上尿路结石经皮肾镜造瘘碎石术前静脉肾盂造影检查的价值

目的探讨上尿路结石经皮肾镜造瘘碎石术前静脉肾盂造影检查的价值。方法应用静脉注入76%泛影葡胺40ml,下腹部加压法,在规定时间内观察肾盂、肾盏、输尿管及膀胱。对适合做经皮肾镜造瘘碎石术的病例进行选择,以预测其治疗难度,增加微创碎石的成功率。结果经静脉肾盂造影筛选适合经皮肾镜造瘘碎石术病人58例,其中肾结石26例,输尿管结石32例,首次碎石成功56例,2例复杂性肾内多发结石经两次碎石成功。结论上尿路结石经皮肾镜造瘘碎石术前静脉肾盂造影能准确诊断结石的位置、形状、大小以及肾脏浓缩排泄功能,为病例选择及治疗提供可靠依据。     

顺行输尿管软镜联合经皮肾镜治疗鹿角型肾结石

目的探讨顺行输尿管软镜联合经皮肾镜治疗完全性鹿角型肾结石的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析2014年7月至2017年1月徐州医科大学附属徐州临床学院行顺行输尿管软镜联合经皮肾镜治疗的18例鹿角型肾结石患者。结石最大径≥3 cm。经皮肾镜碎石后探查术野无结石残留后经原肾镜鞘置入Wolf输尿管软镜,软镜逐步探查各组肾盏,钬激光粉碎残余肾盏结石,较大碎石用套石篮取出。分析手术成功率、结石清除率(SFR)、术中出血量、手术时间及术后并发症。结果 15例患者一期完成手术,10例术后复查结石清除完全(66.7%),5例结石残留,术后结合体外冲击波碎石成功排出结石,2例患者因经皮肾镜术中出血明显,未联合软镜碎石,1例因肾积脓留置肾造瘘管后二期碎石。术中出血量(210.0±50.0)ml,手术时间(65.0±20.5)min。术后5例患者出现发热,常规治疗后缓解,1例寒战高热,加强抗感染后痊愈。1例患者术后并发假性肾动脉瘤,行介入栓塞后治愈,其余患者术后未出现严重出血,肾造瘘管留置5~7 d拔除。结论顺行输尿管软镜联合经皮肾镜可一期治疗鹿角型肾结石,术后残石率低,并发症少,是治疗鹿角型肾结石的有效手术方案。     

上康路结石经皮肾镜造瘘碎石术前静脉肾盂造影检查的价值

目的探讨上尿路结石经皮肾镜造瘘碎石术前静脉肾盂造影检查的价值。方法应用静脉注入76％泛影葡胺40ml，下腹部加压法，在规定时间内观察肾盂、肾盏、输尿管及膀胱。对适合做经皮肾镜造瘘碎石术的病例进行选择，以预测其治疗难度，增加微创碎石的成功率。结果经静脉肾盂造影筛选适合经皮肾镜造瘘碎石术病人58例，其中肾结石26例，输尿管结石32例，首次碎石成功56例，2例复杂性肾内多发结石经两次碎石成功。结论上尿路结石经皮肾镜造瘘碎石术前静脉肾盂造影能准确诊断结石的位置、形状、大小以及肾脏浓缩排泄功能，为病例选择及治疗提供可靠依据。     

双镜顺逆结合法输尿管支架置入治疗医源性输尿管瘘13例

目的：探讨双镜顺逆结合法输尿管支架置入术治疗医源性输尿管瘘的临床效果。方法对2006年5月—2013年1月我院收治的13例医源性输尿管瘘行双镜顺逆结合法输尿管支架置入术,手术方法：先经皮肾穿刺微造瘘,留置可撕开鞘,置入输尿管镜寻及肾盂输尿管出口后顺行置入泥鳅导丝,导丝引导下置入肾造瘘管;改截石位,输尿管镜逆行进入梗阻段输尿管,将导丝拉出体外并留置输尿管支架。结果13例均成功置入输尿管支架,平均手术时间76(49~132)min,术中失血量<25 ml,术后6~72 h 漏尿停止。术后3个月更换输尿管支架并拔出肾造瘘管,12个月拔出输尿管支架复查静脉肾盂造影,患侧肾显影良好,输尿管通畅。1例造影示输尿管狭窄经输尿管镜下扩张术恢复正常。随访15~36个月,无并发症发生。结论盆腹腔手术尤其是腹腔镜或输尿管镜手术易造成医源性输尿管瘘,双镜顺逆结合法输尿管支架置入术治疗输尿管瘘操作简单、微创、安全性好、成功率高,并可避免二次开放手术。     

肾盂造瘘上尿路顺行超声造影诊断梗阻性肾疾病的价值

目的探讨尿路梗阻性肾疾病经造瘘管顺行超声造影的应用价值。方法43例尿路梗阻患者．经皮肾盂造瘘术后从引流管直接向肾盂内注射造影剂行超声造影,观察造瘘管位置及造影剂向肾盂、输尿管、膀胱流动的连续过程。结果超声造影诊断输尿管通畅15例,通而不畅20例,不通8例。其中诊断造瘘管位置异常2例,肾段小血管出血2例,复杂肾病2例。结论经造瘘管顺行非血管性腔内超声造影可以判断肾造瘘是否成功,同时可判断梗阻性肾疾病的梗阻程度、部位,明确部分病因。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾旋转不良并肾结石26例

目的 探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术( min-PCNL)治疗肾旋转不良并肾结石的可行性及有效性.方法 对接受微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗的肾旋转不良并肾结石26例患者进行回顾性分析.结果 26例患者均为肾旋转不良并肾结石,其中2例马蹄肾.肾鹿角形结石、多发结石8例,单纯肾盂结石12例,下盏结石6例.其中合并肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻2例,并输尿管上段结石8例.该组患者行一期穿刺取石23例,一期结石清除率88.46％.二期取石3例,配合输尿管软镜取出.均为单通道穿刺取石.术中利用钬激光切开肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻2例.2例患者术后出现肾脏大出血,均为肾鹿角形结石,其中1例马蹄肾.在数字减影血管造影(DSA)下高选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗后痊愈,1例为假性动脉瘤,1例为假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘.结论 微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾旋转不良并肾结石安全、可行、疗效确切,具有创伤小、恢复快、可反复操作等优点.     

经皮肾技术治疗肾盏憩室结石

目的 探讨经皮肾镜技术治疗肾盏憩室结石的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2005年7月～2008年3月B超引导下采用经皮标准肾镜和微造瘘输尿管镜2种方式治疗肾盏憩室结石患者共13例,处理狭窄肾盏憩室盏颈9例.结果 本组患者10例1次穿刺成功,3例2次穿刺成功,手术时间35～120 min,平均57 min.平均住院天数11 d,术中平均出血量为200mL,无严重并发症.穿刺通道3例经第10肋间,10例经第11肋间,术后随访2～29个月.无结石复发,憩室消失6例.结论 经皮肾技术治疗肾盏憩室结石是微创、有效、安全的治疗手段.穿刺路径的选择、憩室盏颈的处理是治疗肾盏憩室结石成功的关键.     

上尿路CT三维重建在输尿管软镜处理经皮肾镜术后残石中的应用

目的:探讨上尿路CT三维重建在输尿管软镜处理经皮肾镜术后残石中的应用价值.方法:2012年1-8月,对微创单通道经皮肾镜取石术后残留结石的42例患者行上尿路CT三维重建,充分了解肾脏集合系统结构、结石分布及结石与肾盂肾盏间的关系,测量结石所在肾盏长轴与经皮肾造瘘通道及肾盂间的夹角,指导二期输尿管软镜处理结石.结果:CT发现单发肾结石17例,多发肾结石25例,结石直径0.4 ～ 2.1cm.测得结石所在肾盏长轴与肾盂间的夹角为8～ 207°,平均87°;结石所在肾盏长轴与经皮肾造瘘通道的夹角为0～ 135°,平均43°.所有患者术中均可探及结石,采用钬激光碎石治疗,经输尿管工作鞘软镜取石34例次,经皮肾造瘩通道输尿管软镜取石14例次.手术时间16～112 min,平均(52±11)min,结石清除率为95.2％(40/42),2例结石残留直径均小于1 cm.本组无改开放手术病例,未出现感染性休克、气胸及大出血等严重并发症.结论:上尿路CT三维重建可形象直观地显示肾脏的解剖结构及与结石间的关系,有助于指导输尿管软镜寻找结石、减少手术时间并提高结石清除率和手术安全性.     

经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管支架管置入治疗输尿管梗阻疗效观察

目的探讨采用经皮肾穿刺顺行置入输尿管支架管治疗输尿管梗阻的临床疗效与安全性。方法回顾性分析2009年2月至2013年4月收治的输尿管梗阻患者47例,54患侧,均在逆行插管失败后采用超声引导下经皮肾穿刺会师技术尝试置入输尿管支架管,结合文献复习,从疗效及并发症等方面进行归纳总结。结果47例患者,54患侧均一次穿刺成功并建立经皮肾通道,45患侧在输尿管硬或软镜下顺利留置输尿管支架管,成功率83．3％。9例患者因导丝不能通过狭窄段仅行经皮肾造瘘术。21例术前肌酐高的患者术后15例恢复正常,另有6例肌酐水平也有不同程度下降,患者的造瘘管均可于1周内拔除,所有患者均无严重并发症,需长期留置支架的患者可采用膀胱镜定期更换输尿管支架。结论经皮肾穿刺会师留置支架管操作安全简便,效果较好,是输尿管支架逆行置入失败患者的较佳选择。     

经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜取石术治疗肾盏憩室结石

目的 评估经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜取石术(Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPC-NL)治疗肾盏憩室结石的临床价值.方法 回顾分析该院2001年2月～2005年10月应用经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜取石术治疗的13例肾盏憩窒结石患者的临床资料.结果 12例均一次碎石取石成功,1例合并肾盂结石经配合体外冲击波碎石后结石排出.11例患者均随访(13±3)个月,未发现肾盏憩室内结石再发,2例随访1个月后失访.结论 MPCNL是一种值得临床广泛推广的治疗肾盏憩室结石的微创方法之一.     

Ultrasonic real-time guidance for percutaneous puncture.

Real-time scanning was applied to the sonically guided puncture technique. A special puncture attachment connected to the ultrasound sector scanner was developed for this purpose. A puncture needle is introduced into the scanning plane through the canal in the attachment. Excellent real-time images of both the target lesion and the needle can be clearly seen on the oscilloscope during the puncture procedure. Puncture not only for cystic structures but also for solid masses can be made easily and safely by this new technique. Successful applications of the technique have been carried out for renal cyst puncture, percutaneous antegrade pyelography, percutaneous nephrostomy, percutaneous renal biopsy, and perineal prostatic biopsy.     

Near-infrared ray catheter and indocyanine green via nephrostomy in delayed robotic reconstruction of injured ureter: A case report

Delayed surgical reconstruction of iatrogenic ureteral injuries is often a challenging procedure because spreading scar tissue impedes accurate identification and dissection of the injured ureter. We report a novel real-time navigation system using a ureteral near-infrared ray catheter (NIRC) and indocyanine green (ICG) via nephrostomy in delayed robot-assisted ureteral reconstruction. A female patient presented with complete obstruction of the right upper ureter after gynecological surgery with extensive lymphadenectomy. A nephrostomy tube was urgently placed, and surgical repair was performed. A straight NIRC was placed in the right ureter up to the obstruction point. ICG was administered via nephrostomy. Near-infrared light could clearly visualize the ureter and renal pelvis encased in scar tissue. The ureter and renal pelvis were dissected and successfully anastomosed. We found that near-infrared navigation using ureteral NIRC and ICG via nephrostomy was valuable for delayed laparoscopic reconstruction of the injured ureter.     

经皮肾穿刺造瘘置管在新生儿重度肾积水中的应用

[目的]探讨经皮肾穿刺造瘘置管在治疗新生儿重度肾积水中的应用效果.[方法]本院11例重度肾积水新生儿采取超声引导下经皮肾穿刺造瘘并留置F8肾造瘘管引流.患者分别在造瘘前、术后1、3和6个月末复查彩超;在造瘘前和术后6个月实行肾核素扫描.[结果]11例患儿手术顺利,手术时间（16±4.2）min,均无肾出血、周围脏器损伤等并发症,随访6个月,未见脱管等.肾积水在穿刺后3个月内缓解,和穿刺前相比,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;肾皮质厚度在穿刺后1个月内明显增厚,和穿刺前相比,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;肾小球滤过率（GFR）在穿刺6个月后较穿刺前明显改善,其差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.[结论]经皮肾穿刺造瘘置管对先天性重度肾积水新生儿安全、有效,可以充分引流尿液,改善肾功能,为择期行手术治疗原发病提供有利条件,有利于改善预后.     

经皮穿刺上尿路顺行造影超声检查及其临床意义

目的探讨上尿路系统内直接使用超声造影剂SonoVue进行造影超声检查的方法和临床意义。方法以6例上尿路梗阻患者为研究对象,在进行经皮肾盂穿刺引流手术过程中从引流管直接向肾盂内注射SonoVue2ml（4.8mg/5ml）＋20~40ml灭菌生理盐水。在对比脉冲序列（contrast pulsed sequence,CPS）造影模式下连续观察造影剂强回声从肾盂向输尿管、膀胱运动的过程。造影结束后将尿路内的液体全部吸出,并反复多次冲洗至造影剂强回声明显减弱。结果发现输尿管破裂1例,输尿管肿瘤2例,输尿管开口异位2例。结论经皮肾盂穿刺顺行上尿路造影超声检查是SonoVue非血管途径应用的新尝试,能够诊断常规超声、彩色多普勒超声不能或不明确诊断的梗阻性尿路疾病。临床观察未发现造影剂导致尿路并发症。     

Infection stones in patients with myelomeningocele and ileal conduit urinary tract diversion

Infection renal calculi are serious complications of urinary tract diversion in patients with myelomeningocele. During a 12-month period, 10 renal units containing calculi were managed surgically. The kidneys were in patients with multiple previous operations and medical problems. Nine of the ten stones had a staghorn configuration, filling the renal pelvis with calyceal extensions. Nephrectomy was necessary for a nonfunctional kidney and a conventional nephrolithotomy was done in one case. Endourologic techniques were used for treatment of eight renal units. Endourologic methods depended on placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy tube. The nephrostomy tract was dilated, then renal calculi were disintegrated under direct vision using ultrasound, and the stone fragments were removed. Six of eight kidneys (75%) were rendered stone-free using these methods. The other two kidneys had residual stone fragments located in isolated calyces with little potential for obstruction. Skin breakdown occurred in two patients, and two patients required transfusions. These results compared favorably with the results of conventional open surgery. Major advantages of percutaneous nephrolithotomy were evident during the postoperative period. Since there was minimal incision discomfort, patients were easily mobilized and there were no pulmonary problems. Patients were able to resume oral intake on the day of surgery and usually resumed full activities within one week of discharge. Percutaneous methods are a valuable aspect of a total therapeutic program for infection renal calculi in patients with myelomeningocele.     

Retrograde nephrostomy and percutaneous resection of fibroepithelial polyps of the renal pelvis

Summary

Benign fibroepithelial polyps of the renal pelvis are extremely rare with only 20 cases reported in the literature. Fibroepithelial polyps of the ureter occur more frequently. We report a case of fibroepithelial polyps in the renal pelvis near the ureteropelvic junction successfully treated by retrograde nephrostomy and percutaneous resection.     

经皮肾穿刺双侧输尿管支架植入术治疗盆腔脂肪增多症伴急性肾衰(附1例报告并文献复习)

目的探讨采用经皮肾穿刺双侧输尿管支架植入术治疗盆腔脂肪增多症伴急性肾衰的可行性和手术效果。方法收治盆腔脂肪增多症伴急性肾衰患者1例,男性,42岁,发热1月,无尿2天,憋气、咳泡沫痰、意识恍惚2小时;膀胱造影提示典型倒梨形膀胱、后尿道延长;腹部CT示盆腔内均匀低密度脂肪堆积、双肾积水、双侧输尿管上段扩张;血肌酐1 031μmol/L、尿素氮23.3 mmol/L。诊断盆腔脂肪增多症伴双肾输尿管扩张积水、急性尿闭、急性肾衰,膀胱镜下逆行插管失败,采用经皮肾穿刺、输尿管下段扩张、输尿管支架植入术方法治疗。结合文献复习讨论经皮肾穿刺输尿管支架植入术治疗盆腔脂肪增多症伴急性肾衰的可行性和手术效果。结果术中经皮肾穿刺造影可见肾盂、肾盏及输尿管上段扩张,输尿管下段管腔狭窄;膀胱造影见典型倒梨形膀胱、后尿道延长。采用经皮肾穿刺、输尿管下段球囊扩张、输尿管支架植入术方法治疗。术后2天拔除尿管,1周后出院。2周后复查彩超示肾盂积水消失,肾功能正常。结论通常情况下盆腔脂肪增多症患者膀胱抬高,后尿道延长,膀胱镜下逆行插管失败率高,经皮肾穿刺、输尿管下段球囊扩张、输尿管支架植入术是治疗盆腔脂肪增多症伴急性肾衰的有效和微创的方法。     

Acute renal failure in the intensive care unit. Part 1

Summary In the patient who presents with ARF of unclear etiology the initial radiologic evaluation should be by means of renal ultrasonography. This will provide information regarding kidney size and most importantly, obstruction. If obstruction is present this can be relieved by percutaneous nephrostomy and further evaluated by antegrade pyelography. More detailed information regarding etiology of an obstruction can be obtained by CT scan. In the uncommon situation when vascular occlusion is suspected this can be evaluated with a radionucleotide scan and/or arteriography. Arteriography can also be employed for cases of renal trauma or if polyarteritis nodosa is suspected. There is virtually no role for IVU in the evaluation of ARF, except when renal trauma is suspected, and a limited role for retrograde pyelography.     

钬激光碎石治疗肾盂及输尿管上段结石的效果观察

目的 探讨经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗肾盂及输尿管上段结石的效果与安全性.方法 选择肾盂及输尿管上段结石85例,随机分为钬激光碎石术治疗组（钬激光组）41例及气压弹道碎石术治疗组（气压弹道组）44例,比较两组碎石时间、残石率、住院时间及并发症发生率.结果 术中肾盂结石、输尿管上段结石碎石时间钬激光组分别为（15.2±1.5）min、（5.6±1.3）min,气压弹道组分别为（23.6±1.7）min、（9.1±1.2）min,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;钬激光组术后复查肾盂及输尿管残石率（长径以＞5 mm计）分别为5.3％、4.5％,气压弹道组分别为13.0％、9.5％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.两组出血量比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,术后均常规留置肾造瘘管及导尿管.结论 钬激光碎石术治疗肾盂及输尿管上段结石效果较好,安全可靠.