作为诊断及鉴别诊断的重要参考依据。其生物学行为为良性，预后良好。     

女性生殖系统腺瘤样瘤18例临床病理分析

目的:探讨女性生殖系统腺瘤样瘤的组织发生、临床病理特点、诊断与鉴别诊断。方法:回顾分析18例腺瘤样瘤的临床病理资料并复习文献。结果:18例腺瘤样瘤占同期女性生殖系统手术标本的0.85%,其中子宫12例、输卵管5例、卵巢1例。子宫腺瘤样瘤多位于浆膜下或近浆膜的肌壁间,7例伴发子宫肌瘤或腺肌症。输卵管及卵巢腺瘤样瘤位于浆膜下向表面突出。肿瘤直径0.5～4.5cm。临床表现无特异,病理上肿瘤由大小不等、形态不一的腺样、腔隙样结构组成,伴有间质平滑肌、纤维组织增生。腺腔内黏液样物AB阳性,PAS阴性;免疫组化:CK(AE1/AE3)、Vimentin、Calretinin、HBME1阳性,CD34、CEA、ER、PR阴性。随访无复发或恶变。结论:腺瘤样瘤是来源于间皮的良性肿瘤,临床及病理均易误诊或漏诊,对标本的全面取材及免疫组织化学的正确使用有助于提高本病的检出率。     

乳腺腺样囊性癌8例临床病理分析

目的探讨乳腺腺样囊性癌(BACC)临床病理特点、免疫组化及鉴别诊断。方法观察8例BACC组织形态、免疫组化特点并收集相关临床资料,结合文献进行分析。结果 8例BACC均为女性,年龄49~77岁,平均年龄59.8岁;肿块位于左侧乳腺2例,右侧乳腺6例,均靠近乳头。肿块界清,切面灰白或灰黄色。镜下肿瘤组织呈浸润性生长,呈筛状、管状-小梁状和实体型结构。瘤细胞由腺上皮细胞、肌上皮-基底样细胞构成。免疫组化:腺上皮细胞CK7、CK5、CK5/6、Cam5.2、EMA和CD117(+)。肌上皮-基底样细胞CK5、CK5/6、CK14、CK34βE12、p63、SM-MHC、calponin和S-100(+)。8例中1例瘤细胞PR弱(+),其余均(-),1例ER呈(+)、2例ER显示局灶(+),2例Her-2(2+)、3例(1+)。本组除1例为穿刺标本外,3例行乳腺改良根治术,均无腋下淋巴结转移;3例行患侧乳腺切除术;1例行局部扩大切除。术后经6~72个月随访均无复发及转移。结论 BACC是一种罕见的低度恶性肿瘤,具有独特的组织病理学特征及免疫表型,很少发生淋巴结转移,预后好。     

子宫平滑肌腺瘤样瘤临床病理观察

目的探讨子宫平滑肌腺瘤样瘤的病理形态学特点、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法应用光镜观察及免疫组化方法对2例子宫平滑肌腺瘤样瘤进行临床病理分析,并复习文献。结果 2例子宫平滑肌腺瘤样瘤均发生在中年女性,临床与大体检查类似子宫平滑肌瘤,肿瘤境界清楚,镜下特点为大量平滑肌束间散在分布许多大小不等的腔隙;腔隙内衬扁平或立方细胞,可见刷状缘和线状桥连接的特征,瘤细胞核异型性小,无核分裂象。免疫组化:腺瘤样瘤细胞CK和MC(+),CD34(-);平滑肌瘤细胞SMA(+)。结论平滑肌腺瘤样瘤是一个具有明确形态学特征的腺瘤样瘤的变型,其病理形态学特点为瘤性增生的平滑肌束中散布腺瘤样瘤的成分,该肿瘤应与子宫平滑肌瘤、浸润性腺癌等肿瘤相鉴别。     

乳腺基底细胞样癌的病理形态及免疫表型特点

目的探讨乳腺基底细胞样癌的病理形态特点以及多种相关蛋白表达在其病理诊断中的作用。方法应用免疫组化SP法,检测16例乳腺基底细胞样癌CK5/6、CK14、Vimentin、P53及EGFR蛋白表达,对比20例管腔型乳腺癌病理形态,分析乳腺基底细胞样癌的病理形态特征和免疫表型特点。结果乳腺基底细胞样癌大多为浸润性导管癌Ⅲ级(13/16),核分级MBNG多为Ⅲ级(15/16);肿瘤周边推挤式生长,有不同程度的片状坏死及淋巴细胞浸润;瘤细胞排列呈实性巢状、片块状及缎带状结构,肿瘤细胞膜不清晰,细胞质少,核呈圆形或卵圆形,异型性大,核浆比例高,核分裂象多见。16例乳腺基底细胞样癌CK5/6阳性13例,CK14阳性5例,EGFR阳性9例,P53阳性阳性12例,Vi-mentin阳性14例。结论乳腺基底细胞样癌做为一种新的乳腺癌亚型,具有独特的病理形态特征和免疫组化特点,联合检测CK5/6、CK14、Vimentin、P53和EGFR等多项基底细胞蛋白表达,可以用于乳腺基底细胞样癌的病理诊断。     

乳腺乳头状癌临床病理诊断分析

目的 探讨乳腺原发性乳头状癌的临床病理分类.方法 对具乳头状结构的乳腺导管内乳头状癌1例、浸润性乳头状癌2例及浸润性微乳头状癌1例临床、病理并结合免疫组化标记进行观察.结果 导管内乳头状癌、浸润性乳头状癌的乳头结构常具有纤维血管轴心,被覆单层异型上皮细胞,缺乏肌上皮细胞层,未见淋巴结转移;浸润性微乳头状癌的乳头结构缺乏纤维血管轴心,癌细胞呈中空的微乳头状或腺管状排列,癌巢与间质由于周围组织收缩形成明显的空隙,易见淋巴管内浸润及淋巴结转移.免疫组化染色:所有病例癌细胞CK8、EMA、Ki-67均阳性,SMA呈阴性.结论 乳腺原发性导管内乳头状癌、浸润性乳头状癌及浸润性微乳头状癌是一组具乳头状结构的少见类型的乳腺癌,其病理形态及预后不同,需要进行鉴别诊断.     

乳腺乳头腺瘤5例临床病理分析

目的探讨乳腺乳头腺瘤的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法对5例乳腺乳头腺瘤进行临床资料汇总,病理形态学及免疫组化观察,并结合文献对其诊断及鉴别诊断进行探讨。结果肿瘤均位于乳头及乳晕区,由中等大小导管组成,导管由上皮和肌上皮两种成分构成,增生的导管呈实性、筛状或乳头状。其中1例伴鳞化、大汗腺化生,1例伴粉刺样坏死,2例局灶间质增生呈假浸润样形态,1例累及表皮导致皮肤破溃; 5例中1例与浸润性癌伴发。增生的上皮细胞部分CK5/6(+),腺管周围肌上皮标记物(如p63、calponin)(+)。结论乳腺乳头腺瘤非常少见,生长方式复杂多样,可出现粉刺样坏死、间质假浸润、皮肤破溃等,术中冷冻无免疫组化鉴别易误诊。对乳头腺瘤形态学和生物学行为的认识,有助于避免误诊。     

乳腺乳头状癌临床病理诊断分析

目的探讨乳腺原发性乳头状癌的临床病理分类。方法对具乳头状结构的乳腺导管内乳头状癌1例、浸润性乳头状癌2例及浸润性微乳头状癌1例临床、病理并结合免疫组化标记进行观察。结果导管内乳头状癌、浸润性乳头状癌的乳头结构常具有纤维血管轴心,被覆单层异型上皮细胞,缺乏肌上皮细胞层,未见淋巴结转移;浸润性微乳头状癌的乳头结构缺乏纤维血管轴心,癌细胞呈中空的微乳头状或腺管状排列,癌巢与间质由于周围组织收缩形成明显的空隙,易见淋巴管内浸润及淋巴结转移。免疫组化染色：所有病例癌细胞CK8、EMA、Ki-67均阳性,SMA呈阴性。结论乳腺原发性导管内乳头状癌、浸润性乳头状癌及浸润性微乳头状癌是一组具乳头状结构的少见类型的乳腺癌,其病理形态及预后不同,需要进行鉴别诊断。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.