大腿假肢支撑期有限元分析

目的分析大腿截肢患者的硅胶套材料属性,对支撑期残肢与接受腔之间接触面的力学分布的影响,为大腿假肢适配方案中硅胶套的选取提供参考。方法利用计算机断层扫描技术获取大腿截肢患者残端与接受腔的断层图像,通过影像学信息和工程学方法,分别获取接受腔、硅胶套、残肢、骨骼等结构的三维模型;根据角度变化调整模型,获得初始接触期、负荷反应期、站立中期、站立末期、摆动前期5个时相的组装模型;根据三维动作捕捉系统Motion和Kistler三维测力平台测得的地面反作用力及髋关节角度变化的结果,对5个时相下大腿假肢模型分别进行有限元非线性接触分析;在此基础上,模拟分析了硅胶套不同弹性模量的变化对残肢表面等效应力以及剪切应力分布的影响。结果穿戴不同弹性模量的硅胶套时,残肢所受最大等效应力以及最大剪切应力在初始接触期、负荷反应期、站立中期、站立末期时相时出现在残肢内侧和接受腔口型边缘对应的残肢位置,在摆动前期时相时则出现在残肢内侧、接受腔口型边缘对应的残肢位置和坐骨周围等位置。当硅胶套弹性模量在0.98~2.70 MPa范围内变化时,在摆动前期残肢所受等效应力变化范围为13.85~23.55 k Pa,最大剪切应力变化范围为7.82~13.46 k Pa,而其他时相基本一致。结论硅胶套的力学特性影响大腿假肢残肢与接受腔之间接触面的受力分布,摆动前期残肢所受最大等效应力与最大剪切应力随硅胶套弹性模量变化大,在实际适配过程中需注意。     

小腿残肢与接受腔的非线性有限元分析

目的研究残肢与接受腔生机界面力学特性及残端应力情况,为设计和优化小腿接受腔结构、提高其佩戴舒适性提供理论依据。方法针对释压稳定(compression-release stabilization,CRS)接受腔,采用有限元软件ABAQUS分析残肢与CRS接受腔界面应力分布情况,软组织采用非线性超弹性材料Mooney-Rivlin本构模型,得到静止站立中期残肢与CRS接受腔接触界面正应力和剪切应力分布情况,并相应建立髌韧带承重(patellar tendon bearing,PTB)小腿接受腔三维有限元模型,将两者结果进行比较。结果残肢与CRS接受腔界面应力主要分布在胫骨内侧、胫骨外侧和后肌群等承重区,与PTB接受腔模型主要受力区域相似,CRS接受腔残肢末端平均界面应力较PTB接受腔高19 kPa。结论 CRS接受腔具有较好的透气性且应力分布较合理,接受腔形状的不同可改变残肢与接受腔生机界面应力分布,优化其设计有助于提高假肢穿戴舒适性。     

预应力下大腿残肢站立中期时相的有限元分析

目的研究大腿截肢患者在行走过程中站立中期时相下残肢的受力情况,为建立完整的大腿接受腔测量与评估系统提供基础。方法首先根据计算机断层扫描图像三维重建大腿截肢患者的骨骼、肌肉软组织和接受腔的三维模型,考虑步行中关节角度变化进行组装。然后,建立模拟步态周期中站立中期时相受力的有限元模型,对模型进行预应力影响下非线性大变形有限元分析。结果当考虑了步行中关节角度变化和预应力的影响以后,计算所得的接触法向界面压力值最大值均位于残肢的末端部位,为257.66 kPa,与实际测量患者步行中站立中期时相下最大应力258.90 kPa符合较好。结论考虑关节角度变化、预应力和摩擦的三维模型能够更为有效地模拟患者在步行中的受力情况。     

髋离断假肢接受腔-残肢站立期静态有限元分析

目的 利用有限元分析方法研究髋残肢在支撑阶段与髋离断假肢接受腔生机界面的力学特性,为优化、设计髋接受腔结构提供理论依据,为评估髋接受腔舒适度提供研究基础。方法 根据患者残肢CT扫描模型,采用逆向建模的方式,三维重建骨骼、软组织以及接受腔模型。利用有限元方法 研究站立状态下残肢-髋接受腔界面正应力及剪切应力的分布情况,并通过设计压力采集模块系统进行验证。结果 残肢与髋接受腔界面应力主要分布在腰部和残肢底部,位于残肢其余区域的界面应力则分布较为均匀。有限元计算结果和压力采集模块系统测量结果 有较好的符合。结论 为能较好实现髋接受腔功能传递性和安全舒适性,需要充分考虑残肢腰部和底部的受力以及残肢与接受腔的配合度。     

假肢接受腔设计及界面应力的有限元分析

文题释义： Mimics 10.0软件：作为专业的三维图像处理软件,能将CT图像转化为残肢的三维模型,计算机生成的三维模型与患者的实际尺寸基本无差别。 有限元分析：是利用数学近似的方法对真实物理系统(几何和载荷工况)进行模拟的方法。 背景：残肢-接受腔界面生物力学特性不仅对假肢的适配性有着直接影响,而且也是对接受腔结构进行优化设计的基础。将数字化设计技术与康复工程结合在一起,将有效地提髙假肢接受腔的制作效率和质量。 目的：采用逆正向结合的建模方法,对小腿截肢患者进行定制式的接受腔模型设计,评估残肢与接受腔的界面应力,对接受腔进行迭代设计,优化后的模型采用3D打印制作,以改善传统手工制作接受腔方法。 方法：选择2例内蒙古自治区荣誉军人肢残康复中心的小腿截肢志愿者,根据患者残肢的CT扫描图像,采用Mimics进行图像处理,然后经过Geomagic和UG逆向得到残肢的几何模型。通过使用计算机辅助设计软件Fusion360,根据残肢各个部位的组织结构不同的承受能力作为修型原理对接受腔进行正向建模设计。选用Mooney-Revlin超弹性模型定义软组织的材料特性,对残肢-接受腔界面应力进行有限元分析,并根据结果反馈指导对接受腔进行迭代设计,对再次修型后的接受腔模型进行评估。3D打印制作出接受腔,并进行实验测量。 结果与结论：①对迭代设计后的接受腔与残肢界面的应力进行分析,得到残肢各区域的应力值均低于疼痛阈值,符合设计标准,能较好实现功能传递性和安全舒适性;②此2例患者穿戴3D打印制作的接受腔适配性、稳定性良好,步行对称性相比手工制作接受腔均有显著改善,满足残肢生物力学要求;③试验建立了完整的假肢接受腔的设计、评估及制造系统。 ORCID: 0000-0002-8570-9689(王晓辉) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

小腿假肢接受腔的三维有限元分析

通过建立三维非线性有限元模型来分析小腿假肢接受腔与残肢之间的载荷分布。此模型基于残肢,骨头,软套和接受腔的三维几何形状,考虑界面摩擦滑动条件和软组织的大变形等非线性因素。模型可以预测不同外载下残肢和接受腔之间的压力,剪切力和相对滑动情况。并分析了不同的接受腔形状对载荷分布的影响。     

假肢对线对大腿截肢者健侧膝关节内部接触力学特性的影响

目的研究假肢对线对大腿截肢者健侧膝关节内部接触力学特性的影响。方法通过步态实验分析健全人及大腿截肢者在不同对线条件下行走时下肢运动及地面反作用力(ground reaction force,GRF)差异,并利用三维有限元模型分析接受腔内收和外展的异常对线情况对膝关节内部股骨软骨、胫骨软骨与半月板之间接触力学特性的影响。结果健全人在GRF第1峰值时刻膝关节接触力主要集中在内侧,在GRF第2峰值时刻接触力主要集中在外侧,而截肢者接触力在GRF的两个峰值时刻都集中在内侧。接受腔对线内收6°会导致膝关节内侧应力、接触力、接触面积均明显增大。结论截肢者膝骨关节炎发病率高于健全人与其膝关节内侧长期过载有关,接受腔对线内收会增加大腿截肢者健侧膝关节骨关节疾病的风险,临床对线过程中应尽量避免过度内收。     

下肢假肢接受腔对残肢肌肉萎缩影响的数值研究

下肢截肢后残肢的肌肉萎缩对患者康复十分不利。为探明残肢肌肉萎缩的生物力学机制,本研究利用大腿截肢患者残肢的磁共振断层影像(MRI),建立了包含肌肉、骨骼以及主要血管的残肢有限元模型,研究分析了下肢假肢接受腔对残肢软组织及血管的生物力学影响。结果发现,旋股外侧动脉降支因挤压而发生的狭窄最为严重,股深动脉的狭窄则相对较小;旋股外侧静脉的降支、股静脉、股深静脉狭窄的程度依次降低,大隐静脉的狭窄程度较为严重。前侧肌群中应力应变最高;下侧肌群在股骨的末端处出现应力集中,并且其他生物力学指标在下侧区域中也相对较高。本研究在一定程度上揭示了接受腔对血管的挤压是导致肌肉萎缩的重要原因,这为进一步研究残肢肌肉的萎缩机制和采取有效的预防措施提供了理论参考。     

惯性载荷对截肢患者残肢/接受腔界面应力的影响研究

接受腔/残肢界面压力分布特征是假肢优化设计的基础,传统的有限元模型只限于静态分析,不符合实际情况。本文以小腿截肢患者为研究对象,建立了三维非线性有限元模型,给出了一个步态周期内残肢界面压力的变化规律,并对惯性载荷的影响进行了定量比较。结果表明:界面压力主要分布在髌韧带、胫骨内外侧和窝区,一个平地正常速度行走的步态周期内,站立相压力变化呈双峰蝶形,惯性载荷引起的平均压力幅值变化为8.4%;而在摆动相压力幅值变化高达20.1%,并且变化规律相反。行走过程中惯性载荷的影响不能忽略。     

基于机器视觉的残肢表面形状测量

传统的假肢阳模制造过程完全以手工操作为基础，不能满足需要。本文把微型计算机作为平台，利用计算机视觉对截肢者残肢的表面形状进行测量。初步测量结果表明这种方法具有不接触、速度快、精度较高、全自动的特点。从而为假肢接受腔的进一步计算机辅助设计和制造打下基础     

Automatic segmentation of magnetic resonance images of the trans-femoral residual limb

An automatic algorithm for the extraction of the skin and bone boundaries from axial magnetic resonance images of the residual limb of trans-femoral amputees is presented. The method makes use of K-means clustering and mathematical morphology. Statistical analysis of the results indicates that the computer-generated boundaries compare favourably to those drawn by human observers. The boundaries may be used in biomechanical modelling of the interaction between the residual limb and the prosthetic socket. The limb/socket interface determines the quality of prosthetic fit, therefore knowledge of this interface is important for the improvement of socket design in order to achieve patient comfort and mobility.     

Automatic segmentation of magnetic resonance images of the trans-femoral residual limb

An automatic algorithm for the extraction of the skin and bone boundaries from axial magnetic resonance images of the residual limb of trans-femoral amputees is presented. The method makes use of K-means clustering and mathematical morphology. Statistical analysis of the results indicates that the computer-generated boundaries compare favourably to those drawn by human observers. The boundaries may be used in biomechanical modelling of the interaction between the residual limb and the prosthetic socket. The limb/socket interface determines the quality of prosthetic fit, therefore knowledge of this interface is important for the improvement of socket design in order to achieve patient comfort and mobility.     

Finite element modeling of the contact interface between trans-tibial residual limb and prosthetic socket

Finite element method has been identified as a useful tool to understand the load transfer mechanics between a residual limb and its prosthetic socket. This paper proposed a new practical approach in modeling the contact interface with consideration of the friction/slip conditions and pre-stresses applied on the limb within a rectified socket. The residual limb and socket were modeled as two separate structures and their interactions were simulated using automated contact methods. Some regions of the limb penetrated into the socket because of socket modification. In the first step of the simulation, the penetrated limb surface was moved onto the inner surface of the socket and the pre-stresses were predicted. In the subsequent loading step, pre-stresses were kept and loadings were applied at the knee joint to simulate the loading during the stance phase of gait. Comparisons were made between the model using the proposed approach and the model having an assumption that the shape of the limb and the socket were the same which ignored pre-stress. It was found that peak normal and shear stresses over the regions where socket undercuts were made reduced and the stress values over other regions raised in the model having the simplifying assumption.     

The quasi-static response of compliant prosthetic sockets for transtibial amputees using finite element methods

The finite element method (FEM) is a very powerful tool for analyzing the behavior of structures, especially when the geometry and mechanics are too complex to be modeled with analytical methods. This study focuses on the analysis of patellar tendon bearing prosthetic sockets with integrated compliant features designed to relieve contact pressure between the residual limb and socket. We developed a FEM model composed of a socket, liner and residual limb and analyzed it under quasi-static loading conditions derived from experimentally measured ground reaction forces. The geometry of the residual limb, liner and socket were acquired from computed tomography (CT) data of a transtibial amputee. Three different compliant designs were analyzed using FEM to assess the structural integrity of the sockets and their ability to relieve local pressure at the fibula head during normal walking. The compliant features consisted of thin-wall sections and two variations of spiral slots integrated within the socket wall. One version of the spiral slots produced the largest pressure relief, with an average reduction in local interface pressure during single-leg stance (20-80% of the stance phase) from 172 to 66.4 kPa or 65.8% compared to a baseline socket with no compliant features. These results suggest that the integration of local compliant features is an effective method to reduce local contact pressure and improve the functional performance of prosthetic sockets.     

Using computational simulation to aid in the prediction of socket fit: a preliminary study

This study illustrates the use of computational analysis to predict prosthetic socket fit. A simple indentation test is performed by applying force to the residual limb of a trans-tibial amputee through an indenter until the subject perceives the onset of pain. Computational finite element (FE) analysis is then applied to evaluate the magnitude of pressure underlying the indenter that initiates pain (pain threshold pressure), and the pressure at the prosthetic socket-residual limb interface. The assessment of socket fit is examined by studying whether or not the socket-limb interface pressure exceeds the pain threshold pressure of the limb. Based on the computer-aided assessment, a new prosthetic socket is then fabricated and fitted to the amputee subject. Successful socket fit is achieved at the end of this process. The approach of using computational analysis to aid in assessing socket fit allows a more efficient evaluation and re-design of the socket even before the actual fabrication and fitting of the prosthetic socket. However, more thorough investigations are required before this approach can be widely used. A subsequent part of this paper discusses the limitations and suggests future research directions in this area.     

Comparison of computational analysis with clinical measurement of stresses on below-knee residual limb in a prosthetic socket

Interface pressures and shear stresses between a below-knee residual limb and prosthetic socket predicted using finite element analyses were compared with experimental measurements. A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model, based on actual residual geometry and incorporating PTB socket rectification and interfacial friction/slip conditions, was developed to predict the stress distribution. A system for measuring pressures and bi-axial shear stresses was used to measure the stresses in the PTB socket of a trans-tibial amputee. The FE-predicted results indicated that the peak pressure of 226 kPa occurred at the patellar tendon area and the peak shear stress of 50 kPa at the anterolateral tibia area. Quantitatively, FE-predicted pressures were 11%, on average, lower than those measured by triaxial transducers placed at all the measurement sites. Because friction/slip conditions between the residual limb and socket liner were taken into consideration by using interface elements in the FE model, the directions and magnitudes of shear stresses match well between the FE prediction and clinical measurements. The results suggest that the nonlinear mechanical properties of soft tissues and dynamic effects during gait should be addressed in future work.     

Lower limb kinematics during treadmill walking after space flight: implications for gaze stabilization

We examined the lower limb joint kinematics observed during pre- and postflight treadmill walking performed by seven subjects from three Space Shuttle flights flown between March 1992 and February 1994. Basic temporal characteristics of the gait patterns, such as stride time and duty cycle, showed no significant changes after flight. Evaluation of phaseplane variability across the gait cycle suggests that postflight treadmill walking is more variable than preflight, but the response throughout the course of a cycle is joint dependent and, furthermore, the changes are subject dependent. However, analysis of the phaseplane variability at the specific locomotor events of heel strike and toe off indicated statistically significant postflight increases in knee variability at the moment of heel strike and significantly higher postflight hip joint variability at the moment of toe off. Nevertheless, the observation of component-specific variability was not sufficient to cause a change in the overall lower limb joint system stability, since there was no significant change in an index used to evaluate this at both toe off and heel strike. The implications of the observed lower limb kinematics for head and gaze control during locomotion are discussed in light of a hypothesized change in the energy attenuation capacity of the musculoskeletal system in adapting to weightlessness.