超声引导下改良髂筋膜间隙阻滞在老年髋部骨折患者摆放体位过程中的阻滞效果

目的观察超声引导下改良髂筋膜间隙阻滞(modified-fescia iliac compartment block,M-FICB)用于老年髋部骨折患者体位变动的镇痛效果。方法限期行手术治疗老年髋部骨折患者60例,男17例,女43例,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组:改良M-FICB组(M组)和FICB组(F组),每组30例。M组采用超声引导注射0.4%罗哌卡因5ml于闭孔神经,15ml于髂筋膜间隙;F组采用超声引导注射0.4%罗哌卡因20ml于髂筋膜间隙。两组患者20 min后进行椎管内麻醉体位摆放。记录超声引导下神经阻滞操作时间和神经阻滞起效时间。记录神经阻滞前(T_0)、神经阻滞后10min(T_1)、20min(T_2)、摆放椎管内麻醉体位时(T_3)、术后24h(T_4)VAS评分。结果 M组闭孔神经阻滞起效时间明显短于F组[(4.1±1.4)min vs(10.1±3.9)min,P0.05]。两组神经阻滞操作时间差异无统计学意义[(2.2±0.5)min vs(2.1±0.5)min]。T_1~T_3时M组VAS评分明显低于F组(P0.05);与T_0时比较,T_1~T_4时两组VAS评分明显降低(P0.05)。结论超声引导下改良髂筋膜间隙阻滞有效阻滞闭孔神经,可以减轻老年髋部骨折患者体位摆放过程中的疼痛,并降低患者术后疼痛。     

连续髋关节囊周围神经阻滞与连续髂筋膜间隙阻滞对老年全髋关节置换术患者围术期镇痛效果影响的比较

目的 比较连续髋关节囊周围神经阻滞(PENGB)和连续髂筋膜间隙阻滞(FICB)在老年全髋关节置换术患者围术期的镇痛效果。方法 选择行全髋关节置换术的老年患者50例,男22例,女28例,年龄65～85岁,BMI 18～30 kg/m²,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组：连续PENGB组(P组)和连续FICB组(F组),每组25例。P组在全麻诱导前实施超声引导下连续PENGB,给予0.375%罗哌卡因20 ml。F组在全麻诱导前实施超声引导下连续FICB,给予0.375%罗哌卡因30 ml。两组患者术毕行神经阻滞自控镇痛。记录阻滞前即刻、术后3、6、12、24和48 h静息和活动(被动直腿抬高45°)时VAS疼痛评分,神经阻滞操作时间、丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量,术后12、24和48 h下肢运动阻滞改良Bromage评分,术后补救镇痛情况、术前等待时间和术后住院时间,恶心呕吐、局麻药中毒、神经损伤、导管移位和脱出、血肿、穿刺部位感染等情况。结果 与阻滞前即刻比较,术后3、6、12、24和48 h两组静息和活动时VAS疼痛评分明显降低(P<0.05)。与...     

超声引导下髂筋膜间隙联合骶丛神经阻滞在老年全髋关节置换术中的应用

目的评价超声引导下髂筋膜间隙联合骶丛神经阻滞在老年全髋关节置换后外侧入路手术中的应用效果。方法选择择期行单侧人工全髋关节置换术(后外侧入路)患者60例,男24例,女36例,年龄65~90岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机分为研究组(NB组)和对照组(SA组),每组30例。NB组在超声引导下先行髂筋膜间隙阻滞(0.4%罗哌卡因50ml),然后行骶丛神经阻滞(0.5%罗哌卡因20ml);SA组行轻比重单侧腰麻2.0~2.5ml(0.5%布比卡因2ml+灭菌注射用水1ml)。记录两组的感觉、运动阻滞起效及完善时间。记录患者入室时(T_0)、摆放体位前1min(T_1)、摆体位时(T_2)、手术切皮时(T_3)、手术开始后30min(T_4)、手术结束时(T_5)、术后24h(T_6)的VAS评分。记录两组患者术中辅助使用多巴胺、阿托品的情况及并发症的发生情况。结果 NB组感觉、运动阻滞起效及完善时间明显长于SA组(P0.05)。T_1、T_2、T_6时NB组VAS评分明显低于SA组,T_3、T_5时NB组VAS评分明显高于SA组(P0.05)。NB组使用多巴胺2例(6.7%),明显少于SA组的8例(26.7%)(P0.05)。NB组头痛、恶心、呕吐、尿潴留发生率明显低于SA组(P0.05)。结论超声引导下髂筋膜间隙联合骶丛神经阻滞应用于老年全髋关节置换后外侧入路手术,可减轻摆放体位所致的疼痛,减少血管活性药物的用量,且术后早期镇痛效果好,不良反应较少。     

椎板后阻滞和竖脊肌平面阻滞在多发肋骨骨折手术患者术中及术后镇痛效果的比较

目的探讨超声引导下椎板后阻滞(RLB)和竖脊肌平面阻滞(ESPB)对多发肋骨骨折患者术中和术后镇痛效果的影响。方法选择行肋骨骨折内固定手术患者80例,男57例,女23例,年龄25～65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为两组:RLB组和ESPB组,每组40例。两组在全身麻醉后实施超声引导下RLB和ESPB,均给予0.5%罗哌卡因0.4 ml/kg。术后两组均行静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)。记录术中瑞芬太尼用量。记录术前静息以及术后2、4、12、24、48 h静息和咳嗽时VAS疼痛评分。记录PACU滞留时间、PCIA有效按压次数、补救镇痛例数、穿刺相关并发症及不良反应的发生情况。结果与EAPB组比较,RLB组术中瑞芬太尼用量明显减少(P0.05),术后2、4、12、24 h静息和咳嗽时VAS疼痛评分明显降低(P0.05),PACU滞留时间明显缩短(P0.05),PCIA有效按压次数明显减少(P0.05),补救镇痛率、恶心呕吐发生率明显降低(P0.05)。结论与ESPB比较,全身麻醉联合超声引导下RLB可以有效减少多发肋骨骨折患者术中阿片类药物的用量,减轻术后疼痛。     

超声引导下腰方肌阻滞在腹膜透析置管术中的应用效果

目的观察超声引导下腰方肌阻滞在腹膜透析置管术中应用的有效性及安全性。方法选择择期行腹膜透析置管术终末期肾病患者90例,男49例,女41例,年龄45～65岁,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级,随机分为三组,每组30例:A组采用局麻,B组采用0.5%罗哌卡因25 ml行超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞,C组采用0.5%罗哌卡因25 ml行超声引导下腰方肌阻滞。记录麻醉前(T_0)、阻滞完成后30 min(T_1)、切皮时(T_2)、置管时(T_3)、打隧道穿刺出皮肤时(T_4)和缝合切口时(T_5)的MAP和HR;记录舒芬太尼追加例数,记录T_2—T_5时VAS评分和围术期不良反应的发生情况。结果 T_3—T_4时C组MAP明显低于A组和B组,HR明显慢于A组和B组(P0.05),B组MAP明显低于A组,HR明显慢于A组(P0.05)。T_3—T_4时C组VAS评分明显低于A组和B组(P0.05),B组VAS评分明显低于A组(P0.05)。C组舒芬太尼追加例数明显少于A组和B组(P0.05),A组舒芬太尼追加例数明显多于B组(P0.05)。三组下肢乏力发生率差异无统计学意义,三组均无一例其他不良反应。三组围术期均未发生明显的穿刺并发症。结论超声引导下腰方肌阻滞麻醉应用于终末期肾病患者腹膜透析置管术中效果确切,可减少麻醉性镇痛药的使用,不增加不良反应。     

超声引导下髂筋膜间隙阻滞在老年全髋关节置换术患者中镇痛应用

目的探讨应用超声引导下髂筋膜间隙阻滞(Fascia iliaca compartment block,FICB)麻醉方式在老年全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)术中血流动力学影响及术后镇痛效果。方法选取2018年1月至2020年6月本院行老年全髋关节置换术病人资料,采用气管插管全身麻醉—静脉自控镇痛泵为对照组,观察组为采用超声引导下髂筋膜间隙阻滞麻醉。对比两组手术前及术后VAS疼痛评分、手术期间平均动脉压(MAP)及心率(HR)、术后并发症发生情况。结果观察组麻醉期内麻醉药物用量少于对照组,P0.05。两组在麻醉期相关指标对比:同组内气管插管后(T_1)、手术切皮时(T_2)、手术结束时(T_3)的HR和MAP分别与T_0比较,P0.05;相同T_1、T_2、T_3时点组间比较观察组HR和MAP均低于对照组。术后镇痛效果比较:两组病人T_4时点VAS评分值比较,P0.05;两组患者术后全麻清醒时(T_5)、术后2小时(T_6)、12小时(T_7)、24小时(T_8)VAS评分相同时间点VAS评分值比较,观察组较对照组VAS评分相对较低,镇痛效果相对较好,P0.05。术后48小时镇痛效果满意,均无严重不良反应发生。结论老年病人行THA手术时,采用超声引导下FICB具有操作简单、安全、减少术中对血流动力学干扰、术后镇痛效果好,更有利于病人快速康复。     

腹横肌平面阻滞联合腹直肌鞘阻滞在老年腹股沟直疝修补术中的应用

目的探讨老年患者腹股沟直疝修补术中,超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞(TAPB)联合腹直肌鞘阻滞(RSB)的应用效果。方法择期行腹股沟直疝修补术老年患者46例,均为男性,年龄65～82岁,BMI 20～27 kg/m~2,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机数字表法分为TAPB联合RSB组(TR组)和TAPB组(T组),每组23例。TR组患者接受TAPB联合RSB,T组患者接受单纯TAPB,所有神经阻滞采取的局麻药均为0.25%罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定0.7μg/kg。记录麻醉诱导前(T_0)、手术开始时(T_1)、手术开始后20 min(T_2)、手术结束时(T_3)、术后12 h(T_4)、术后24 h(T_5)两组HR、SBP、DBP,并计算心率收缩压乘积(RPP)。记录T_1—T_3时静息时VAS评分,T_4—T_5时活动时VAS评分。记录围术期补救镇痛情况和神经阻滞失败、恶心呕吐、血压升高或降低幅度基础值30%、心脑血管意外、局麻药中毒等不良反应发生情况。结果与T_0时比较,T_1—T_3时两组HR均明显增快(P0.05),SBP、DBP、RPP均明显升高(P0.05)。T_1—T_3时TR组HR明显慢于T组,SBP、DBP、RPP明显低于T组(P0.05)。T_1—T_3时TR组静息时VAS评分明显低于T组(P0.05),T_4—T_5时TR组活动时VAS评分明显低于T组(P0.05)。TR组术中补救镇痛和围术期恶心呕吐发生率均明显低于T组(P0.05)。两组术后均不需要补救镇痛,围术期均未发生血压升高或降低幅度基础值30%、心脑血管意外、局麻药中毒等不良反应。结论超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞联合腹直肌鞘阻滞用于老年患者腹股沟直疝修补术,麻醉效果确切,术后镇痛完善,恶心呕吐发生率低。     

超声引导下低位前锯肌平面阻滞和腰方肌阻滞用于腹腔镜肾癌根治术的比较

目的比较超声引导下低位前锯肌平面阻滞(SAPB)和腰方肌阻滞(QLB)用于腹腔镜肾癌根治术的应用效果。方法选择行腹腔镜肾癌根治术患者90例,男55例,女35例,年龄18～80岁,BMI 19～28 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。将患者随机分为三组:SAPB联合全麻组(S组)、QLB联合全麻组(Q组)和单纯全麻组(G组),每组30例。记录神经阻滞操作时间、神经阻滞起效时间、神经阻滞范围、神经阻滞相关并发症发生情况。记录术后0.5、2、12、24、48 h静息和活动时VAS疼痛评分。记录术中丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量、补救镇痛例数、术后48 h内镇痛泵按压次数及患者镇痛满意度评分。结果 S组阻滞操作时间和阻滞起效时间明显短于Q组(P0.05)。术后0.5、2、12、24 h S组和Q组静息和活动时VAS疼痛评分以及术后48 h活动时VAS疼痛评分明显低于G组(P0.05)。S组和Q组术中丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量明显少于G组(P0.05),补救镇痛率明显低于G组(P0.05),镇痛泵按压次数明显少于G组(P0.05),镇痛满意度评分明显高于G组(P0.05)。S组阻滞平面集中在T_6—T_(11),Q组阻滞平面集中在T_7—L_1。结论低位SAPB和QLB均可有效缓解腹腔镜肾癌根治术患者术后早期切口痛,减少术中全麻药物用量以及术后镇痛药物用量。与QLB比较,低位SAPB操作更简单、起效时间短,适宜在临床推广应用。     

超声引导下外侧入路坐骨神经阻滞在全膝关节置换术后镇痛中的应用

目的研究超声引导下外侧入路坐骨神经阻滞在全膝关节置换术(TKA)术后镇痛中的应用情况,并与传统的后入路法比较,评价其临床应用价值。方法选择气管插管全麻下行单侧TKA手术患者60例,男22例,女38例,年龄60～85岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,所有患者术毕拔管送麻醉恢复室,在超声引导下行单次股神经联合坐骨神经阻滞镇痛,根据坐骨神经入路不同,随机分为2组(n=30):外侧入路组(L组),仰卧位下于转子下股骨干中上段外侧行坐骨神经阻滞镇痛;后入路组(P组),侧卧位下于坐骨结节和股骨大转子间行坐骨神经阻滞镇痛。记录坐骨神经阻滞操作完成时间、穿刺针深度、最低平均电流刺激的强度、穿刺成功率、坐骨神经感觉阻滞起效时间、持续时间和患者对操作满意度评分;收集术后36h内不同时点静息和活动时VAS评分及并发症的发生情况。结果L组操作完成时间明显短于P组(P0.05),进针深度明显浅于P组(P0.05),穿刺的成功率和患者满意度均明显高于P组(P0.05);两组术后不同时点静息和活动时VAS评分、术后镇痛药物使用情况和肌力差异无统计学意义。两组术后36h内均未见局部红肿、感染和神经损伤等麻醉相关并发症。结论与传统的转子间水平后入路法比较,超声联合神经电刺激针引导坐骨神经阻滞镇痛的外侧入路是一种更简单而安全有效的穿刺入路技术。     

连续前锯肌平面阻滞对胸腔镜下肺癌根治术患者术后肺氧合功能的影响

目的比较连续前锯肌平面阻滞(SAPB)和静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)两种镇痛方式在胸腔镜下肺癌根治术患者术后减少肺部并发症、改善肺氧合功能方面的有效性。方法择期行胸腔镜下肺癌根治术患者126例,年龄18～70岁,BMI 18.5～30.0 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ–Ⅲ级,随机分为两组:连续SAPB组(S组)和PCIA组(P组),每组63例。术毕S组行超声引导下前锯肌平面阻滞,注入0.375%罗哌卡因20 ml,留置导管予0.2%罗哌卡因行自控镇痛;P组行舒芬太尼常规PCIA。麻醉诱导前(T_0)、术毕即刻(T_1)、拔管后2 h(T_2)、拔管后6 h(T_3)、拔管后24 h(T_4)抽取桡动脉血记录PaO_2并计算氧合指数(OI)。记录T_2—T_4时静态和活动VAS评分,并记录肺部并发症发生情况。结果与T_0时比较,T_2、T_3时两组OI明显降低,且P组明显低于S组(P0.05)。T_2—T_4时S组VAS评分明显低于P组(P0.05),但两组补救镇痛例数差异无统计学意义。与P组比较,S组低氧血症、肺不张、恶心、呕吐的发生率明显降低(P0.05)。结论连续SAPB较PCIA能够改善胸腔镜下肺癌根治术患者肺氧合功能。     

Complicaciones asociadas a tres técnicas de bloqueo del plexo braquial: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

BackgroundBrachial plexus block has become one of the most widely-used anaesthetic techniques in the world for upper limb anaesthesia. There are three different brachial blocks techniques: supraclavicular, infraclavicular and axillary block. However, its execution is not exempt from possible clinical complications, and it is not clear which of these is associated with a lower complication rate and greater anaesthetic success.Materials and methodsSystematic review and meta-analysis following the Cochrane and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to identify controlled clinical trials reporting the three techniques. The main outcome was the incidence of anaesthetic complications, and the secondary ones were an anaesthetic success, time of performance and anaesthetic latency.Results25 controlled clinical trials, with 2012 patient, were included. The methodological quality of the included studies is moderate to high. For the main outcome, the main complication reported was a vascular puncture, followed by transient neurological injury, symptomatic diaphragmatic paralysis and pneumothorax. No differences were found in complications associated with the three anaesthetic techniques. Additionally, no differences were found regarding anaesthetic success.ConclusionsAnesthetic complications associated with the three brachial block techniques are low, with no medium and long-term sequelae; however, none of the three techniques seems to be superior among them to reduce these complications. All three techniques are highly successful when performed using ultrasound imaging.     

Axillary block in children: single or multiple injection?

The goal of this double-blind prospective study was to compare the effect of a single injection versus multiple fractionated doses on the onset time and quality of motor and sensory block, obtained in 70 children anaesthetized with axillary block alone. The brachial plexus was identified with a peripheral nerve stimulator, and blocked with 0.5 ml.kg-1 of 1.5% lignocaine with adrenaline. In Group S (single injection), the total volume was injected after location of one nerve. In Group M (multiple fractionated doses), two nerves were located, including necessarily one nerve implicated in the surgical territory. Motor and sensory blocks were assessed according to Lanz's scale before surgery by a blinded observer. A block was considered complete if there was no feeling in at least three nerve territories at 30 min. No difference was found between groups for motor and sensory block quality. However the onset time of the block was faster after multiple fractionated doses (Group M, 25+/-7 min vs Group S, 29+/-4 min) and was faster in younger children (5-9 years: M=23+/-7 min vs S=28+/-5 min, 10-15 years: no difference). There was a significant difference in the quality of the sensory blockade of the musculocutaneous nerve: 18 versus 8 complete blocks, 10 versus 14 incomplete blocks, respectively for Group M versus Group S. No adverse effect was observed and analgesia was prolonged for more than 4 h. We can conclude that, unlike adults, fractionated doses in chilren bring no benefit to the quality of sensory and motor block. Selective block of the musculocutaneous nerve is recommended when a surgical procedure takes place in this territory.     

超声引导下三点阻滞与椎旁阻滞用于剖腹肝胆手术术后镇痛的比较

目的观察术前给予超声引导下三点法阻滞(低位前锯肌阻滞、肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞和腹直肌后鞘阻滞)或单侧胸椎旁阻滞对肝胆手术患者术后镇痛及相关围术期转归的影响。方法选择择期右上腹部切口行肝胆手术的患者95例,男69例,女26例,年龄18～65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为三点组(n=48)和椎旁组(n=47)。三点组患者入室后采用0.375%罗哌卡因行超声引导下低位前锯肌阻滞(10 ml)、肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞(15 ml)复合腹直肌后鞘阻滞(15 ml),椎旁组采用0.375%罗哌卡因20 ml行超声引导下T_(7-9)椎旁阻滞。记录术后24 h舒芬太尼用量;记录切皮前、切皮后1和5 min时HR和SBP的变化、麻醉后恢复室内和术后24 h VAS疼痛评分,以及患者过敏、局麻药中毒、穿刺损伤等不良反应发生情况。结果两组患者术后24 h内舒芬太尼用量差异无统计学意义[(0.98±0.33)μg/kg vs (0.95±0.28)μg/kg]。患者麻醉后恢复室内和术后24 h VAS疼痛评分差异无统计学意义。椎旁组术中低血压发生率31例(66.0%) vs 11例(22.9%)和去甲肾上腺素用量[(3.5±1.6)μg/kg vs (1.2±0.4)μg/kg]明显高于三点组(P0.01)。两组患者均未见过敏、局麻药中毒、穿刺损伤等不良反应。结论低位前锯肌阻滞、肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞、腹直肌后鞘阻滞三点阻滞复合可以产生与单侧椎旁阻滞相当的术中和术后镇痛作用,而且前者的低血压发生率明显低于椎旁阻滞,是一种可供临床选择的上腹部神经阻滞方式。     

‘Small blocks’ in paediatric patients

Regional anaesthetic techniques are now extensively used in paediatric anaesthesia. A better understanding and conceptualization of them has led us to define a new category of blocks, termed compartment blocks, in which the structure that has to be identified is a fascial plane, not the nerve to be blocked itself. Some of these compartment blocks, most of which have been described decades ago but fell into disuse, have now been rediscovered as they offer many advantages in terms of safety, efficiency and simplicity. These ‘small blocks’ share the same high benefit/risk ratio and, basically, the same technique of fascial plane localization; this makes them look very similar even though they involve various structures and nerves with no real anatomical link. In this category are included the peri-umbilical, ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric, pudendal, penile, fascia iliaca, saphenous nerve, metacarpal and laryngeal nerve blocks. These small blocks provide adequate analgesia for a number of very common procedures in paediatric patients; they do not require special skills, training, complicated or expensive devices. Their success rate is extremely high and they have no true contraindications or significant adverse effects. They are effective with only small amounts of local anaesthetics and thus, due to their many advantages, should be used extensively in children.     

Pneumocephalus during continuous epidural block

We report a case of pneumocephalus during continuous epidural infusion. A 52-year-old malnourished man with rectal cancer had been treated with continuous epidural block for the relief of pain in the left thigh. Eleven days after catheter insertion, a dull, persistent headache occurred in the frontal region, and it worsened gradually. It was precipitated by any head motion and was not relieved by the supine position. A head computed tomography (CT) scan taken 3 days after the onset of the headache revealed about 15 ml of intracranial air and backward compression of the brain. The catheter was removed and the patient maintained bed-rest. The headache disappeared 2 days later. It is speculated that the air was sucked in through the space along the epidural catheter.     

Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures for cervical pain

Ultrasound is a particularly valuable imaging technique when performing nerve blocks at the cervical level. High-frequency probes provide high-quality resolution and are safe in skilled hands. Typically, interventions performed at the cervical level have been carried out with the help of x-rays, with the corresponding disadvantages such as the exposure to radiation and the inherent inability to observe radiotransparent structures such as blood vessels and nerves. Ultrasound allows us to visualize soft tissues and guide the tip of the needle to our target, without harming particularly delicate structures found in the path of the needle. This is important in nerve root blocks where the identification of periradicular nerves is crucial for the safety of the block itself. Likewise, ultrasound allows us to manipulate the needle with greater precision in the correct location; as is the case in cervical sympathetic nerve block where we can observe the injection of the liquid behind the prevertebral fascia and in front of the fascia of the longus colli muscle. In this article, we describe the most frequent techniques used in the pain clinic to treat headache and cervical pain, with special emphasis on the safety of the procedure.