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目的通过分子流行病学调查研究兰州地区婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的病原学特点。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)及逆转录聚合酶链反应(RTPCR),对2003年7月至2004年6月兰州地区收集的624例婴幼儿腹泻粪便标本随机抽取271例进行轮状病毒(RV)、杯状病毒(HuCV)及星状病毒(AstV)检测。结果在271例标本中共检出RV感染153例(56.46%),其中G394例(61.44%),G24例(2.61%),G93例(1.96%),未发现G1、G4型和混合感染;在随机抽取的69例G分型阳性标本中,检出P[8]型28例(40.58%);RV的感染对象主要为6～23月龄的婴幼儿,发病高峰在10、11月份(86.27%、73.81%)。在118例RVELISA阴性标本中检出HuCV感染13例(11.02%),其中诺如病毒(NLV)GⅡ型11例,札如病毒(SLV)2例,未检出NLVGⅡ型,发病年龄1～18个月(11.31±4.53个月);同时检出AstV感染7例(5.93%),发病年龄4～12个月(8.27±2.69)个月,其中有1例合并有SLV感染,另有1例为迁延性腹泻。HuCV和AstV感染均未表现出明显的季节性。结论RV是兰州婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的主要病原,其流行的主要血清型为G3型,HuCV和AstV亦是重要病原之一。     

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??Abstract?? Hematuria is a common problem in children?? and a high prevalence of asymptomatic haematuria was found in early screening for chronic kidney disease ??CKD??. The causes of disease are complex?? so long-term follow-up and management are very important. Meanwhile?? renal biopsy indication of asymptomatic microscopic haematuria is ancontroversial issue. Epidemiological studies will provide scientific information with guiding roles and application values for asymptomatic haematuria?? especially CKD.     

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??To explore the epidemiology and etiology of chronic diarrhea diseases??CDD??in children?? and understand the incidence?? etiology and clinical manifestation. Methods??Clinical data of 179 cases of CDD hospitalized between January 1996 and January 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. Results??Morbidity of CDD was 4. 8% during these 10 years??among which 50. 3% were less than 1-year- old infants ?? and 62.2% were less than 3-year-old children. Common complications included anemia??46. 4%?? ??malnutrition??45. 3%???? growth and development retardation??24. 0%???? hypoalbuminemia??36. 3%???? etc. Totally 154 cases had been found with clear etiology?? and final diagnosis rate was 87. 7%. The first 3 causes were inflammatory bowel diseases??IBD?? ??35. 2%???? infectious diseases?? 17.3%?? and immunodeficiency diseases ??15. 6%??. Unknown pathology ??including refractory diarrhea 7 cases?? occupied 12. 3%. Conclusion??Infant and young children?? especially the infants often suffer from CDD?? and are easily complicated with malnutrition?? etc. Etiology of CDD is various??and the most common one is non-infectious diseases. IBD is the most important reason of children CDD.     

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人类杯状病毒(human caliciviruses,HuCV)是世界范围内仅次于轮状病毒(RV)引起非细菌性腹泻的重要病原,与食源性和水源性胃肠炎的暴发和散发关系密切,虽然其毒性较弱且发病过程具有自限性,但传染性很强,如治疗不及时会导致死亡。随着检测手段和分子生物学技术的发展,其流行病学特征及疫苗研究日益受到重视。本文在介绍HuCV结构和特性的基础上,对HuCV流行病学特征以及HuCV疫苗研究现状和趋势作简要介绍。1HuCV的分类及基因结构杯状病毒科分为四个属[1]:(1)Lagovirus,以兔出血病病毒为代表;(2)诺瓦克样病毒(norwalk-like virus,NLV),…     

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??The occurrence of Helicobacter pylori??H.pylori?? infection is significantly higher in developing countries when compared to developed nations. It is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections in China and significant geographic differences among regions are likely to present. The rates of
H.pylori infection and related diseases have been declining yearly in both developed and rapidly developing countries. A prospective??multicenter study performed recently in China indicates that H.pylori infection rate among Chinese asymptomatic children increases with age and is high after the age of ten. There is no overall regional difference among different cities. H.pylori infection rate in children has declined in Beijing in recent 20 years since 1991??which indicates that improvement in socioeconomic conditions might have helped to reduce the infection rate in children.     

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功能性构音障碍(functional articulation disorder,FAD)是最常见的语言障碍[1],患儿常因语音不清造成人际交往困难和一系列情绪及行为问题。目前国内有关FAD的研究较少,对FAD儿童感觉统合能力的研究尚未见报道。为探讨FAD儿童的感觉统合能力发展水平及其在FAD发生中的作用,我们对FAD患儿和正常儿童进行了感觉统合能力的对照研究,现将结果报告如下。1对象和方法1.1对象病例组:以2005-01—2006-06来我院发育儿科就诊的以吐字不清为主诉的6~12岁儿童为研究对象,符合FAD诊断标准者共38例,其中男35例,女3例。FAD的诊断依据日本听力言…     

Antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children

OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of antibiotic resistance in pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) isolated from nasal swabs of healthy children. METHOD: Cross-sectional community survey. SETTING: Survey was undertaken in general practice settings in Canberra during March and April 1998. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and sixty-one children under 3 years of age enrolled in general practice trial of clinical practice guidelines for antibiotic use. OUTCOME MEASURES: Resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and cefotaxime among the isolates of S. pneumoniae. RESULTS: A total of 461 nasal swabs were collected and S. pneumoniae was isolated from 171 (37.1%). Penicillin resistance was found in 12.3% of these isolates, with high level resistance in 0.6%. Resistance rates were higher for cotrimoxazole (44.4%) and erythromycin (18.1%) than for penicillin. Multidrug resistance was found in 19% of these isolates. There was a significant association between the attendance at a day care centre and carriage of pneumococcus (53% vs 32%, odds ratio (OR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-3.7, P < 0.001). Children who attended day care centers and had received antibiotics during the 4 months prior to swab collection were three times more likely to carry an antibiotic-resistant isolate than children who had neither attended a day care centre nor received antibiotics (68% vs 40%, OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.2-8.4, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The level of antibiotic resistance in pneumococci from healthy children was of concern. Carriage of pneumococcus was significantly higher in children who attended a day care centre. Resistance was significantly correlated with antibiotic use in combination with day-care attendance. These findings warrant more judicious use of antibiotics in children.     

Antibiotic resistance and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizing rural Malawian children

Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from 906 Malawian children <5 years old visiting rural health clinics. Pneumococcal colonization was high, 84% among all children, and occurred early, 65% of it in children <3 months old. Among pneumococcal isolates 46% were nonsusceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and 21% were nonsusceptible to penicillin. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use in the previous month was a risk factor for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and penicillin nonsusceptibility. Forty-three percent of isolates were serotypes included in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, and 37% were vaccine-related serotypes, particularly 6A and 19A.     

2004年肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌耐药监测

目的监测2004年呼吸道常见致病菌肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌对抗生素的耐药性。方法抗生素药敏试验采用E_test法和K_B法。结果肺炎链球菌对青霉素不敏感率为32.9%,对头孢克洛、头孢呋辛和头孢曲松分别为25.0%、26.4%和5.7%,对红霉素、阿齐霉素和克林霉素不敏感率>90%;流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌对氨苄青霉素耐药率分别为14.3%和56.6%,但前者β_内酰胺酶阳性率为14.3%,而后者为90.8%,两者对其他β_内酰胺酶类耐药率较低。结论呼吸道致病菌对抗生素的耐药性正在增加,连续监测抗生素的耐药性对经验治疗呼吸道感染非常必要。     

北京上海广州深圳4家儿童医院肺炎住院患儿肺炎链球菌分离株的血清型分布

目的了解目前从中国住院治疗肺炎患儿分离到的肺炎链球菌的血清型分布，及几种蛋白多糖结合疫苗的覆盖率，评估应用蛋白多糖结合疫苗预防肺炎链球菌感染的价值。方法选择2006年2月16日至2007年2月16日在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院、复旦大学附属儿科医院、广州市儿童医院和深圳市儿童医院呼吸科住院治疗的肺炎患儿为研究对象，采用一次性吸痰管收集全部病例的呼吸道分泌物标本分离肺炎链球菌，部分患儿进行脑脊液、血液和胸腔积液中肺炎链球菌的分离。采用荚膜肿胀实验进行血清型分析。对4家儿童医院肺炎链球菌分离率和血清型进行分析，率的比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法。结果 研究期间共纳入2 865例肺炎患儿，2 865例呼吸道吸取物标本中分离到肺炎链球菌279株，其中有2株不同血清型菌株分离自同一病例，分离阳性率为9.7％（278/2 865）。3/8例胸腔积液中分离到肺炎链球菌，其中2例同时从呼吸道分泌物分离到肺炎链球菌，取其一进行血清分型，另1株从胸腔积液中分离的肺炎链球菌复苏失败，未进行血清分型。脑脊液和血液标本中未分离到肺炎链球菌。共有279株肺炎链球菌进行了血清型分析，以19F型最常见（60.6％，169/279），其次为19A（9.7％，27/279）、23F（9.3％，26/279）和6B（5.4％，15/279），上述4种血清型占全部菌株的84.9％（237/279）。肺炎链球菌7价结合疫苗（PCV7）覆盖率为81.0％，但在北京仅为46.0％，明显低于上海（80.0%）、广州(98.4%)和深圳（94.4%）。9价、10价和11价疫苗的覆盖率与PCV7相比并没有明显增加。13价疫苗的覆盖率（92.8％）较PCV7明显升高。结论4家儿童医院肺炎住院患儿分离的肺炎链球菌以19F、19A、23F和6B型常见。PCV7覆盖率为87％     

Nasopharyngeal colonization and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children with acute rhinopharyngitis

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for nasopharyngeal colonization by, and to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in children with acute rhinopharyngitis. METHODS: We collected nasopharyngeal swab specimens from 400 children aged 3 months to 5 years and with clinical status of acute rhinopharyngitis from June 16, 1997 to May 20, 1998 at the outpatient clinics of two hospitals in the city of S?o Paulo. Nasopharyngeal specimens were collected pernasally using a calcium alginate swab and plated immediately after collection onto trypticose soy agar with 5% sheep blood and garamicin 5 mcg/ml. Penicillin susceptibility was determined by oxacillin 1 mcg disk screening test and the minimal inhibitory concentration by the E-test. RESULTS: Pneumococci were recovered from 139 children, indicating a colonization prevalence of 35%. The risk factors analyzed indicated that the colonization was more prevalent in children attending day-care centers, children with siblings younger than 5 years, and children with recent use of antimicrobial agents. The prevalence of penicillin non-susceptible strains was of 16 % (20 strains). All strains were intermediately resistant (0.1mcg/ ml 相似文献   

2000-2002年三家儿童医院分离的肺炎链球菌血清型分布及其对β内酰胺类抗生素敏感性的变化

目的 了解当前我国儿童人群中肺炎链球菌血清型分布,及不同血清型菌株对B内酰胺类抗生素的敏感性变化,评估疫苗在预防肺炎链球菌感染及控制其耐药性流行中的价值。方法 以2000-2002年于北京、上海和广州三家儿童医院门诊分离的625株肺炎链球菌为研究对象,应用简易棋盘式肺炎链球菌分型系统检测血清型,分析肺炎链球菌7价结合疫苗（4、6B、9V、14、18C、19F和23F）覆盖率;采用E—test最小抑菌浓度（MIC）法检测分离菌株对5种B内酰胺类抗生素的敏感性。结果最常见的血清型／群为19群,共121株（19．4％）,其次是23群（15．4％）、6群（13．3％）、14型（6．6％）和15群（4．3％）。140株（22．4％）不能分型,还有117株（18．7％）属于其他28种少见的血清型／群。肺炎链球菌7价结合疫苗覆盖约360株,占57．6％;其中,血清型／群4、9和18分别有1、6和12株,共计占3．0％。常见血清型／群中,19群和23群与青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌（PNSP）明显有关,其他血清型／群与PNSP无明显相关。结论 常见的血清型为19群、23群、6群、14型和15群,19群和23群与PNSP明显相关。肺炎链球菌7价结合疫苗可覆盖多数分离株。     

北京地区上呼吸道感染儿童青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌的血清型分布研究

目的 了解青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌（PNSP）的耐药性和血清型分布。方法 以2000～2004年门诊上呼吸道感染的0～5岁患儿鼻咽部分离的肺炎链球菌为研究菌株,采用E-test法检测青霉素最低抑菌浓度,简易棋盘式分型系统进行血清分型。结果 检出PNSP菌株129株,其中中介102株,耐药27株;2000～2004年各年耐药株占PNSP比率分别为19．0％、8．0％、17．6％、30．0％和26．1％;常见血清型共有124株（96．1％）,为19群、23群、不能分型、6群和14型;7价结合疫苗覆盖率从2000年到2004年分别为57．1％、76．0％、88．2％、75．0％和82．6％。结论 北京儿童中分离的PNSP的青霉素耐药性有所增强;7价结合疫苗覆盖率升高,有利于应用疫苗来预防PNSP的携带、感染及耐药性的进一步播散。     

儿童呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌耐药性及pbp2B与TEM基因的研究

目的：了解广州地区儿童呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae,SP)的耐药情况以及SP中青霉素耐药相关基因TEM与pbp2B的流行分布及突变情况。方法：采用E-test和K-B纸片法对44株SP分离株进行药敏试验;PCR扩增SP中的TEM基因及pbp2B,并对pbp2B基因进行测序,结果与SP青霉素敏感株R6进行序列比对分析。结果：①44株SP对青霉素的敏感率仅为11.4％,不敏感率高达88.6％。对红霉素耐药率已达100％,对克林霉素、复方新诺明的耐药性也在90％以上。但对头孢曲松、阿莫西林、亚胺培南仍敏感,耐药率分别为0,2.6%和3.9%。未发现对氧氟沙星、万古霉素耐药菌株。②44株SP的pbp2B基因扩增序列与R6敏感株相比较,5株青霉素敏感株99%以上的核苷酸序列相同,未发生氨基酸的替换。39株青霉素不敏感株均发生核苷酸序列的改变,核苷酸序列突变率为13.2％～23.1%,约6.5％～10.9%的氨基酸发生了替换。根据氨基酸在Ser391-Thr492片段之间的突变情况,可将39株青霉素不敏感株分为四型,其中Ⅰ型突变30株,Ⅱ型突变7株,Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型各1株。44株SP均未检出TEM型β-内酰胺酶耐药基因。结论：广州地区儿童呼吸道感染SP多重耐药情况较严重,青霉素、红霉素已不适宜作为SP感染的临床一线用药,阿莫西林及第三代头孢菌素可作为SP感染的经验用药。pbp2B基因突变是广州地区儿童SP对青霉素耐药的主要机制之一。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（8）：623-626］     

杭州地区肺炎链球菌耐药性及遗传背景研究

目的 了解杭州地区肺炎链球菌儿童株的耐药性和流行特征。方法 用Kirby-Bauer法和Etest法对323株肺炎链球菌致病株和携带株进行耐药性分析,并对青霉素耐药株及部分相关菌株用BOX-PCR技术进行遗传背景研究。结果 青霉素敏感株136株,占42．1％,青霉素中介株和耐药株分别占40．2％和17．7％。青霉素的最低抑菌浓度范围为0．012～4．0μg／ml。所有菌株都对头孢噻肟和万古霉素敏感。90．7％的菌株对红霉素耐药,对四环素、甲氨苄啶一磺胺异嗯唑的耐药率也分别高达87．6％和48．6％,对氯霉素的耐药率为14．9％。多重耐药率61．0％,多数对红霉素、四环素和甲氨苄啶一磺胺异嗯唑联合耐药。99．4％的菌株对利福平和氧氟沙星敏感。BOX-PCR分析耐青霉素肺炎链球菌的临床株,未发现高度集中分布的BOX图谱,同一标本中分离到的表型不同的菌株或同一病人多次分离到的菌株BOX图谱可以不完全相同。结论 杭州地区肺炎链球菌耐药现象比较严重,头孢噻肟等第三代头孢菌素是治疗肺炎链球菌感染的理想药物。同一病人可同时或先后受不同肺炎链球菌克隆感染或定植。     

国内儿童肺炎链球菌耐药状况

<正>肺炎链球菌是一种威胁儿童健康的常见致病菌,可致中耳炎、鼻窦炎、肺炎,还可导致更为严重的侵袭性肺炎链球菌疾病(invasive pneumococcal disease,IPD),包括脓胸、菌血症、脓毒症和脑膜炎等。由于抗生素的长期过度使用。近年来,肺炎链球菌耐药性增强,由耐药肺炎链球菌