褪黑素对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的:探讨褪黑素对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能的影响。方法:选择早期无大血管并发症的2型糖尿病患者60例,随机分为试药组和对照组各30例,对照组采用饮食、运动、胰岛素治疗,试药组加用褪黑素（MLT）胶囊6 mg,每晚口服,共治疗6个月。同期选择28例健康个体为正常对照组。治疗前后检测血压、空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）,计算体质量指数（BMI）。用高分辨率超声检测、计算肱动脉血流介导的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能(FMD)和硝酸甘油介导的内皮非依赖性血管舒张功能(NMD)。结果:①与正常对照组比较,糖尿病组治疗前FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、TG、LDL-C明显增高(均P<0.01),HDL-C明显降低(P<0.05)。 治疗半年后糖尿病组TG、LDL-C略下降,BMI、HDL C略升高但均无统计学差异,FBG、2hPG、HbA1c无明显变化。②与正常对照组比较, 糖尿病组治疗前肱动脉基础内径、NMD无显著差异,FMD明显降低（均P<0.01）。治疗半年后糖尿病各组肱动脉基础内径、NMD无明显变化;FMD明显升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）,试药组FMD明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论:2型糖尿病患者早期出现血管内皮舒张功能降低,褪黑素明显改善2型糖尿病早期患者受损血管内皮功能。     

冠心病合并高血压和糖尿病患者血管内皮功能及下肢动脉粥样硬化的相关性分析

我们通过测定肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能(FMD)和非内皮依赖性舒张功能(NMD)及下肢动脉粥样硬化(AS),探讨冠心病合并高血压和糖尿病患者血管内皮功能、AS与冠状动脉病变的相关性.     

辛伐他汀对不稳定型心绞痛患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的 :观察辛伐他汀对不稳定型心绞痛 (UA)患者血管内皮依赖性血管舒张功能 (FMD)的影响。方法 :4 2例UA患者随机分为常规治疗组和辛伐他汀治疗组 ,治疗 8周前后 ,采静脉血用酶法测定甘油三酯和胆固醇的浓度 ;采用高分辨率血管外超声法检测治疗前后肱动脉FMD和内皮非依赖性舒张功能 (NMD)。结果 :辛伐他汀治疗 8周后肱动脉FMD(6 .14± 0 .4 5 ) %较治疗前 (2 .4 5± 0 .2 1) %及常规治疗组 (2 .5 0± 0 .36 ) %均显著改善 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而肱动脉NMD差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :辛伐他汀具有改善UA患者血管FMD的作用     

冠心病合并抑郁患者血管内皮功能、冠脉病变程度及病情稳定性的研究

目的探讨冠心病合并抑郁患者抑郁程度与肱动脉血管内皮功能、冠脉病变的严重程度及病情稳定性的关系。方法轻度抑郁组140例和中重度抑郁组128例,均接受冠脉造影和肱动脉超声检查。结果两组患者内皮依赖性血管舒张功能（FMD）和非内皮依赖性血管舒张功能（NMD）、冠状动脉Gensin i评分、病情稳定与不稳定的比例比较均有统计学差异（P均〈0.05）。结论中重度抑郁的冠心病患者血管内皮功能受损严重,冠状动脉严重狭窄,病情趋于不稳定。     

普伐他汀降脂治疗对血管内皮舒张功能的影响

目的　研究普伐他汀对冠心病高胆固醇血症患者血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的影响。方法　采用高分辨超声技术 ,对 70例冠心病高胆固醇血症患者降脂前后和 70例对照者的血管内皮依赖性舒张功能进行检测。结果　高胆固醇血症组肱动脉血流介导性舒张较正常组明显减弱(P <0 0 0 1 ) ,而二组对硝酸甘油的反应无显著性差异 (P =0 49)。 70例冠心病高胆固醇血症患者服用普伐他汀 1 0mg治疗 (3 8± 0 8)月后 ,血浆总胆固醇从 (6 31± 0 70 )mmol/L降至 (5 0 6± 0 63)mmol/L ,同时肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张较治疗前明显改善 (P <0 0 0 1 ) ,而治疗前后肱动脉对硝酸甘油的反应无显著性改变。结论　冠心病高胆固醇血症患者存在血管内皮依赖性舒张功能障碍 ,经普伐他汀降胆固醇治疗后 ,受损的血管内皮依赖性舒张功能得到明显改善     

高分辨率超声技术评价病毒性心肌炎患者血管内皮功能的改变

目的:采用高分辨率超声技术探讨病毒性心肌炎患者血流介导的肱动脉舒张反应(FMD)和硝酸甘油介导的肱动脉舒张反应(NMD).方法:采用高分辨率超声技术检测30例病毒性心肌炎患者(心肌炎组)的内皮功能,并与20例非心肌炎患者(非心肌炎组)及20例健康体检者(正常对照组)做比较.结果:心肌炎组FMD(8.73±2.87)%和非心肌炎组FMD(13.00±2.79)%均低于正常对照组(19.32±2.67)%,且差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.01),心肌炎组FMD低于非心肌炎组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).心肌炎组NMD(19.68±5.84)%、非心肌炎组NMD(23.18±4.28)%及正常对照组NMD(24.24±4.13)%3组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:病毒性心肌炎患者血管内皮依赖性舒张功能受损明显,而非内皮依赖性舒张功能变化不明显.     

铁蛋白、氧化低密度脂蛋白与2型糖尿病内皮依赖性血管舒张功能的关系

目的探索血清铁蛋白（SF）、氧化低密度脂蛋白（ox-LDL）与2型糖尿病（T2DM）早期血管内皮舒张功能的关系。方法选择50例无大血管并发症的T2DM患者（DM组）,34例年龄、性别相匹配健康个体作为对照（Nc）组。高分辨血管外超声法检测肱动脉血流介导的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能（FMD）和硝酸甘油介导的内皮非依赖性血管舒张功能（NMD）,检测ox-LDL、SF。结果与NC组比较,DM组SF、ox-LDL明显升高（P〈O．01）,而FMD、NMD明显下降（P〈0．01）。分别以FMD、NMD为因变量进行多元线性回归分析,提示SF、ox-LDL与FMD明显相关（P〈0．05）,而与NMD无明显相关（P〉0．05）。结论SF、ox-LDL在2型糖尿病早期可能参与了血管内皮依赖性舒张功能受损。     

阿托伐他汀钙对原发性高胆固醇血症患者血管内皮细胞依赖性舒张功能的影响

目的 :研究阿托伐他汀钙对原发性高胆固醇血症 （HTC）患者血管内皮细胞依赖性舒张功能 （FMD）的影响。方法 :采用高分辨率超声技术 ,对 30例 HTC患者用阿托伐他汀钙治疗前后和 30例血浆胆固醇 （TC）水平正常的对照 （NC）组的血管 FMD进行检测。结果 :HTC组肱动脉 FMD较 NC组明显减弱 （3.4 %± 2 .6 % vs 13.8%± 3.8% ,P<0 .0 1） ,而两组对硝酸甘油反应的内皮非依赖性舒张功能 （NMD）无显著性差异 （P>0 .0 5 ）。 30例 HTC患者服用阿托伐他汀钙 10 mg治疗 12周后 ,TC从 6 .3± 0 .6 mm ol/ L降至 5 .0± 0 .5 mm ol/ L ,甘油三酯 （TG）从 1.8± 0 .4mm ol/ L降至 1.5± 0 .6 mmol/ L ,L DL - C从 4 .2± 0 .5 m mol/ L降至 3.0± 0 .6 mm ol/ L ,同时 FMD较治疗前显著改善 （11.6 %± 3.3% vs 3.4 %± 2 .6 % ,P<0 .0 1） ,而治疗前后肱动脉 NMD无显著性改变 （P>0 .0 5 ）。结论 :HTC患者存在 FMD障碍 ,经阿托伐他汀钙降胆固醇治疗后 ,受损的血管 FMD有明显改善     

药物治疗对高血压及高血压并发冠心病患者肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能的影响

目的通过B超检测肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能(brachial flow mediated dilatation,FMD),观察单纯原发性高血压(高血压)及高血压并发冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)对于血管内皮功能损伤是否有叠加作用及哪种病变的血管内皮功能损伤更为严重;了解临床上常用的"标准化药物"治疗有无改善内皮功能作用。方法纳入2014年7月至2015年7月佛山市顺德区新容奇医院门诊及住院的患者163例,分为正常组:未服用药物治疗;单纯高血压组:单药治疗半年,给予缬沙坦80 mg/d;高血压并发冠心病组:联合药物治疗半年,予拜阿司匹林0.1 g/d、美托洛尔缓释片47.5 mg/d、缬沙坦80 mg/d、阿托伐他汀20 mg/晚治疗。分别于用药前、用药后半年测定肱动脉FMD,比较单纯高血压组与高血压并冠心病组单药治疗与联合药物治疗后FMD的变化。结果单纯高血压组、高血压并发冠心病组服药后FMD明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);在FMD变化幅度方面,单纯高血压组、高血压并发冠心病组患者服药后FMD变化幅度明显高于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而高血压并发冠心病组患者服药后FMD变化幅度明显高于单纯高血压组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论高血压并发冠心病比单纯高血压患者的内皮功能损伤更为严重;单纯高血压患者经单药治疗及高血压并发冠心病患者经联合药物治疗后均能使内皮功能改善,提高肱动脉FMD。     

两种不同剂量辛伐他汀对冠心病患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的探讨辛伐他汀10 mg与20 mg不同剂量对冠心病患者血管内皮功能作用的影响。方法共入选66例冠心病患者,随机分为对照组、辛伐他汀10 mg组和辛伐他汀20 mg组,治疗8周。采用超声法检测血流介导的肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能,同时观察血脂水平的变化。结果辛伐他汀治疗8周后,10 mg和20 mg辛伐他汀呈剂量依赖性显著降低血总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平(总胆固醇分别降低18.3%和29.3%;低密度脂蛋白胆固醇分别降低25.3%和35.4%;P<0.05)。对照组治疗8周后血脂水平无明显变(P>0.05)。10 mg和20 mg辛伐他汀均可显著改善肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能(10 mg辛伐他汀组为3.51%±4.03%比7.46%±5.90%;20mg辛伐他汀组为3.89%±3.97%比7.98%±6.16%;P均<0.01)。但两组之间肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能的变化值比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),且肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能的改善与血总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平的降低不相关。对照组肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能虽有轻度增加,但无统计学意义。辛伐他汀治疗后肱动脉内径和肱动脉对硝酸甘油的反应均无显著改变。结论10 mg和20 mg辛伐他汀治疗8周后,可显著改善冠心病患者血管内皮功能,但该作用在这2种剂量之间无显著不同,可能独立于调脂作用之外。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.