跟腱断裂合并跟腱末端病变的手术治疗

[目的]介绍跟骨结节切除带线铆钉止点重建术治疗跟腱断裂合并跟腱末端病变的手术技术。[方法]7例跟腱断裂合并跟腱末端病变患者采用跟骨结节及变性跟腱切除、带线铆钉止点重建术。术中切除足够大的跟骨骨块,切除变性坏死跟腱,对于缺损较小者(2 cm)直接行带线铆钉缝合固定于跟骨,缺损较大者(2 cm)采取腓肠肌腱V-Y延长技术及自体肌腱移植来恢复跟腱长度和维持后期踝关节功能。延长跟腱,带线铆钉跟腱止点重建,术后石膏固定4周。[结果]术后1例切口出现红肿,经伤口换药、升级抗生素后愈合。7例获6个月~2年随访,采用Arner-Lindholm评分标准,临床结果评定为优6足,良1足。所有患者踝关节背伸跖屈功能正常。[结论]跟骨结节及变性跟腱切除、带线铆钉止点重建术治疗跟腱断裂合并跟腱末端病具有较好的临床疗效,术中细致操作、足够大的骨块切除、变性坏死跟腱的切除、带线铆钉止点重建等是手术成功的关键。     

手术治疗Haglund综合征17例

目的:观察手术切除跟骨结节及跟腱钙化灶并用铆钉固定跟腱止点治疗Haglund综合征的疗效。方法:对17例经保守治疗无效的Haglund综合征患者采用手术切除跟骨结节及跟腱钙化灶并用铆钉固定跟腱止点治疗。术后复查相关影像学资料,采用AOFAS踝-后足功能评分标准对患足踝功能进行评估。结果:所有患者切口均一期愈合,随访时间为7~21个月,平均15.8个月,末次随访见患足踝关节主被动活动均正常,无足踝部皮肤感觉减弱等相关后遗症发生。随访AOFAS功能评分为81~98分,平均87.6分。优15足,良4足,可2足,优良率为90.48%。影像学资料提示跟腱愈合良好,周围无炎性反应、水肿及骨质增生。结论:对保守治疗3~6个月无效或效果不佳的Haglund综合征患者采用手术切除跟骨结节及跟腱钙化灶并用铆钉固定跟腱止点,操作简单,术后功能恢复满意。     

跟腱末端病的诊断及手术治疗

目的探讨跟腱末端病的诊断及手术治疗效果。方法18例20足跟腱末端病患者，男10例11足，女8例9足；年龄18-45岁，平均25．7岁。发病至手术时间6-25个月，平均8．3个月；撞击试验阳性12足，可疑阳性5足，阴性3足；局封试验阳性18足，阴性2足。患者术前均摄X线片，测量Fowler和Philip角（Fowler and Philip angle，FPA）、Steffensen和Evensen角（Steffensen and Evensen ansle，SEA）、后跟全角（posterior heel total angle，PHTA）、Chauveaux-Liet角（Chauveaux-Liet angle，CLA），并与文献报道的正常值比较。患者平卧，取跟腱止点处外侧切口，切除跟腱表面滑囊和跟骨后滑囊组织，同时去除跟腱内的钙化灶。以骨刀去除跟骨后上结节处的骨块，剥离的跟腱经骨隧道缝合固定。术后短腿石膏托固定4-6周。结果FPA 7足≥75°，19足≥65°；SEA 14足≥63°；PHTA 7足≥89°；CLA 15足≥10°。经12-78个月（平均25-3个月）的随访，优11足，良6足，可3足，优良率为85％。X线检查未见跟腱周围新生骨形成。结论X线测量仅能作为评估跟骨畸形的一种辅助手段。对保守治疗无效的患者应进行手术治疗。术中只有同时处理跟腱病变和骨性畸形，解除撞击，才能获得良好的临床效果。     

跟腱炎继发自发性跟腱断裂的手术治疗

目的探讨跟腱炎继发自发性跟腱断裂的原因及手术治疗的疗效。方法采用切除钙化块、跟骨后上角截骨等手术方法治疗跟腱炎继发自发性跟腱断裂18例。结果随访6个月～5年,按Arner-lindholm评定标准,所有患者均为优良。结论采用切除钙化块、跟骨后上角截骨等手术方法治疗跟腱炎继发自发性跟腱断裂,治疗彻底,疗效满意。     

横形切口空心钉内固定治疗跟骨结节撕脱骨折

目的评价横形切口空心钉内固定治疗跟骨结节撕脱骨折的疗效。方法对27例跟骨结节撕脱骨折均采用横形切口空心钉内固定。根据美国足与踝关节协会(AOFAS)踝与后足功能评分对跟腱功能进行评估,包括疼痛、功能、力线3项指标。结果所有患者均获得7~18个月,平均9.3个月随访。切口均一期愈合,外形美观。术后疗效根据AOFAS踝与后足功能评分标准评定:优18例,良8例,可1例,优良率为96.3%。结论横形切口空心钉内固定治疗跟骨结节撕脱骨折操作简单、复位容易、固定便利、损伤小、切口愈合美观、无瘢痕挛缩,是一种值得推广的方法。     

"U"形外固定架结合闭合手法复位治疗跟骨骨折

目的介绍“U”形外固定架结合闭合手法复位治疗跟骨骨折的方法。方法1997年2月～2002年11月采用自行设计的“U”形外固定架结合闭合手法复位治疗31例34足跟骨骨折患者,均为男性,年龄7~50岁,平均32岁;左足12例,右足16例,双足3例;均为坠落伤。按Essex-Lopresti分型:距下关节外骨折10足,其中结节型3足,跟骨体粉碎型7足;距下关节内骨折24足,其中外侧关节面塌陷型19足,粉碎型5足。术前Bhler角为0°～15°,平均5°。结果全部病例均获得随访,随访时间6～12个月,平均8个月。术后31足跟骨骨折得到复位,足弓及跟骨高度恢复正常,跟骨横径得到矫正,Bhler角为15°～40°,平均25°。患者住院时间5～10d,平均7d。骨外固定架使用时间4～12周,平均8周。2～4.5个月后恢复行走。骨折愈合时间1～3个月,平均2.5个月。无一例发生跟骨高度丢失、骨感染、骨坏死及骨不连。按Fernandez标准评定:优15足,良16足,差3足;优良率为91%。结论“U”形外固定架结合闭合手法复位治疗跟骨骨折,以超踝关节牵伸和固定克服了跟腱挛缩导致的骨折移位,保持了跟骨高度及足部正常的解剖关系,避免了切开复位内固定易产生的伤口并发症。     

跟骨关节内骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨跟骨关节内骨折的手术治疗.方法 2005年3月至2008年12月共收治19例(25足)跟骨关节内骨折患者,男13例,女6例;年龄17～36岁,平均27岁.骨折按照Sanders分型:Ⅱ型8足,Ⅲ型12足,Ⅳ型5足.术中采用开放复位H型钢板内固定,复位后跟骨后关节面骨质缺损明显者取自体髂骨植骨.结果 本组2例3足失访,其余17例(22足)患者获8～37个月(平均10个月)随访.跟结节角由术前10.3°±5.8°恢复至术后39.2°±2.3°,跟骨体-丘部高度由术前(37.2±3.0)mm恢复至术后(43.8±2.0)mm,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).术后6个月X线片示骨折全部获骨性愈合,对比术后X线片末见明显骨关节炎征象.术后根据Kerr标准评定:优15足,良6足,可1足,优良率为95.5%.结论 开放复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨骨折充分恢复了跟结节角、距下关节面的平整,可维持相关动力装置的正常张力,消除了移位骨折块对软组织的不良刺激.     

早期陈旧性波及关节面跟骨骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨早期陈旧性跟骨波及关节面骨折的治疗方法。方法收治13例15足早期陈旧性跟骨骨折患者,骨折依据Sanders分型,Ⅱ型6足,Ⅲ型9足,均采用切开复位跟骨钛板内固定治疗。结果随访5～24个月,平均13.1个月。按张铁良等足部评分系统评价术后功能,优10足,良3足,可2足。结论切开复位跟骨钛板内固定治疗早期陈旧性跟骨波及关节面骨折,疗效优良。     

关节镜清理并跟骨成形减压术治疗跟腱Haglund综合征

目的探讨关节镜清理并跟骨成形减压术治疗跟腱Haglund综合征的临床疗效。方法采用关节镜清理并跟骨成形减压术治疗37例跟腱Haglund综合征患者。术前及术后3、6、12个月进行AOFAS踝-后足功能评分和疼痛VAS评分。随访观察复发情况及踝关节功能。结果术中手术野清晰,手术时间21～45(34. 0±2. 7) min。X线片显示:斜平行线(跟骨下表面骨皮质连线与通过距骨后下缘的平行线)术前阳性,术后阴性。患者均获得随访,时间12～19(13. 0±1. 9)个月。术后3、6、12个月与术前比较,AOFAS踝-后足功能评分明显提高(P 0. 05),VAS评分明显降低(P 0. 05)。结论关节镜清理并跟骨成形减压术治疗跟腱Haglund综合征安全可行,临床效果良好。     

关节镜跟腱360°清理并跟骨成形术治疗跟腱Haglund综合征

目的研究关节镜跟腱360°清理并跟骨成形术治疗跟腱Haglund综合征的临床疗效。方法 2013年12月至2015年3月24例跟腱Haglund综合征患者采用关节镜跟腱360°清理并跟骨成形术治疗。男17例,女7例;年龄18~59岁,平均42.5岁。术前摄全足负重侧位X线片及跟腱MRI,根据跟腱Haglund综合征MRI分级,Ⅰ级5例,Ⅱ级10例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ级5例。术前、术后进行美国足踝外科协会(American orthopaedic foot and ankle society,AOFAS)踝-后足功能评分。结果 24例均获随访,随访时间5~16个月,平均9.3个月。术前AOFAS踝-后足功能评分平均50分,术后末次随访时平均88.2分,与术前相比AOFAS踝-后足功能评分明显提高。优18例,良4例,可2例,优良率为91.7%。结论关节镜跟腱360°清理并跟骨成形术治疗跟腱Haglund综合征可获得良好的临床疗效。     

Achilles Tendon Reconstruction With Bone Block Allograft:Long-Term Follow-Up of Two Cases

The treatment of neglected or chronically ruptured Achilles tendon is challenging. Various treatments for large defects associated with chronic Achilles ruptures have been described. Many surgeons recommend the use of a tendon transfer, turndown rotational flap, advancement flap, or reconstruction with Achilles tendon allograft with calcaneal bone block. Long-term outcomes of these procedures are unknown. We present 2 cases with the use of an Achilles tendon with calcaneus bone block allograft. At >8-year follow-up duration, both patients are afforded satisfactory levels of activity and are without pain or gait disturbance. This procedure is a viable option for Achilles ruptures with large defects, ruptures with small intact distal tendon portions, or re-ruptures of previously repaired Achilles tendons. The long-term outcomes of these case reports suggest that Achilles tendon reconstruction with bone block allograft is a viable option.     

负压封闭引流结合间断开窗技术在大面积跟腱外露创面修复中的使用体会

目的:总结应用负压封闭引流(VSD)结合间断开窗技术促进大面积跟腱外露创面肉芽组织生长后植皮修复的临床效果。方法:2009年7月至2014年5月收治跟腱大面积外露创面患者11例,其中男5例,女6例;年龄7～65岁,平均43岁。重物擦挫伤致皮肤坏死4例,胫腓骨远端骨折术后皮肤坏死3例,车轮夹伤致皮肤坏死3例,糖尿病致皮肤坏死1例。跟腱外露面积6 cm×3 cm～14 cm×5 cm,均无跟腱断裂及骨质外露。清创后于跟腱表面以尖刀片和跟腱纵轴平行间断开窗,结合负压封闭引流(VSD)治疗。结果:所有创面经1个VSD周期(5～7 d)吸引后,均有丰富新鲜肉芽组织生成,Ⅱ期植皮后均成活。患者均获随访,时间12～24个月,皮片色泽良好,质地柔软,无破溃。术后3～4个月皮片下即有皮下脂肪生成,皮肤滑动满意,踝关节活动良好。无迟发型跟腱断裂发生。结论:负压封闭引流(VSD)结合间断开窗技术修复大面积跟腱外露创面,简便易行,安全有效,可最大程度减少患者行皮瓣修复创面所带来的副损伤。     

The forearm flap as a free neurovascular flap for treatment of an extensive bone/soft-tissue defect in the calcaneal part of the foot

A discussion is presented on the case of a 28-year-old motorcyclist who had an accident and got caught in the spoked wheel of her vehicle. The result was an extensive soft-tissue injury of the metatarsus and calcaneal part of the foot, a defect fracture of the calcaneus, an osseous disinsertion of the Achilles tendon, a lateral malleolus Weber type-A fracture, and a fracture of the second metatarsal bone. The primary treatment consisted in extensive débridement of the strongly contaminated soft parts and refixation of the Achilles tendon on the calcaneus with two osteosynthesis screws. The bruised skin flaps remaining were adapted in a tension-free manner. However, this was possible only in a considerable talipes equinus position. In the further course, the patient developed an extensive skin and soft-tissue necrosis over the calcaneal part of the foot. A neurovascularly pedicled forearm flap was freely grafted in order to maintain the load capacity of the calcaneal part of the foot, to prevent osteitis of the calcaneus, to correct the talipes eqinus position, and to achieve a resensibilization in the load zone of the sole. The healing result was good, and it was possible to achieve extensive correction of the talipes equinus position as well as prevention of calcaneus osteitis; the function of the Achilles tendon was also maintained. Moreover, there was satisfactory resensibilization of the calcaneal part of the foot, so that the patient can now walk in ready-made shoes with a fully molded arch support.     

Achilles Tendon Reconstruction after Sural Fasciocutaneous Flap Using Achilles Tendon Allograft with Attached Calcaneal Bone Block

Addressing segmental loss of the Achilles tendon with overlying soft tissue loss is a serious challenge. We present a case of Achilles tendon reconstruction in a patient who had significant soft tissue loss as well as segmental loss of the tendon involving the calcaneal insertion. The staged reconstruction was undertaken with a combination of a sural fasciocutaneous flap and an Achilles tendon allograft with an attached calcaneal bone block.     

Calcaneal Tuberosity Avulsion Fracture: An Unusual Variant

Calcaneal tuberosity fractures involve the posterosuperior aspect of the calcaneus and may involve the insertion of the Achilles tendon. In this report, we describe an unusual presentation of a calcaneal avulsion fracture involving 2 displaced fragments in a male patient who did not seek treatment for 1 month after the original injury. The larger fragment contained the insertion of the Achilles tendon, and tendon lengthening was required in addition to fixation of the fracture fragments with cannulated lag screws and washers. After reduction and healing, the patient recovered fully without clinical weakness of the triceps surae.     

Achilles tendon reattachment after surgical treatment of insertional tendinosis using the suture bridge technique: a case series

Achilles tendinopathy is a clinical diagnosis characterized as a triad of symptoms including pain, swelling, and impaired performance of the diseased tendon. Achilles tendinopathy is divided into Achilles tendonitis and tendinosis based on histopathological examination. Achilles tendinosis is viewed microscopically as disorganized collagen, abnormal neovascularization, necrosis, and mucoid degeneration. Insertional Achilles tendinosis is a degenerative process of the tendon at the junction of the tendon and calcaneus. This disease is initially treated conservatively with activity modification, custom orthotic devices, heel lifts, and immobilization. After 3 to 6 months of conservative therapy has failed to alleviate symptoms, surgical management is indicated. Surgical management of insertional Achilles tendinosis includes Achilles tendon debridement, calcaneal exostosis ostectomy, and retrocalcaneal bursa excision. In this case series, we present 4 patients who underwent surgical management of insertional Achilles tendinosis with complete tendon detachment. All patients underwent reattachment of the Achilles tendon with the suture bridge technique. The Arthrex SutureBridge^® (Arthrex, Inc., Naples, FL) device uses a series of 4 suture anchors and FiberWire^® (Arthrex Inc.) to reattach the Achilles tendon to its calcaneal insertion. This hourglass pattern of FiberWire^® provides a greater area of tendon compression, consequently allowing greater stability and possible earlier return to weightbearing activities. The patients were followed up for approximately 2 years’ duration. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. At final follow-up there was no evidence of Achilles tendon ruptures or device failures. All patients were able to return to their activities of daily living without the use of assistive devices. The patients’ average visual analog pain scale was 1 (range 0 to 4), and their average foot functional index score was 3.41 (range 0 to 10.71). The suture bridge technique is a viable option for Achilles tendon repair after surgical management of insertional Achilles tendinosis.     

Fractures of the calcaneal tuberosity treated with suture fixation through bone tunnels

Fractures of the calcaneal tuberosity, although rare, present a challenge for the treating surgeon. The goal of treatment is restoration of function of the gastrocnemius-soleus complex and the Achilles tendon. These fractures often occur in diabetics and elderly osteoporotic patients and therefore fixation of the displaced fragment is difficult. Displaced fractures, if not recognized and promptly reduced, often result in secondary soft tissue compromise. Often, the fragment is a small shell of osteoporotic bone, which is less than optimal for bony fixation. We present our technique for surgical fixation of calcaneal tuberosity fractures using a suture placed through bone tunnels in the calcaneal body. This technique is used by itself for smaller fragments or supplemented with screw fixation for larger fragments.     

The contribution of the medial calcaneal osteotomy to the correction of flatfoot deformities

HYPOTHESES/PURPOSE: The success of the medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy in correcting flatfoot deformities is likely to be the result of a shift of the Achilles tendon forces on the hindfoot. The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to define the contribution of the Achilles tendon to the flatfoot deformity, and 2) to define the effect of a calcaneal medial displacement osteotomy. METHODS: We used six different experimental dynamic stages: 1) intact foot without Achilles loading; 2) intact foot with Achilles loading; 3) flatfoot without medial calcaneal displacement osteotomy and without Achilles loading; 4) flatfoot without medial calcaneal displacement osteotomy but with Achilles loading; 5) flatfoot with medial calcaneal displacement osteotomy but without Achilles loading; and 6) flatfoot with medial calcaneal displacement osteotomy and with Achilles loading. The experimental flaffoot was developed by releasing the posterior tibial tendon, spring ligament, and plantar fascia and applying 7,000 cycles of axial fatigue load (range, 700 to 1,400 N; 1-Hz frequency). To simulate the phase of midstance, the peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus tendons were grasped by clamps, connected to pneumatic actuators, and loaded with precalculated forces. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were obtained for each stage on which the following measurements were made: talonavicular coverage angle, talar-first metatarsal angle, talocalcaneal angle, and height of the medial cuneiform. These measurements were compared with a one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Between stages 1 and 2, all measurements were statistically insignificant. Between stages 3 and 4, for all measurements, Achilles tendon loading aggravated the flatfoot deformity (p < 0.05). After medial calcaneal osteotomy (stages 5 and 6), the Achilles tendon contributed less to the arch-flattening. We found that the medial displacement osteotomy plays an important role in reducing and/or delaying the progress of flatfoot deformity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In the flatfoot, loading of the Achilles tendon increases the deformity. Medial calcaneal osteotomy significantly decreases the arch-flattening effect of this tendon and therefore limits the potential increase of the deformity.     

Minimally invasive surgeries for insertional Achilles tendinopathy: A commentary review

Studies of minimally invasive surgery for insertional Achilles tendinopathy are limited. To establish this surgery, the following techniques must be minimally invasive: Exostosis resection at the Achilles tendon insertion, debridement of degenerated Achilles tendon, reattachment using anchors or augmentation using flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon transfer, and excision of the posterosuperior calcaneal prominence. Studies on these four perspectives were reviewed to establish minimally invasive surgery for insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Techniques for exostosis resection were demonstrated in one case study, where blunt dissection around the exostosis was performed, and the exostosis was resected using an abrasion burr under fluoroscopic guidance. Techniques for debridement of degenerated Achilles tendon were demonstrated in the same case study, where the space left after resection of the exostosis was used as an endoscopic working space, and the degenerated Achilles tendon and intra-tendinous calcification were debrided endoscopically. Achilles tendon reattachment techniques using suture anchors have been demonstrated in several studies. However, there are no studies on FHL tendon transfer techniques for Achilles tendon reattachment. In contrast, endoscopic posterosuperior calcaneal prominence resection is already established. Additionally, studies on ultrasound-guided surgeries and percutaneous dorsal wedge calcaneal osteotomy as minimally invasive surgery were reviewed.     

采用束间缝合法治疗急性跟腱断裂的疗效观察

目的 :观察采用束间缝合法治疗急性跟腱断裂的临床疗效。方法 :2013年4月至2015年1月治疗15例急性闭合性跟腱断裂病例,其中男12例,女3例,年龄27~56岁,平均37.5岁。患者入院后均采用束间缝合法修复跟腱,术后6周石膏制动,门诊随访指导功能锻炼。结果:所有例患者获得完整随访,时间9~17.5个月,平均13.5个月,按美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分评价疗效,术后6个月(93.3±3.5)分。患者完全负重活动时间平均1.6个月,返回至原工作岗位时间平均4.7个月。所有手术切口Ⅰ期愈合,无切口感染、切口皮缘坏死病例,无跟腱再次断裂,未出现腓肠神经损伤。结论:利用束间缝合法治疗急性跟腱断裂具有手术创伤小、手术时间短、跟腱吻合修复可靠、术后并发症少、跟腱功能恢复良好等优点,在急性跟腱断裂治疗中取得良好治疗效果,值得临床推广使用。