达比加群与低分子肝素预防全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的疗效观察

目的比较达比加群与低分子肝素预防全髋关节置换术(THA)后深静脉血栓形成临床效果和安全性。方法笔者自2013-01—2014-03对110例接受THA患者分别采用达比加群(达比加群组)和低分子肝素(低分子肝素组)预防术后深静脉血栓,比较2组术后伤口引流量、DVT发生率和术后血小板、凝血酶原时间、部分活化凝血酶原时间、D-二聚体。结果达比加群组未发现DVT,低分子肝素组2例发生DVT;2组术后切口引流量以及血小板、凝血酶原时间、部分活化凝血酶原时间比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),低分子肝素组的D-二聚体含量显著高于达比加群组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论达比加群与低分子肝素用于THA术后DVT预防均安全和有效,达比加群比低分子肝素的术后D-二聚体更低,两者在术后出血风险方面结果相似。     

银杏达莫注射液预防骨盆骨折术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床研究

目的观察银杏达莫注射液联合低分子肝素钙预防骨盆骨折手术后下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）形成的疗效。方法将35例骨盆骨折术后患者随机分为两组。治疗组19例应用银杏达莫注射液联合低分子肝素钙,对照组16例单独应用低分子肝素钙。检测术前、术后3天、7天以及14天时D-二聚体指标,并在术后14天常规行双下肢彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）检查,以评价临床疗效。结果治疗组术后3天、7天以及14天时D-二聚体指标均低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。术前D-二聚体两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。治疗组中1例（5.3%）发生DVT,对照组中2例（12.5%）发生DVT。两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论银杏达莫注射液联合低分子肝素钙能更有效预防骨盆骨折术后DVT的形成。     

局部使用氨甲环酸联合肾上腺素对全髋关节置换术后失血量的影响

目的评估氨甲环酸联合肾上腺素关节腔内局部使用对全髋关节置换(THA)术后失血量影响。方法将55例单侧股骨头坏死行THA患者根据局部使用药物不同分为试验组(术中关节腔内注射氨甲环酸联合肾上腺素混合液,21例)和对照组(术中关节腔内注射氨甲环酸,34例)。比较两组以下指标:隐性失血量,总失血量,输血量,输血率,术后第1、3、5天血红蛋白,D-二聚体,术后深静脉血栓(DVT)发生率。结果试验组的隐性失血量及总失血量均低于对照组(P0.05)。两组术后24 h D-二聚体值差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组血红蛋白值在术后第3天达最低,而试验组高于对照组(P0.05),术后第1、5天两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。试验组有2例、对照组有4例接受异体输血,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后试验组有2例、对照组有3例发生下肢远端DVT,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 THA术中使用氨甲环酸联合肾上腺素关节腔内局部注射,可有效降低隐性失血量及总失血量,而不增加DVT的风险。     

髋膝关节置换围手术期下肢深静脉血栓形成与 D-二聚体及抗凝药的关系

目的：探索髋膝关节置换围手术期下肢深静脉血栓形成与 D-二聚体升高关系及使用不同抗凝药的有效性和安全性评估。方法前瞻性分析70例行髋膝关节置换的患者,根据术后双下肢彩色多普勒超声结果,分为血栓组（11例）和非血栓组（59例）,记录两组在术前及术后D-二聚体浓度并进行统计分析。同时按照使用抗凝药不同分为低分子肝素（速碧林）预防组和利伐沙班预防组,记录并比较二者DVT发生率和术后伤口引流量关系。结果血栓组术前D-二聚体浓度与非血栓组术前D-二聚体的浓度相比较有显著性差异（P＜0.01）,血栓组较非血栓组增高。血栓组与非血栓组术后第7天的D-二聚体浓度比较则无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,血栓组与非血栓组各自组内比较,术后与术前的D-二聚体浓度比较均有显著性差异（P＜0.01）,术后浓度较术前均有增高。在使用抗凝药物情况下DVT的发病率为15.71％,利伐沙班与低分子肝素（速碧林）干预后DVT发生的情况无显著性差异（ P＞0.05）。术后伤口引流量无统计学差异（ P＞0.05）。结论研究发现D-二聚体对DVT预测不是特异性指标;髋膝关节置换术后使用抗凝药物情况下 DVT发生情况明显下降,利伐沙班与低分子肝素对于预防DVT作用上无显著性差异。     

神经肌肉电刺激预防髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床观察

目的观察GEKO神经肌肉电刺激(NMES)用于全髋关节置换(THA)术后预防下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)形成的临床效果。方法笔者自2016-01—2016-08采用THA手术治疗72例股骨头坏死,随机分为观察组(基本预防方法上加用NMES)和对照组(基本预防方法)。结果 2组术后负压引流量差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组在术后VAS评分、下肢DVT发生率及术后3 d血浆D-二聚体含量优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),观察组未见明显不良反应。结论 NMES用于THA术后患者早期康复,可以提高下肢静脉血流速度,减轻疼痛,是预防DVT形成的有效物理方法之一。     

皮下注射低分子肝素钙预防烧伤植皮后深静脉血栓形成的临床观察

目的：观察皮下注射低分子肝素钙预防烧伤植皮后卧床患者深静脉血栓形成的效果。方法：将86例双下肢烧伤或需行大腿供皮（双下肢术区面积≥5%TBSA）的烧伤患者随机分为治疗组和对照组。对照组患者行肌肉收缩、足趾活动等基础性预防深静脉血栓的措施。治疗组在对照组措施的基础上,手术后第4天开始每晚1次皮下注射低分子肝素钙5000 IU,连续10 d。术后第1、3、7、14天检测血浆D-二聚体浓度变化、治疗组血小板数量变化、两组皮片成活率及愈合时间,术前及术后14 d血管彩色多普勒检测两组患者双下肢血栓形成情况。结果：两组术后第1 d血浆D-二聚体水平均升高,第3天有所下降,第7、14天治疗组基本维持在正常范围,对照组则逐渐升高,两组间差异显著（P＜0.05）。治疗组患者血管彩色多普勒检查未见血栓形成,对照组1例患者下肢出现微血栓。两组患者皮片成活率及愈合时间无明显差异（P＞0.05）。使用 D-二聚体治疗对血小板无明显影响（P＞0.05）。结论：皮下注射低分子肝素钙联合动态监测D-二聚体对烧伤植皮患者DVT预防和监测有一定临床意义。     

两种抗凝药物预防胸腰椎骨折内固定术后深静脉血栓形成的有效性和安全性

目的探讨胸腰椎骨折内固定术后应用不同抗凝药物预防深静脉血栓(DVT)的有效性和安全性。方法将60例行胸腰椎骨折内固定术患者随机分为两组,每组30例。观察组术后给予每日1次利伐沙班口服10 mg×10 d;对照组每日1次皮下注射低分子肝素钙4 000 IU×10 d。观察两组凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、D-二聚体、血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板计数(PLT)指标的变化以及术后引流量、出血倾向。结果观察组和对照组各发生DVT 1例,发生率均为3. 33%。术后第10天,PT观察组明显低于对照组(P 0. 05),D-二聚体、APTT、Hb、PLT两组比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后引流量、出血倾向发生率观察组少于对照组(P 0. 05)。结论利伐沙班和低分子肝素钙均可以有效预防胸腰椎骨折内固定术后DVT的发生,但利伐沙班具有更好的安全性。     

复杂全髋置换术后下肢深静脉血栓的相关因素

[目的]研究复杂初次全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty, THA)后发生下肢深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)的概率及危险因素。[方法]回顾2017年5月—2018年12月本科收治的197例行复杂初次髋关节置换术患者的临床资料,手术前后均行下肢深静脉血管超声检查以明确有无DVT形成,采用单因素及多因素逻辑回归分析DVT发生的相关因素。[结果] 197例患者中,12例术后证实发生DVT,且均为肌间DVT,发生率为6.10%。单项因素比较表明:DVT组年龄显著大于非DVT组(P0.05),DVT组术前D-二聚体水平明显高于非DVT组(P0.05), DVT组右侧比率显著高于非DVT组(P0.05),DVT组H-胆固醇显著高于非DVT组(P0.05)。多因素逻辑回归表明:术前D-二聚体(OR=1.863,95%CI 1.106-3.140,P=0.021)是DVT的危险因素,而左侧手术(OR=0.074,95%CI 0.008-0.647,P=0.021)是DVT的保护因素。[结论]复杂初次髋关节置换术后DVT发生率为6.10%,均位于肌间静脉,较高的术前D-二聚体及右侧手术是复杂全髋置换术后DVT发生的危险因素。     

髋关节置换后监测D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原及纤维蛋白降解产物对诊断预防下肢深静脉血栓的临床意义

目的检测人工全髋关节置换术前、术后血浆纤维蛋白原,纤维蛋白降解产物,D-二聚体含量变化,探讨其对诊断及预防下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床指导意义。方法选择人工全髋关节置换患者133例,根据术后有无DVT将其分为DVT组和Control组,分别于入院后1d、术后1d、7d、14d检测凝血功能纤维蛋白原（FIB）、纤维蛋白降解产物（FDB）、D-二聚体（D-dimer）,并进行分析比较。结果血浆FIB含量在手术前后Control组和DVT组差异无统计学意义,术后两组均有一过性升高趋势,但术后14d降至正常;FDB手术前后两组差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,Control组术前含量较低,术后同样有一过性升高趋势,术后14d逐渐降低,术后各个时间点同术前比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,DVT组术前FDP含量较高,术后1d达峰值,之后逐渐下降,各时间点差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;D-dimer术后两组含量逐渐增高,术后7d、14d同术前比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,术后7d、14d DVT组含量显著高于Control组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论纤维蛋白原、纤维蛋白降解产物和D-二聚体的检测在低分子肝素预处理后的人工全髋关节置换术后DVT的早期预防及治疗上具有临床应用价值,尤其是D-二聚体是诊断深静脉血栓的实验室无创伤检查的首选方法。     

骨科大手术下肢深静脉血栓的早期诊断

目的探讨骨科大手术下肢深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)的早期诊断。方法 2005年10月-2009年6月,对62例初次行人工全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)、14例人工全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)和86例髋部周围骨折手术(hip fractures surgery,HFS)患者于术前及术后1、7、14d行彩色超声多普勒血流探测仪检查及血液流变学检测;并于术前及术后3d检测THA患者血浆D-二聚体浓度。其中男89例,女73例;年龄34～74岁,平均51.5岁。患者术后均常规采用低分子肝素钠抗DVT治疗。按照术后是否发生下肢DVT将患者分为DVT组及非DVT组进行相关检测结果比较。结果术后17例(10.5%)发生下肢DVT,其中THA8例,TKA1例,HFS8例。术前彩色超声多普勒血流探测仪检查显示下肢深静脉管腔无异常回声,血流信号充盈良好,静脉血流呈正常周期性改变;术后DVT组患者股总静脉及腘静脉均出现不同程度闭塞。两组间术前及术后7d全血黏度比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后1、14d比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。手术前后各时间点血浆黏度及红细胞聚集指数比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。14d时两组间红细胞变形指数比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。DVT组及非DVT组术前血浆D-二聚体浓度分别为(372.00±148.62)、(369.00±141.03)ng/mL,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后3d分别为(574.00±217.29)、(391.00±120.16)ng/mL,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论彩色超声多普勒血流探测仪结合血液流变学、血浆D-二聚体检测有利于早期诊断骨科大手术下肢DVT。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.