高脂饮食及阿托伐他汀干预对主动脉瓣膜内皮细胞表面超微结构的影响

目的利用原子力显微镜观察高脂饮食及阿托伐他汀干预对主动脉瓣膜内皮细胞表面形态结构的影响。方法新西兰纯种雄性白兔60只,随机分为对照组、高脂饮食组、高脂饮食＋阿托伐他汀干预组,每组各20只。分别于实验开始及第2、4、6、8周末5个时间点,将上述3组动物各随机处死4只,取其心脏主动脉瓣膜,标本经处理后,置于原子力显微镜下扫描观察。结果随着高脂饮食时间的延长,高脂饮食组瓣膜表面内皮细胞的排列从规则的栅栏状密集的排列,逐渐过渡到无序紊乱的疏松排列。细胞形态从长梭形逐渐过渡为短圆形,细胞之间的间隙逐渐扩大。当AFM在内皮细胞表面的扫描范围进一步缩小时,随着高脂饮食时间的延长,内皮细胞表面大小一致,均匀排列的球形隆起结构逐渐变得低平、融合、减少;高脂饮食及阿托伐他汀干预组内皮细胞的改变介于对照组和高脂饮食组两组之间。结论利用AFM能够在瓣膜组织原位清晰显示损伤保护作用后,内皮细胞膜表面三维超微结构的变化;高脂饮食可以使主动脉瓣膜内皮细胞的排列、分布、形态发生明显改变,为后期与高脂血症有关的瓣膜疾病,例如钙化性主动脉瓣膜狭窄的发生提供条件。阿托伐他汀能够缓解高脂饮食所致的主动脉瓣膜内皮细胞形态结构的改变。     

高脂饮食引起大鼠动脉血管内皮细胞衰老

目的：研究高脂饮食对大鼠血管内皮细胞衰老的影响。方法：大鼠高脂饲料喂养12周后测定血脂的变化,HE染色分析胸主动脉和肾动脉血管结构的改变;胶原酶灌注方法分离胸主动脉和肾动脉血管内皮细胞,应用免疫细胞化学的方法鉴定内皮细胞;应用细胞化学染色的方法检测衰老相关的半乳糖甘酶（senescence-associated β-galactosidase,SA-β-gal）活性。 结果：SD 雄性大鼠高脂饲料喂养12周后,大鼠血浆三酰甘油、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平明显升高, 胸主动脉和肾动脉出现明显的粥样硬化改变;胸主动脉和肾动脉血管内皮细胞SA-β-gal活性明显增加,表现为较强的β-gal染色。结论：高脂饮食引起大鼠胸主动脉和肾动脉粥样硬化改变,动脉血管内皮细胞衰老增加。     

袖状胃切除术对高脂饮食诱导肥胖大鼠肠道屏障的影响

目的研究袖状胃切除术对高脂饮食诱导肥胖大鼠肠道屏障的影响。方法建立高脂饮食诱导肥胖大鼠模型共30只,随机分为普通饮食组(CD,n=10)、假手术组(SO,n=10)和袖状胃切除组(SG,n=10),术后4周时分别检测24 h尿乳果糖/甘露醇比值(L/M)、门静脉血清内毒素水平和小肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白claudin-1和occludin表达水平。结果术后4周时,SG组大鼠体质量明显低于CD组(P0.001)和SO组(P0.001)。SG组大鼠24 h尿L/M值明显低于CD组(P0.001)和SO组(P0.01)。SG组门静脉血清内毒素水平明显低于CD组(P0.01)和SO组(P0.05)。术后4周时,SG组大鼠小肠黏膜中claudin-1表达水平明显高于CD组(P0.001)和SO组(P0.01),occludin表达水平明显高于CD组(P0.001)和SO组(P0.001)。结论袖状胃切除术可使高脂饮食诱导的肥胖大鼠体质量下降,降低24 h尿L/M值和门静脉血清内毒素水平,提高小肠黏膜中claudin-1和occludin蛋白的表达水平。     

吡格列酮对高脂血症大鼠主动脉结缔组织生长因子表达水平的影响

目的:观察吡格列酮对高脂血症大鼠主动脉结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)表达的影响。方法:将26只雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分成普通饲料对照组(9只)和高脂饲料组(17只),分笼饲养,12周后检测其空腹血脂水平,以确定高脂饲料组造模成功;再将成模大鼠随机分为模型组(8只)和吡格列酮组(9只)。第13周起予吡格列酮组大鼠吡格列酮(10mg/kg/天),余两组用等量生理盐水连续灌胃4周后,平行检测各组大鼠血脂水平,主动脉组织形态学(包括光镜、电镜),免疫组化检测主动脉CTGF表达,并用Image-ProPlus图像分析系统分析染色结果。结果:高脂饲料喂养12周后,大鼠总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平较对照组明显升高(P<0.01),造模成功。吡格列酮组给药4周后血清TC、TG水平较模型组明显降低(P<0.01),主动脉CTGF表达也显著下调(P<0.01)。光镜下可见吡格列酮组内皮细胞偶有脱落,内膜下少量泡沫细胞,平滑肌细胞轻度增生;电镜下可见吡格列酮组大鼠血管内皮层整齐,偶见线粒体水肿,中膜平滑肌细胞少见泡沫样变,均较模型组好转。结论:主动脉CTGF表达增加参与了高脂血症对大鼠血管内膜的损伤,吡格列酮干预能够降低主动脉CTGF表达,减轻主动脉内膜损伤,对动脉粥样硬化有保护作用。     

LOX-1在吡格列酮调节高脂血症大鼠主动脉凋亡蛋白表达中的作用

目的:观察吡格列酮对高脂血症大鼠主动脉血凝集素样氧化低密度脂蛋白受体-1(LOX-1)和凋亡蛋白Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响,探讨LOX-1在其中的变化和作用。方法:清洁级SD大鼠26只,随机分为正常组(n=9)、高脂饲料组(n=17),高脂饲料喂养12周后再随机分为高脂血症模型组(n=8)和吡格列酮组(n=9),分别给予生理盐水(正常组和模型组)和药物(吡格列酮组)干预4周后,常规方法检测各组血脂水平,免疫组织化学法检测各组主动脉LOX-1、Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达,TUNEL染色法观察主动脉内膜细胞凋亡情况,并计算细胞凋亡指数(AI)。结果:高脂饲料喂养12周后,成功复制17只高脂血症模型大鼠。吡格列酮干预4周后,与模型组比较,吡格列酮组甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)水平明显降低(P<0.01)。与正常组相比,模型组大鼠主动脉LOX-1、Bax蛋白表达明显增加(P<0.01),Bcl-2蛋白表达及Bcl-2/Bax比值明显降低(P<0.01);与模型组相比,吡格列酮组主动脉LOX-1、Bax蛋白表达明显降低(P<0.01),Bcl-2蛋白表达和Bcl-2/Bax比值明显升高(P<0.01),且吡格列酮组主动脉内膜AI亦较模型组显著降低(P<0.01)。结论:吡格列酮可改善高脂血症大鼠血脂水平,调节凋亡蛋白表达,减少主动脉内皮细胞凋亡,其作用可能与其下调LOX-1蛋白表达有关。     

高脂血症对大鼠主动脉内皮细胞Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨高脂血症SD大鼠主动脉内皮细胞凋亡蛋白Bax、Bcl-2表达的变化及其诱导内皮细胞凋亡的可能机制。方法:清洁级大鼠17只,随机分为高脂血症模型组(8只)和对照组(9只),分别以高脂饲料和普通饲料喂养16周后,检测血脂水平,采用免疫组织化学方法检测两组大鼠主动脉内皮细胞Bax、Bcl-2的表达,同时用HE染色和电镜观察主动脉组织形态学改变。结果:与对照组相比,模型组大鼠血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)水平升高(P<0.01),主动脉内皮细胞Bax蛋白表达明显增加(P<0.01),Bcl-2蛋白表达明显减少(P<0.01),Bcl-2/Bax比值明显降低(P<0.01);模型组主动脉内膜增厚和平滑肌细胞增殖,内皮组织部分脱落,内皮细胞胞膜破裂,胞质脱失,核膜不完整。结论:高脂血症可引起大鼠血管内皮细胞凋亡蛋白Bax、Bcl-2水平及比值改变,加重血管内皮损伤,促进细胞凋亡,加速动脉粥样硬化进程。     

体外反搏对高胆固醇血症猪动脉粥样硬化病理形态及核因子κB表达的影响

目的探讨使用增强型体外反搏器(EECP)提高血流剪切应力对高胆固醇血症实验猪血管病理形态、血管内皮形态与功能及核因子κB(NFκB)表达的影响。方法健康雄性家猪随机分为普通饲料组、高脂对照组、高脂反搏组。后两组同量持续高胆固醇饲料喂养建立高胆固醇血症及早期动脉粥样硬化动物模型。高脂反搏组在高胆固醇喂养2个月后进行体外反搏。15周后取出冠状动脉、胸主动脉和腹主动脉行病理形态学观察和NFκB免疫荧光激光共聚焦扫描。结果高脂对照组及高脂反搏组血脂水平较普通饲料组显著升高(P<0.01),而高脂对照组与高脂反搏组之间血脂水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。主动脉大体苏丹Ⅲ染色示高胆固醇血症猪斑块形成较普通饲料组增多;而高脂反搏组斑块/内膜面积比[(3.33±2.40)%]显著少于高脂对照组[(12.03±7.12)%](P<0.05)。扫描电镜示高脂对照组内皮细胞排列紊乱,大量破坏脱落,有较多血小板黏附;高脂反搏组内皮细胞较完整,沿血流方向梭形排列,血小板黏附较少。透射电镜示高脂对照组内皮细胞变性凋亡脱落显著,内皮下大量泡沫细胞积聚,平滑肌细胞呈合成型改变,大量增生并向内膜移行;而高脂反搏组上述改变明显减轻。冠状动脉HE染色及弹力纤维染色示高脂对照组弹力纤维紊乱断裂,内膜较普通饲料组增厚[(24.36±9.72)μm比(9.97±4.02)μm,P<0.05];而高脂反搏组的内膜增厚比高脂对照组明显减少[(11.87±5.95)μm比(24.36±9.72)μm;P<0.05]。免疫荧光激光共聚焦扫描示高胆固醇血症猪冠脉内皮细胞及平滑肌细胞的细胞核NFκB荧光强度较普通饲料组增高,但高脂反搏组荧光强度较高脂对照组减少(P<0.05)。结论通过体外反搏提高血流剪切应力可改善血管内皮细胞形态与功能,减轻内膜增生和血管重塑,从而抑制高胆固醇血症猪早期动脉粥样硬化的形成和进展。其机制可能与下调NFκB的活性表达有关。     

电磁脉冲对血管内皮细胞骨架微丝聚合肽肌动蛋白表达的影响

目的研究不同脉冲次数电磁脉冲（electromagnetic pulse,EMP）作用对人脐血管内皮细胞（ECV-304）骨架聚合态肌动蛋白（F-actin）表达的影响。方法EMP采用0、100、200、400次脉冲数各辐照ECV-304细胞,用异硫氰酸荧光素-鬼笔环肽染色F-actin和PI染色胞核的双标染色法,观察受辐照血管内皮细胞内微丝形态学的变化,记录并测定细胞F-actin的平均荧光强度。结果对照组细胞中的大部分荧光样物质呈弥漫状态,胞膜荧光较弱,胞浆内可见少量肌动蛋白纤维丝,方向不规则。与对照组相比,各暴露组细胞均可见其胞浆中微丝F-actin明显粗大、变长,其间的荧光样物质大多为较长的粗大应力丝,沿细胞纵轴排列较多,细胞内数量和荧光强度明显增加（P〈0.01）,细胞膜结构完整且荧光增强。随着EMP脉冲次数的增加而微丝F-actin表达显著增多,以400次脉冲组最为明显（P〈0.01）。结论EMP可引起血管内皮细胞的骨架F-actin表达增高且存在着一定的量效关系。     

三种分离大鼠主动脉内皮细胞方法的比较研究

目的:建立一种有效的、重复性好的大鼠主动脉内皮细胞(RAEC)分离方法。方法:采用外翻胶原酶消化法、瞬间热处理植环法和植块法分离RAEC,并进行培养、纯化和传代,观察细胞生长和形态,用免疫组织化学法检验Von Villebrand Factor/Ⅷ因子相关抗原进行内皮细胞鉴定。结果:采用植块法分离RAEC,5~7天后可见细胞贴壁生长,14天呈单层铺路石样分布,Ⅷ因子相关抗原阳性细胞(胞浆呈棕黄色)比率为52.3±10.6%,其他两种方法分离后未见上皮细胞贴壁生长。结论:比较外翻胶原酶消化法、瞬间热处理植环法,植块法分离RAEC能培养获得较多内皮细胞,且方法较简便,细胞污染和损伤较少,重复性好。     

去甲肾上腺素对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞表型转化和骨架蛋白表达的影响

目的研究去甲肾上腺素(NE)对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)表型转化与骨架蛋白表达之间的关系,探讨神经因素对VSMC调控作用。方法体外培养大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞,分为血清对照组(control)、NE+血清培养组、血清饥饿组、NE+血清饥饿组。RT-PCR检测表型基因SM22 α mRNA的表达,免疫荧光方法检测细胞骨架蛋白F-actin的表达。结果与血清培养相比,血清饥饿上调SM22 α表达水平,使F-actin的荧光强度明显增强;NE可降低SM22 α表达水平和使F-actin的荧光强度明显减低,细胞由长梭形转变为多角形或短梭形,细胞板状突起增多,可见细胞分裂。结论 NE对VSMCs表型转化和骨架蛋白形态和数量表达改变有重要作用,为研究神经因素在心血管疾病发生发展中的作用提供理论依据。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.