应变率成像技术评价冠心病患者左室局部收缩功能异常

目的应用应变率成像（SRI）技术定量分析并比较心绞痛与心肌梗死（心梗）患者缺血与梗死心肌收缩期应变（ε）和应变率（SR）变化，探讨其评价冠心病患者左室局部收缩功能异常的价值。方法冠心病心绞痛组11例、心梗组21例，对照组20例。分别测量缺血、梗死和正常心肌的收缩期应变率（SRsys）、收缩期应变（εsys）和最大应变（εmax）。结果缺血、梗死心肌的SRsys、εsys和εmax的绝对值均显著低于正常心肌（P〈0．01）；梗死心肌较缺血心肌SRsys、εsys和εmax的绝对值降低更加明显（P〈0．05）。结论SRI测得SRsys、εsys和εmax可定量评价冠心病患者左室局部收缩功能异常，并且有助于区分缺血与梗死心肌。     

腺苷负荷应变及应变率超声成像评价存活心肌的研究

目的 应用应变及应变率超声成像结合腺苷负荷超声心动图探寻评价心肌存活性的新方法 .方法 选取15条健康杂种犬,结扎其冠状动脉前降支90 min后恢复血流灌注制作急性心肌梗死再灌注模型.运用应变及应变率超声成像技术定量评价不同状态下前壁、前间隔各节段全心动周期最大应变(εmax)、射血期峰值应变(εet)、收缩后收缩(postsystolic shortening,PSS)应变(εPSS)、及收缩期峰值应变率(SRpeak sys),计算εPSS/εmax、εPSS/εet.以氯化三苯基四氮唑(2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride,TTC)染色结果 作为金标准,将前壁、前间隔各节段分为存活组及非存活组心肌.结果 (1)基础状态下存活组与非存活组心肌各指标间以及两组中出现PSS节段比例差异无显著性差异(P>0.05);(2)再灌注120 min时存活组及非存活组心肌εmax、εet、SRpeak sys较基础状态明显减低(P<0.01),εPSS /εmax、εPSS /εet及两组中出现PSS节段比例明显升高(P<0.01),εPSS升高(P<0.05).再灌注120 min时存活与非存活组间各指标间以及出现PSS节段比例无显著性差异(P>0.05);(3)与负荷试验前比较,腺苷负荷后存活组心肌εet、SRpeak sys明显升高(P<0.01),εPSS /εet以及出现PSS节段比例降低(P<0.05),εmax、εPSS、εPSS /εmax负荷前后无显著性差异(P>0.05);非存活组心肌各指标及出现PSS节段比例负荷前后无显著性差异(P>0.05);(4)与基础状态下比较,腺苷负荷后:存活组心肌εmax、εet、SRpeak sys减低(P<0.01),εPSS /εmax、εPSS /εet明显升高(P<0.01),εPSS升高(P<0.05),出现PSS节段比例无显著性差异(P>0.05);非存活组心肌εmax、εet、SRpeak sys明显减低(P<0.01),εPSS /εmax、εPSS /εet以及出现PSS节段比例明显升高(P<0.01),εPSS升高(P<0.05).结论 结合腺苷负荷超声心动图,应变及应变率成像能够区别存活与非存活心肌.     

应变成像对冠心病患者左室局部心肌功能的研究

目的：应用应变成像技术定量分析冠心病患者左室缺血、梗死心肌运动变化特点，探讨其评价左室局部心肌功能异常的价值。方法：冠心病心绞痛组11例、心肌梗死组21例，对照组20例。应用二维彩色组织多普勒速度模式记录左室侧壁、后间隔、下壁、前壁、后壁及前间隔的运动图像，获取应变曲线，分别测量缺血、梗死心肌和正常心肌的收缩期应变（εsys）、最大应变（εmax）、收缩后缩短应变（εpss）及其持续时间（Tpss），并计算εpss与εsys、εmax比值（εpss/εsys、εpss/εmax）。结果：缺血及梗死心肌较正常心肌εsys、εmax绝对值显著降低，εpss绝对值、εpss/εsys、εpss/εmax显著增大，Tpss显著延长（P<0.01）；梗死心肌较缺血心肌εsys、εmax绝对值降低更加明显，εpss/εsys、εpss/εmax增大和Tpss延长更加明显（P<0.05或P<0.01）。结论：应变成像可定量评价冠心病患者左室局部心肌功能异常；收缩后缩短是缺血、梗死心肌的常见并且重要的特征，εpss/εsys、εpss/εmax和Tpss有助于区分缺血与梗死心肌。     

腺苷负荷下应变及应变率成像评价心肌存活性的临床研究

目的 探讨应变及应变率成像结合腺苷负荷超声心动图评价心肌存活性的临床价值.方法 采用应变及应变率成像检测27例心肌梗死患者静息状态和腺苷负荷状态下各节段全心动周期最大应变(εmax)、射血期峰值应变(εet)及心肌收缩期峰值应变率(Rpeak sys),以核素心肌灌注/代谢显像结果作为金标准将心肌各节段划分为存活组及非...     

超声应变和应变率成像技术评价肥厚型心肌病左室局部心肌的收缩功能

目的分析肥厚型心肌病（HCM）左室局部心肌应变（ε）和应变率（SR）的变化特点,评价HCM患者左室局部心肌的收缩功能。方法收集18例HCM患者和31例正常对照者,采集心尖四腔、二腔、长轴切面的动态图像,取样容积置于左室各节段心内膜下心肌,获取同步的心肌运动曲线、应变曲线和应变率（SR）曲线,测量收缩期最大应变（εsys）、峰值应变（εpeak）和收缩期峰值应变率（SRsys）。结果HCM组有15个左室心肌节段εsys、εpeak低于对照组,有6个左室心肌节段Srsys低于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。HCM有7例患者左室部分节段心肌出现收缩期伸展现象。结论应变和应变率成像技术能准确反映HCM患者左室局部心肌收缩功能减退,并能显示左室局部心肌收缩期伸展现象。     

腺苷负荷心肌组织应变显像对左心室缺血心肌同步性的评价

目的 探讨应变显像在腺苷负荷试验中定量不同程度缺血时左室心肌同步性的准确性.方法 在11只开胸犬中先后结扎左冠状动脉前降支建立心肌缺血及梗死模型.分别记录基础状态、缺血状态(左前降支狭窄60%～70%)、梗死状态(左前降支100%闭塞)下的组织多普勒图像,并分别于三种状态下进行腺苷负荷试验.测量左室16节段的收缩期应变及心电图R波顶点到应变曲线收缩或舒张转折点的时间间隔(Tcec),并对左室室壁运动进行目测评分(WMS).结果 非前降支供血节段:收缩期应变及Tcec在各个状态下无显著性改变.前降支供血节段:与基础状态相比,缺血状态下前降支供血节段的收缩期应变有所减低、Tcec略延长,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);梗死状态下前降支供血节段的收缩期应变[(0.90±5.7)%]较基础状态[(-6.13±7.7)%]及缺血状态[(-5.21±5.4)%]下显著减低(均P＜0.001);Tcec[(228.4±28.6)ms]较基础状态[(196.3±20.2)ms]及缺血状态下[(204.1±31.0)ms]显著延长(P＜0.001及P=0.002).在缺血状态下应用腺苷后前降支供血节段的Tcec较用药前显著延长[(204.1±31.0)ms对(225.2±31.5)ms,t=-2.176,P=0.0443],而收缩期应变较用药前的变化无统计学意义;在缺血+腺苷、梗死及梗死+腺苷状态下前降支供血节段较非前降支供血节段的收缩期应变显著减低(分别为t=3.287,P=0.005;t=2.923,P=0.008,及t=3.629,P=0.001),Tcec较非前降支供血节段的Teec显著延长(分别为t=2.285,P=0.036;t=3.185,P=0.005,及t=2.370,P=0.027).梗死状态下,随着WMS积分的增加,Tcec也显著增加,但是在无运动节段与矛盾运动节段之间Tcec差异无统计学意义.结论 应用腺苷负荷应变显像增加了对缺血区延长的Tcec检出的敏感性,负荷超声测量的Tcec是观察心肌缺血室壁运动不同步的一个可靠指标.     

超声速度向量成像技术评价急性心肌缺血犬左心室心内膜下心肌力学状态

目的采用超声速度向量成像技术评价急性心肌缺血犬左心室收缩期心内膜下心肌力学变化规律。方法对12只健康比格犬结扎冠状动脉左前降支制作急性心肌缺血模型，采集缺血前后左心室二尖瓣口水平、乳头肌水平、心尖水平动态二维灰阶动态图像；获取左心室不同水平各节段缺血前后心内膜下心肌周向应变、径向应变、旋转角度与径向位移；分析同一节段心肌周向和径向应变与旋转角度的相关性，及两个相邻节段心肌周向应变差值（Acs）与相应节段心肌旋转角度和径向位移的相关性。结果缺血前左心室心内膜下心肌同一室壁周向应变、旋转角度从基底段到心尖段依次增大，缺血后这一力学状态发生改变，其中前间隔基底段周向应变大于心尖节段（P〈0．05），后间隔中段周向应变大于心尖节段（P〈0．05）；后壁基底段旋转角度大于中段（P〈0．01）、下壁中段旋转角度小于心尖节段（P〈0．05）、前间隔中段旋转角度小于心尖节段（P〈0．05）。缺血前心尖水平切面相邻两个节段心肌ACS与其相应节段心肌的旋转角度呈线性相关（r=0．609～0．739，P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；缺血前左心室心内膜下心肌同一室壁乳头肌水平节段与基底水平节段心肌△CS与其乳头肌节段心肌的径向位移呈线性相关（r=0．657～0．852，P〈0．05或P〈0．01），缺血后相关性消失。结论缺血前左心室心内膜下心肌相邻两个节段间的△CS与对应节段心肌旋转角度、径向位移的线性相关提示，相邻丽个节段心肌间的△CS与心尖节段旋转运动以及左心室心腔向心性收缩密切相关。急性心肌缺血状态下，左心室心内膜下心肌应变状态异常改变是左心室重构的重要力学基础。     

应用组织追踪和彩色多普勒冠状动脉血流显像结合多巴酚丁胺负荷试验评价缺血再灌注心肌的收缩储备和冠状动脉血流储备

目的应用组织追踪和彩色多普勒冠状动脉血流显像（CDCFI）结合多巴酚丁胺负荷试验分析不同时间的缺血再灌注对左室心肌收缩功能和冠状动脉血流的影响，以期为评估心肌存活性提供简便快捷的定量指标。方法健康杂种犬25条，随机分为顿抑组和梗死组。应用组织追踪和CDCFI技术观测顿抑组和梗死组缺血区（前间隔）于基础状态、再灌注30min以及再灌注90min多巴酚丁胺负荷前后二尖瓣环收缩期向心尖方向运动的最大位移（MVD）以及左前降支中远段舒张期冠状动脉血流储备（CFR）的动态变化。结果多巴酚丁胺负荷试验后，不同再灌注时间顿抑心肌和梗死心肌前间隔MVD的增加率（△D％）和左前降支的CFR值均明显低于基础状态（P〈0．001，P〈0．05），顿抑组的△D％以及CFR值均明显高于梗死心肌（P〈0．001，P〈0．05），并随再灌注时间延长，有逐渐好转趋势（P〈0．05，P〈0．05）；而梗死心肌则无此变化趋势（P〉0．05，P〉0．05）；CFR与二尖瓣环收缩期向心尖运动的最大位移变化率之间有良好的相关性（r=0．719，P〈0．05）。结论结合组织追踪技术和CDCFI技术动态观察缺血再灌注心肌多巴酚丁胺负荷后心肌收缩功能和冠状动脉血流动力学变化，可以提高判断存活心肌的准确率。     

定量组织速度及应变率成像评价犬不同程度心肌缺血的实验研究

目的评价定量组织速度(QTVI)及应变率成像(SRI)对冠脉狭窄的诊断价值。方法11只开胸犬结扎左冠状动脉前降支(LAD)建立心肌缺血模型。分别于基础状态、缺血状态(LAD狭窄50%,75%,100%)。采集连续3个心动周期的组织速度图,用QTVI及SRI软件分析左室各节段纵轴方向上收缩期QTVI及SRI曲线的变化。结果非LAD节段:缺血状态下各项指标较基础状态无显著改变。LAD节段:与基础状态比较,LAD狭窄50%时收缩期峰值速度(Vs)略有减少,但无统计学意义(P>0.05),而心尖段收缩期峰值应变率(SRpeak)显著减少或矛盾运动(P<0.05)。LAD狭窄75%时Vs及SRpeak明显减少,差异有显著意义。LAD狭窄100%时,SRpeak几乎接近基线水平。结论QTVI及SRI可以作为定量评价心肌缺血导致的心肌局部功能异常的方法。     

定量组织速度成像对左心室心肌缺血节段同步性的研究

目的应用定量组织速度成像（QTVI）技术探讨冠心病患者不同程度心肌缺血节段心肌运动的同步性及其对心功能的影响。方法以冠状动脉造影为标准,冠状动脉左前降支（LAD）单支病变患者68例分为缺血Ⅰ组（38例）,狭窄率50％～75％;缺血Ⅱ组（30例）,狭窄率≥75％;选取造影结果阴性者（狭窄率〈50％或无狭窄者）28例为对照组。在QTVI曲线上测量LAD支配的左室心肌5个节段的收缩期峰值速度（Vs）、舒张早期峰值速度（Ve）、舒张晚期峰值速度（Va）;收缩期同步性指标Ts和舒张期同步性指标Te。结果与对照组比较,缺血Ⅰ组Vs、Ts差异无统计学意义,Ve和Ve／Va比值减低,Te延长,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;缺血Ⅱ组与对照组比较Vs、Ve、Va、Ts、Te差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论QTVI技术能定量分析缺血心肌节段收缩、舒张功能及室壁运动的时间延迟,功能下降和时间延迟程度与局部室壁缺血程度有关,并且舒张期特性指标早于收缩期指标出现变化。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.