超声引导下低位前锯肌平面阻滞和腰方肌阻滞用于腹腔镜肾癌根治术的比较

目的比较超声引导下低位前锯肌平面阻滞(SAPB)和腰方肌阻滞(QLB)用于腹腔镜肾癌根治术的应用效果。方法选择行腹腔镜肾癌根治术患者90例,男55例,女35例,年龄18～80岁,BMI 19～28 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。将患者随机分为三组:SAPB联合全麻组(S组)、QLB联合全麻组(Q组)和单纯全麻组(G组),每组30例。记录神经阻滞操作时间、神经阻滞起效时间、神经阻滞范围、神经阻滞相关并发症发生情况。记录术后0.5、2、12、24、48 h静息和活动时VAS疼痛评分。记录术中丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量、补救镇痛例数、术后48 h内镇痛泵按压次数及患者镇痛满意度评分。结果 S组阻滞操作时间和阻滞起效时间明显短于Q组(P0.05)。术后0.5、2、12、24 h S组和Q组静息和活动时VAS疼痛评分以及术后48 h活动时VAS疼痛评分明显低于G组(P0.05)。S组和Q组术中丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量明显少于G组(P0.05),补救镇痛率明显低于G组(P0.05),镇痛泵按压次数明显少于G组(P0.05),镇痛满意度评分明显高于G组(P0.05)。S组阻滞平面集中在T_6—T_(11),Q组阻滞平面集中在T_7—L_1。结论低位SAPB和QLB均可有效缓解腹腔镜肾癌根治术患者术后早期切口痛,减少术中全麻药物用量以及术后镇痛药物用量。与QLB比较,低位SAPB操作更简单、起效时间短,适宜在临床推广应用。     

不同层面腰方肌阻滞对剖宫产产妇术后镇痛的影响

目的 探讨超声引导下前层胸腰筋膜下和前层胸腰筋膜外实施腰方肌阻滞（QLB）对剖宫产术后镇痛的影响。
方法 选择择期腰-硬联合麻醉下行剖宫产手术的产妇113例,年龄23～39岁,体重50～90 kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,孕期>37周。采用随机数字表法将产妇分为两组：前层胸腰筋膜下阻滞组（S组,n=57）和前层胸腰筋膜外阻滞组（E组,n=56）。所有产妇腰-硬联合麻醉用药相同,术毕连接患者自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）泵,S组术毕行超声引导下前层胸腰筋膜下阻滞,E组行超声引导下前层胸腰筋膜外阻滞。记录首次按压PCIA时间,术后24 h内PCIA有效按压次数以及布托啡诺用量。记录QLB实施后6、9、12、24、48 h静息和活动时VAS疼痛评分、BCS舒适度评分以及阻滞平面存在情况。记录头晕、恶心呕吐、肌力减退等不良反应发生情况。
结果 两组首次按压PCIA时间差异无统计学意义。S组术后24 h内PCIA有效按压次数、布托啡诺用量明显少于E组（P＜0.05）。QLB阻滞实施后不同时点静息和活动时VAS疼痛评分、BCS舒适度评分差异均无统计学意义。S组QLB实施后24 h阻滞平面存在的产妇比例明显高于E组（P＜0.05）。S组头晕发生率明显低于E组（P＜0.05）。
结论 超声引导下前层胸腰筋膜下实施腰方肌阻滞应用于剖宫产术后镇痛效果好,不良反应少,是剖宫产术后镇痛更适宜的阻滞层面。     

超声引导下腰方肌阻滞对剖宫产术后镇痛的影响

目的探讨超声引导下腰方肌阻滞(quadratus lumborum block,QLB)对剖宫产术后镇痛效果的影响。方法择期行剖宫产产妇60例,年龄20～40岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为两组:QLB组(Q组)和对照组(C组),每组30例。Q组术毕在超声引导下行双侧QLB,每侧注射0.33%罗哌卡因20ml,C组不阻滞。两组术毕均行PCIA,镇痛泵药液配方为曲马多800mg、奈福泮40mg,用生理盐水配成80ml。记录术后4、8、12、24、48h曲马多累计消耗量以及静息、咳嗽、翻身NRS评分、BCS舒适度评分;术后4、8、12、24、48h测定QLB的阻滞平面;记录总体镇痛满意度评分以及术后不良反应的发生情况。结果与C组比较,Q组术后4、8、12、24、48h曲马多累计消耗量明显减少、静息NRS评分明显降低、BCS舒适度评分明显升高,术后12、24h咳嗽NRS评分以及术后4、48h翻身NRS评分明显降低(P0.05);术后4、8、12hQLB的阻滞平面主要为T7—L1,阻滞的节段数为7,术后24hQLB的阻滞平面主要为T8—L1,阻滞的节段数为6,术后48hQLB的阻滞平面消退;Q组总体镇痛满意度明显高于C组(P0.05);两组术后恶心呕吐、头晕的发生率差异无统计学意义。结论超声引导下QLB能够明显减少剖宫产术后曲马多用量,降低术后疼痛评分,提高产妇术后舒适度和满意度。     

超声引导下髂筋膜联合腰方肌阻滞用于髋关节置换术后镇痛的效果

目的观察超声引导下髂筋膜联合腰方肌阻滞用于髋关节置换术后镇痛的效果。方法选择2017年3—12月拟行择期髋关节置换术患者60例,男26例,女34例,年龄55～75岁,体重45～70 kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法将患者随机分为两组:髂筋膜组(N组)和髂筋膜联合腰方肌组(T组),每组30例。T组术后行超声引导下髂筋膜联合腰方肌阻滞,各注射0.375%罗哌卡因15 ml。N组术后行超声引导下髂筋膜阻滞,注射0.375%罗哌卡因30 ml。术后两组均采用PCIA至术后48 h。记录阻滞操作前(T_0)、术后3 h(T_1)、6 h(T_2)、12 h(T_3)、24 h(T_4)、36 h(T_5)、48 h(T_6)时静息状态VAS评分以及T_4—T_6时运动状态VAS评分;记录阻滞后0～4 h、4～8 h、8～12 h、12～24 h、24～36 h、36～48 h各时段PCIA有效按压次数;记录T_3—T_6时术侧髋关节最大屈曲和外展活动度;记录术后不良反应。结果 T组T_1—T_6时静息状态VAS评分和T_4—T_6时运动状态VAS评分明显低于N组(P0.01)。阻滞后48 h内各时段T组PCIA有效按压次数明显少于N组(P0.01)。T组髋关节最大屈曲和外展活动度明显大于N组(P0.01)。T组术后恶心呕吐和尿储留发生率明显低于N组(P0.05)。结论超声引导下髂筋膜联合腰方肌阻滞用于髋关节置换术后镇痛效果显著,镇痛作用确切,不良反应发生率低。     

超声引导下竖脊肌平面阻滞和胸椎旁神经阻滞用于胸腔镜下肺叶切除术的比较

目的比较超声引导下竖脊肌平面阻滞(erector spinae plane block,ESPB)和胸椎旁神经阻滞(thoracic paravertebral nerve block,TPVB)应用于胸腔镜下肺叶切除术中血流动力学变化及术后联合PCIA的效果。方法选择行胸腔镜下肺叶切除术的患者60例,男38例,女22例,年龄18~64岁,BMI 18~24 kg/m^2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为ESPB组(E组)和TPVB组(T组),每组30例。E组术前0.4%罗哌卡因25 ml行超声引导下单次ESPB,T组术前0.4%罗哌卡因25 ml行单次TPVB。罗哌卡因注入20 min后用冰块测定阻滞平面。术毕两组均给予PCIA至术后48 h。记录穿刺时间、深度;记录术中血管活性药使用情况、丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量;记录镇痛泵首次按压时间、有效按压次数、曲马多补救例数;记录胸闷、皮肤瘙痒等术后不良反应的发生情况。结果与T组比较,E组穿刺时间明显缩短(P<0.05),穿刺深度明显变浅(P<0.05),术中去氧肾上腺素使用率明显降低(P<0.05)。两组术中丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量、镇痛泵首次按压时间、有效按压次数、曲马多补救率及术后不良反应差异无统计学意义。结论超声引导下ESPB较TPVB操作更简单快捷,术中低血压发生率更低,术后两种阻滞联合PCIA均能为胸腔镜肺叶切术患者提供有效的镇痛。     

超声引导下单次竖脊肌平面阻滞对胸腔镜下肺叶切除患者静脉自控镇痛效果的影响

目的探讨超声引导下单次竖脊肌平面(erector spinae plane,ESP)阻滞联合患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)在胸腔镜下肺叶切除患者术后的镇痛效果。方法择期行胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患者40例,男20例,女20例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为单次ESP阻滞联合PCIA组(EP组)和单纯PCIA组(P组)。EP组麻醉诱导前行ESP阻滞,20 min后测定阻滞范围,术毕两组均采用PCIA。记录术后1、6、18、24、48h静息和咳嗽时VAS评分,镇痛泵按压次数,输注总量,氟比洛芬酯给药次数,以及术后不良反应发生情况。结果 ESP阻滞20min后可阻滞T_2~T_8或T_3~T_7脊神经支配区域,术后1~48h EP组静息和咳嗽时VAS评分明显低于P组(P0.05),镇痛泵按压次数、输注总量和氟比洛芬酯给药次数明显少于P组(P0.05)。两组术后恶心、呕吐发生率差异无统计学意义。结论超声引导下单次竖脊肌平面阻滞联合PCIA的胸科手术辅助镇痛方式较单纯PCIA方式更为安全有效。     

竖脊肌平面阻滞与胸椎旁神经阻滞用于乳腺癌根治术围术期镇痛效果的比较

目的 比较竖脊肌平面阻滞(ESPB)与单点胸椎旁阻滞(TPVB)用于乳腺癌根治术围术期镇痛的效果。方法 择期行乳腺癌根治术的女性患者80例,年龄28~65岁,BMI<35 kg/m²,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字法分为两组：ESPB组和TPVB组,每组40例。ESPB组和TPVB组分别在麻醉诱导前行患侧超声引导下竖脊肌阻滞或胸椎旁阻滞,选择T5横突水平,注射0.5%罗哌卡因0.4 ml/kg。两组术毕皆采用舒芬太尼行PCIA。记录神经阻滞的操作时间、阻滞起效时间、阻滞平面,术中呼吸抑制、刺破胸膜、血管损伤情况,术中瑞芬太尼的用量,术后PCA首次按压时间,24 h内PCA有效按压次数,术后2、6、12、24、48 h的疼痛NRS评分,术后恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等并发症的发生情况。结果 与TPVB组比较,ESPB组神经阻滞操作时间明显缩短,阻滞起效时间明显延长,阻滞平面明显扩大,术后PCA首次按压时间明显缩短,24 h内PCA有效按压次数明显增多（P<0.05）。两组术中均未发生呼吸抑制、刺破胸膜、血管损伤等并发症。两组术中瑞芬太尼用量、术后不同时点疼痛NRS评分、术后并发症差异无统计学意义。结论 ESPB和TPVB用于乳腺癌根治术的围术期镇痛时,都能取得满意的效果,TPVB阻滞时间持久,ESPB阻滞平面范围更大,操作更简便。     

超声引导下竖脊肌平面阻滞联合腹横肌平面阻滞用于两切口食管癌根治术后镇痛的效果

目的探索超声引导下竖脊肌平面阻滞(erector spinae plane block, ESPB)联合腹横肌平面阻滞(transversus abdominis plane block, TAPB)用于右胸及上腹两切口食管癌根治术后镇痛的效果及其对患者满意度的影响。方法择期行两切口食管癌根治术的患者40例,男23例,女17例,年龄30～65岁,BMI 18～30 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。所有患者随机分为ESPB联合TAPB镇痛组(ET组)和单纯患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)组(IA组)。ET组全麻诱导前行超声引导下ESPB、超声引导下TAPB,分别于操作结束20 min后测定阻滞范围,IA组不予阻滞,两组术毕均采用PCIA。记录患者入手术室后(T_0)、气管插管时(T_1)、手术切皮时(T_2)、手术30 min (T_3)、60 min (T_4)、90 min时(T_5)、手术结束时(T_6)的HR、MAP;术后1、6、12、24、48 h静息和咳嗽时VAS评分;镇痛泵按压次数;镇痛泵药液输注总量;术后不良反应发生情况和患者总体满意度。结果 ESPB 20 min后可阻滞T_3—T_9脊神经支配区域,TAPB 20 min后可阻滞T_9—L_1脊神经支配区域。与T_0时比较,T_2时IA组HR明显增快、MAP明显升高(P0.05),T_0和T_2时ET组HR和MAP差异无统计学意义。T_2—T_6时IA组HR明显快于ET组、MAP明显高于ET组(P0.05)。ET组术后1、6、12、24、48 h静息和咳嗽时VAS评分明显低于IA组(P0.05),术后0～24 h和0～48 h镇痛泵按压次数和药液输注总量明显少于IA组(P0.05),术后恶心、呕吐发生率明显低于IA组(P0.05),患者满意度评分明显高于IA组(P0.05)。结论超声引导下单次竖脊肌平面阻滞联合腹横肌平面阻滞用于经右胸及上腹两切口食管癌根治术可有效抑制术中血流动力学波动,其术后镇痛效果优于单纯患者自控静脉镇痛,患者总体满意度更高。     

超声引导下横突-胸膜中点阻滞与胸椎旁神经阻滞用于单孔胸腔镜手术后镇痛效果的比较

目的 比较超声引导下横突-胸膜中点阻滞(MTPB)与胸椎旁神经阻滞(TPVB)用于单孔胸腔镜手术术后镇痛的效果。
方法 选择择期行单孔胸腔镜手术患者80例,男36例,女44例,年龄18～65岁,BMI 19～28 kg/m²,ASA Ⅰ―Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法分为MTPB组（M组）和TPVB组（P组）,每组40例。手术结束后M组行超声引导下MTPB,P组行TPVB,两组均注射0.5%罗哌卡因15 ml。两组患者术后均采用PCIA。记录神经阻滞操作时间、穿刺深度,记录术后2、6、12、24、48 h安静和咳嗽时VAS疼痛评分,记录镇痛泵首次按压时间、总按压次数、舒芬太尼使用量和补救镇痛例数,记录穿刺相关并发症、镇痛不良反应发生情况。
结果 与P组比较,M组神经阻滞操作时间明显缩短（P<0.05）,进针深度明显变浅（P<0.05）。术后2、6、12、24、48 h两组安静和咳嗽时VAS疼痛评分差异无统计学意义。两组患者术后镇痛泵首次按压时间、总按压次数、舒芬太尼用量和补救镇痛率差异无统计学意义。两组患者术后恶心、呕吐等不良反应差异无统计学意义。
结论 MTPB或TPVB联合术后PCIA应用于单孔胸腔镜手术患者,术后均可取得良好的镇痛效果,但MTPB操作简单、安全,可作为单孔胸腔镜手术患者术后镇痛方案的选择。     

全身麻醉复合腰方肌阻滞用于肾移植手术的效果评价

目的评价全身麻醉复合腰方肌阻滞(quadratus lumborum block,QLB)对肾移植手术的临床效果。方法按随机数字表法将50例患者分为QLB组和对照组(每组25例):QLB组术前在超声引导下于术侧行QLB,给予0.375%罗哌卡因25 ml后行全身麻醉;对照组行单纯全身麻醉。主要观察指标为术后0、2、6、12、24、48 h静息及运动VAS疼痛评分,术后48 h内各时间段舒芬太尼用量,次要观察指标为术中瑞芬太尼及丙泊酚用量、术后48 h内患者自控静脉镇痛(patient‑controlled intra‑venous analgesia,PCIA)镇痛泵按压次数和不良反应发生情况。结果QLB组患者术后0、2、6、12、24 h静息和运动VAS疼痛评分低于对照组。术后2~6 h、6~12 h、12~24 h、24~48 h舒芬太尼用量,术中瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚用量,术后0~24 h内PCIA镇痛泵按压次数,术后恶心发生率等,QLB组均低于对照组(P<0.05)。其余指标两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论相比于仅在术后应用PCIA,QLB可显著缓解肾移植患者的术后疼痛,也可减少术中及术后镇静镇痛药物的用量。     

Complicaciones asociadas a tres técnicas de bloqueo del plexo braquial: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

BackgroundBrachial plexus block has become one of the most widely-used anaesthetic techniques in the world for upper limb anaesthesia. There are three different brachial blocks techniques: supraclavicular, infraclavicular and axillary block. However, its execution is not exempt from possible clinical complications, and it is not clear which of these is associated with a lower complication rate and greater anaesthetic success.Materials and methodsSystematic review and meta-analysis following the Cochrane and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to identify controlled clinical trials reporting the three techniques. The main outcome was the incidence of anaesthetic complications, and the secondary ones were an anaesthetic success, time of performance and anaesthetic latency.Results25 controlled clinical trials, with 2012 patient, were included. The methodological quality of the included studies is moderate to high. For the main outcome, the main complication reported was a vascular puncture, followed by transient neurological injury, symptomatic diaphragmatic paralysis and pneumothorax. No differences were found in complications associated with the three anaesthetic techniques. Additionally, no differences were found regarding anaesthetic success.ConclusionsAnesthetic complications associated with the three brachial block techniques are low, with no medium and long-term sequelae; however, none of the three techniques seems to be superior among them to reduce these complications. All three techniques are highly successful when performed using ultrasound imaging.     

Axillary block in children: single or multiple injection?

The goal of this double-blind prospective study was to compare the effect of a single injection versus multiple fractionated doses on the onset time and quality of motor and sensory block, obtained in 70 children anaesthetized with axillary block alone. The brachial plexus was identified with a peripheral nerve stimulator, and blocked with 0.5 ml.kg-1 of 1.5% lignocaine with adrenaline. In Group S (single injection), the total volume was injected after location of one nerve. In Group M (multiple fractionated doses), two nerves were located, including necessarily one nerve implicated in the surgical territory. Motor and sensory blocks were assessed according to Lanz's scale before surgery by a blinded observer. A block was considered complete if there was no feeling in at least three nerve territories at 30 min. No difference was found between groups for motor and sensory block quality. However the onset time of the block was faster after multiple fractionated doses (Group M, 25+/-7 min vs Group S, 29+/-4 min) and was faster in younger children (5-9 years: M=23+/-7 min vs S=28+/-5 min, 10-15 years: no difference). There was a significant difference in the quality of the sensory blockade of the musculocutaneous nerve: 18 versus 8 complete blocks, 10 versus 14 incomplete blocks, respectively for Group M versus Group S. No adverse effect was observed and analgesia was prolonged for more than 4 h. We can conclude that, unlike adults, fractionated doses in chilren bring no benefit to the quality of sensory and motor block. Selective block of the musculocutaneous nerve is recommended when a surgical procedure takes place in this territory.     

超声引导下三点阻滞与椎旁阻滞用于剖腹肝胆手术术后镇痛的比较

目的观察术前给予超声引导下三点法阻滞(低位前锯肌阻滞、肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞和腹直肌后鞘阻滞)或单侧胸椎旁阻滞对肝胆手术患者术后镇痛及相关围术期转归的影响。方法选择择期右上腹部切口行肝胆手术的患者95例,男69例,女26例,年龄18～65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为三点组(n=48)和椎旁组(n=47)。三点组患者入室后采用0.375%罗哌卡因行超声引导下低位前锯肌阻滞(10 ml)、肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞(15 ml)复合腹直肌后鞘阻滞(15 ml),椎旁组采用0.375%罗哌卡因20 ml行超声引导下T_(7-9)椎旁阻滞。记录术后24 h舒芬太尼用量;记录切皮前、切皮后1和5 min时HR和SBP的变化、麻醉后恢复室内和术后24 h VAS疼痛评分,以及患者过敏、局麻药中毒、穿刺损伤等不良反应发生情况。结果两组患者术后24 h内舒芬太尼用量差异无统计学意义[(0.98±0.33)μg/kg vs (0.95±0.28)μg/kg]。患者麻醉后恢复室内和术后24 h VAS疼痛评分差异无统计学意义。椎旁组术中低血压发生率31例(66.0%) vs 11例(22.9%)和去甲肾上腺素用量[(3.5±1.6)μg/kg vs (1.2±0.4)μg/kg]明显高于三点组(P0.01)。两组患者均未见过敏、局麻药中毒、穿刺损伤等不良反应。结论低位前锯肌阻滞、肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞、腹直肌后鞘阻滞三点阻滞复合可以产生与单侧椎旁阻滞相当的术中和术后镇痛作用,而且前者的低血压发生率明显低于椎旁阻滞,是一种可供临床选择的上腹部神经阻滞方式。     

Pneumocephalus during continuous epidural block

We report a case of pneumocephalus during continuous epidural infusion. A 52-year-old malnourished man with rectal cancer had been treated with continuous epidural block for the relief of pain in the left thigh. Eleven days after catheter insertion, a dull, persistent headache occurred in the frontal region, and it worsened gradually. It was precipitated by any head motion and was not relieved by the supine position. A head computed tomography (CT) scan taken 3 days after the onset of the headache revealed about 15 ml of intracranial air and backward compression of the brain. The catheter was removed and the patient maintained bed-rest. The headache disappeared 2 days later. It is speculated that the air was sucked in through the space along the epidural catheter.     

‘Small blocks’ in paediatric patients

Regional anaesthetic techniques are now extensively used in paediatric anaesthesia. A better understanding and conceptualization of them has led us to define a new category of blocks, termed compartment blocks, in which the structure that has to be identified is a fascial plane, not the nerve to be blocked itself. Some of these compartment blocks, most of which have been described decades ago but fell into disuse, have now been rediscovered as they offer many advantages in terms of safety, efficiency and simplicity. These ‘small blocks’ share the same high benefit/risk ratio and, basically, the same technique of fascial plane localization; this makes them look very similar even though they involve various structures and nerves with no real anatomical link. In this category are included the peri-umbilical, ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric, pudendal, penile, fascia iliaca, saphenous nerve, metacarpal and laryngeal nerve blocks. These small blocks provide adequate analgesia for a number of very common procedures in paediatric patients; they do not require special skills, training, complicated or expensive devices. Their success rate is extremely high and they have no true contraindications or significant adverse effects. They are effective with only small amounts of local anaesthetics and thus, due to their many advantages, should be used extensively in children.     

Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures for cervical pain

Ultrasound is a particularly valuable imaging technique when performing nerve blocks at the cervical level. High-frequency probes provide high-quality resolution and are safe in skilled hands. Typically, interventions performed at the cervical level have been carried out with the help of x-rays, with the corresponding disadvantages such as the exposure to radiation and the inherent inability to observe radiotransparent structures such as blood vessels and nerves. Ultrasound allows us to visualize soft tissues and guide the tip of the needle to our target, without harming particularly delicate structures found in the path of the needle. This is important in nerve root blocks where the identification of periradicular nerves is crucial for the safety of the block itself. Likewise, ultrasound allows us to manipulate the needle with greater precision in the correct location; as is the case in cervical sympathetic nerve block where we can observe the injection of the liquid behind the prevertebral fascia and in front of the fascia of the longus colli muscle. In this article, we describe the most frequent techniques used in the pain clinic to treat headache and cervical pain, with special emphasis on the safety of the procedure.