带线锚钉缝合法治疗肩袖损伤

目的：探讨分析带线锚钉治疗肩袖损伤的临床疗效。方法选取2008年1月至2011年12月于延安大学附属医院骨科进行治疗的20例肩袖损伤患者为研究对象,采用带线锚钉缝合的方法对损伤的肩袖进行修复,并采用美国加州大学肩袖损伤专业评分系统（UCLA）对患者术后的肩关节活动度、日常生活的自理情况、疼痛改善情况进行综合评定,评价其治疗效果。结果20例患者随访时间均在1年以上,平均随访时间13．6个月,无一例出现锚钉拔出、肌腱不愈合等并发症。其中UCLA评定优13例（34～35分）,良5例（29～33分）,差2例（＜29分）,优良率90％。结论应用锚钉缝合固定的方法治疗肩袖损伤能获得满意的临床效果,是治疗肩袖损伤理想的手术方式之一。     

肱骨外科颈骨折48例治疗体会

肱骨外科颈骨折常发生于解剖颈下2-3 cm,大、小结节下缘肱骨干的交界处,此为松质骨与致密骨质接壤处,占肩部骨折的26%[1].肱骨外科颈骨折远端由于胸大肌和近端肩袖牵拉而向前成角,临床上根据移位情况可分为内收型和外展型骨折.     

慢性中重度肌腱回缩肩袖撕裂患者肩关节镜下修复可一定程度上改善局部骨质疏松

文题释义：肩袖：又称旋转袖,肩袖是由冈上肌、冈下肌、小圆肌及肩胛下肌的肌腱所组成的,是包绕在肱骨头周围的一组肌腱复合体,这些肌腱的运动导致肩关节旋内,旋外和上举活动。 肩袖损伤Patte分级：第一级冈上肌肌腱撕裂伴少许回缩,第二级撕裂伴回缩至肱骨头切迹内侧,但没到关节窝,三级撕裂伴回缩至关节窝水平。 背景：肩袖损伤是肩关节损伤的最常见类型,国内迄今鲜有对肱骨大结节局部骨质疏松与肩袖损伤关系的研究,足印区骨质是影响术中锚钉置入的关键因素,术后的骨密度恢复情况值得进一步研究。 目的：比较患者术前、术后的双侧肱骨大结节骨密度差异程度,分析关节镜下缝合肩袖损伤术后的骨密度改善情况。 方法：回顾性分析承德医学院附属医院关节外科接受关节镜下缝合的37例单侧肩袖损伤患者资料。男16例,女21例;年龄35-73岁,平均55.8岁;肩袖损伤按照Patte的肌腱回缩程度分类标准：轻度回缩17例(其中急性13例),中重度回缩20例(其中慢性12例)。收集双能X射线吸收仪(DXA)测量的双侧肱骨大结节骨矿物质密度,分析病程长度、肌腱的回缩程度与术前、术后1年双侧骨密度差值之间的关系。 结果与结论：①术前轻度回缩组肱骨大结节骨密度差值显著低于中、重度回缩组患者(P < 0.05),且急性轻度回缩组骨密度差值显著低于慢性中、重度回缩组(P < 0.05),表明慢性中、重度回缩肩袖撕裂的患者大结节局部骨质疏松更为明显;②术后1年随访,37例患者肱骨大结节骨密度差值较术前明显降低(P < 0.05);轻度回缩组术前、术后无明显差别;而中、重度回缩组术后骨密度差值显著低于术前(P < 0.05);慢性中、重度回缩组术后骨密度差值显著低于术前(P < 0.05);③末次随访影像学检查所有参试者均未检及再次撕裂影像出现;④结果说明,慢性且中、重度肌腱回缩的肩袖撕裂患者大结节区域局部骨质疏松最为明显;肩关节镜下修复肩袖损伤可以一定程度上恢复局部骨质,与病程长短无关。 ORCID: 0000-0002-4940-0051(齐禹森) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

带线锚钉修复踝关节骨折合并三角韧带损伤

目的研究评价带线锚钉修复踝关节骨折合并三角韧带损伤的临床治疗效果。方法 2010年1月~2013年1月利用带线锚钉修复踝关节骨折合并三角韧带损伤27例,对外踝、后踝骨折均行切开复位内固定,利用带线锚钉修复重建三角韧带,对于确定有下胫腓联合分离的患者采用1枚松质骨螺丝钉固定。结果本组均获得平均23个月随访,术后无血管、神经损伤及伤口感染。根据患者术后主观感觉进行评价,优良率81.5%;运用美国足踝骨科协会(AOFAS)足踝评分系统对踝关节功能进行综合评估,优良率74.1%。结论三角韧带对于踝关节内侧稳定具有重要意义,踝关节骨折切开复位内固定和三角韧带的修复重建同等重要,否则将产生踝关节不稳。应用带线锚钉修复重建三角韧带的效果可靠,值得推广。     

兔肩袖损伤模型的建立及初步组织学研究**☆

背景：兔的冈上肌形态及结构与人类相仿,在组织学上,兔肩袖肌腱包括与人类相似的由肌腱到骨的移行区域,可用于腱-骨愈合的研究。 目的：建立兔的肩袖损伤模型,探讨此模型的可行性并进行肩袖愈合的初步组织学研究。  方法：18只骨骼成熟雄性新西兰大耳白兔,建立肩袖损伤模型后随机数字表法均分为2组：修复组造模后1周行腱-骨缝合;对照组不予修复。分别于造模后2,4,8周对冈上肌标本进行切片及苏木精-伊红染色,观察冈上肌的脂肪浸润情况和腱-骨愈合情况。  结果与结论：兔冈上肌的解剖结构和组织结构均与人类相似,肩袖损伤模型建立和手术修复的操作过程可重复性高。两组均未观察到明显的冈上肌脂肪浸润和萎缩变性。修复组在8周时形成了新的冈上肌止点,对照组则无新止点形成。 说明急性冈上肌损伤修复后8周可形成新止点,兔是建立肩袖损伤模型的合适动物并适用于肩袖疾病的研究。     

椎弓根螺钉长度变化对螺钉-骨复合体模型 应力影响的三维有限元分析研究

目的 利用三维有限元模型研究椎弓根螺钉长度变化对生理载荷下螺钉骨复合体模型的应用影响。方法 建立椎弓根螺钉和L1椎体的三维模型,并对其进行网格划分,设置椎弓根钉长度尺寸的变化范围。模拟生理载荷条件下,对不同长度尺寸的椎弓根钉有限元模型进行应力分析。结果椎弓根螺钉长度在30～50 mm范围内变化时,随着螺钉长度的增大,螺钉骨复合体模型的骨质部分承担的应力均减小,而螺钉承担的应力则增加。螺钉最大平均主应变出现在螺钉的尾端,皮质骨发生的最大平均主应力位置出现在螺钉与皮质骨接触面两侧,松质骨发生的最大平均主应力位置出现在螺钉头部与松质骨接触面两侧。当螺钉长度达到50 mm时,载荷力传递到皮质骨和松质骨分别减小了43.1%和42.3%,而螺钉上出现的则增加了38%。当椎弓根螺钉长度大于45 mm时,螺钉骨复合体模型各部分应力变化不明显。结论 椎弓根螺钉长度在30～50 mm范围变化时,在生理载荷下,椎弓根螺钉长度的增大有利于改善螺钉、皮质骨及松质骨上轴向应力的力学分布;只要骨量允许,临床选择椎弓根螺钉的长度应不小于45 mm。     

正畸微植体动态植入过程有限元数值仿真

目的　为研究微植体动态植入过程中周围骨应力分布情况,提出并建立自攻型微植体动态植入有限元模型。方法　利用CBCT数据重建口腔三维实体化模型;利用ABAQUS软件建立种植周围局部模型及微植体三维有限元模型,微植体以40 N轴向推进力,恒定转速0.5 r/s植入颌骨内。结果　成功建立了动态模拟自攻型正畸微植体植入颌骨的三维有限元模型。植入阶段和螺纹位置对骨内应力影响明显。皮质骨最大应力为167 MPa,稳定阶段最大应力为50 MPa;松质骨最大应力为30 MPa。结论　植入阶段和螺纹位置对应力分布影响明显;皮质骨和松质骨内的应力差异明显。可以通过应力特征判断骨质类型,以及种植体周围的骨应力分布情况判断颌骨是否处于合适的种植状态。     

有限元分析髓芯减压并同种异体植骨治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的生物力学改变

目的:分析髓芯减压并同种异体植骨治疗早期股骨头缺血性坏死的临床应用。方法:选取收治的1例早期股骨头缺血坏死男性患者,入院后术前对患侧股骨头行多层螺旋CT扫描,然后将CT扫描的图片资料导入专业的有限元分析软件,建立股骨头缺血坏死的有限元模型,在有限元模型上模拟进行髓芯钻孔减压术,隧道植入骨块到软骨下骨约0~6 mm处,自体松质骨夯实。双足站立位为股骨头的模拟受力体位,髋关节的负荷条件为:外展肌合力M、髂胫束力T以及髋关节接触力J分别为1 060、1 721、1 621 N,选取90°、120°以及150°的坏死角度,分别计算未处理过的股骨头坏死模型的塌陷值、行单纯髓芯减压以及行髓芯减压加植骨时的塌陷值。结果:股骨头的正常骨质杨氏模量高于坏死骨的杨氏模量,正常骨质的横向变形系数低于坏死骨。行股骨头髓芯钻孔减压术后,股骨头的塌陷值显著增加,而减压隧道植入同种异体骨后,其塌陷值显著减低,但高于正常的股骨头。同时,由于股骨头坏死角度的增加,其塌陷值也明显增加。结论:髓芯钻孔减压并同种异体植骨术能有效增进坏死区的骨质修复,加强减压通道所致股骨头支撑结构的改变,防止股骨头关节面的塌陷。     

肩袖损伤模型兔持续被动活动对骨-肌腱界面早期修复的影响:MRI不同时点影像证实

背景:肩袖损伤中以冈上肌腱损伤最为多见,其修复的难点在于骨-肌腱界面的重建,目前缺乏合适的动物模型以及确切的治疗方法。目的:建立兔肩袖损伤修复的实验动物模型,通过MRI观察持续被动活动对肩袖骨-肌腱界面损伤重建术后骨-肌腱界面早期修复的作用,为肩袖损伤修复术后康复制定一个合适的康复程序。方法:8月龄雄性新西兰大白兔16只,构建双侧冈上肌腱急性损伤模型后重建其在肱骨大结节上的止点,随机分为自由活动组(n=4)和持续被动活动组(n=12)。持续被动活动模型与重建组运动术后第2天开始应用自制兔肩关节持续被动活动器,以2,4,10(°)/s不同持续被动活动速度进行屈伸75°～75°运动。分别在术前和术后第1,2,4周观察各组动物一般情况及不同持续被动活动速度时兔肩袖骨-肌腱界面的MRI影像学变化。结果与结论:大体观察可见重建2周后切口愈合良好,拆线后未见切口感染、血肿、裂开等;MRI检查结果显示:术后各组肩袖骨-肌腱界面逐渐愈合,术后第1,2,4周不同时间点与自由活动组相比,持续被动活动组在不同屈伸角度下骨-肌腱界面修复迅速,每屈伸75°～75°运动速度为4(°)/s时,骨-肌腱界面的修复明显好于自由活动组。证实该动物模型能够很好的满足实验的需要,兔冈上肌腱损伤重建术后第2天开始,不同速度持续被动活动屈伸运动,可促进骨-肌腱界面的修复,以4(°)/s的持续被动活动速度最佳。     

关节镜下Fastin带线锚钉修复外侧半月板前角损伤

背景：Fastin锚钉已被广泛用于肩袖损伤、韧带损伤等治疗,但用于半月板修复方面国内报道较少。 目的：探讨关节镜下应用带线锚钉治疗外侧半月板前角损伤的方法和临床疗效。 方法：回顾性分析经MRI诊断并经关节镜下确诊外侧半月板前角损伤适合行缝合修复的22例患者的临床资料,所有患者行关节镜下带线锚钉固定缝合,通过症状、体征、Lysholm及国际膝关节评分委员会评分对其临床效果进行评价。 结果与结论：患者均获得随访,时间7-28个月(平均19.3个月),无严重并发症发生,Lysholm评分和国际膝关节评分委员会评分分别由治疗前的(45.20±7.47)分和(41.55±8.91)分升高到治疗后的(90.60±5.46)分和(91.85±1.09)分(P < 0.05),说明关节镜下应用带线锚钉治疗半月板前角损伤能够达到良好的临床效果。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.