剖宫产后再次妊娠时分娩方式的选择及妊娠结局的研究

目的研究剖宫产后再次妊娠时分娩方式的选择及妊娠结局。方法将妇产科收治的剖宫产术后再次妊娠的产妇纳入研究,根据再次妊娠时分娩方式不同分为接受阴道分娩的观察组和接受剖宫产分娩的对照组。观察两组患者的分娩结局、产后负面情绪及远期生活质量。结果观察组患者产后出血量（109.6±25.1）vs（318.5±43.8）mL、分娩后卧床时间（2.1±0.3）vs（5.4±0.8）d以及HAMA评分（13.4±1.9）vs（21.5±3.1）、HAMD评分（14.3±1.9）vs（22.1±3.2）、NRS评分（1.5±0.4）vs（2.7±0.6）均低于对照组;观察组产妇的产后生活质量评分高于对照组。结论剖宫产术后再次妊娠时严格把握指征进行阴道分娩有助于减少产后出血量、促进产后恢复、缓解负面情绪、提高远期生活质量,是剖宫产术后再次妊娠时理想的分娩方式。     

The impact of clinician education on IUD uptake, knowledge and attitudes: results of a randomized trial

BACKGROUND: Many ministries of health worldwide would like to increase use of the intrauterine device (IUD) since it is very safe, effective and inexpensive to provide. Efforts to stimulate interest in the method have not been rigorously tested. METHODS: A randomized trial was conducted among 40 clinics in Nicaragua to test the impact of medical education on both IUD uptake and on provider knowledge/attitude toward the method. Two types of interventions were used: face-to-face medical training/education of providers and/or provision of an IUD checklist to help clinicians assess the medical eligibility of clients. RESULTS: The interventions had no impact on uptake of the IUD or on provider knowledge/attitude. CONCLUSION: While medical education and job tools (such as a checklist) for providers are indispensable for ensuring quality care, they may not be adequate to stimulate interest in the IUD on the part of clients.     

爱母牌MYCu宫内节育器与TCu220C宫内节育器的临床应用对比

目的探讨爱母牌MYCu宫内节育器(intrauterin econtraceptive device,IUD)与TCu220C宫内节育器(TCu220CIUD)的临床应用效果。方法选择来嘉定中心医院要求放置IUD避孕的育龄妇女,随机放置MYCuIUD与TCu220CIUD各150例,放置后1、3、6、12个月定期随访观察。结果放置满12个月时,MYCuIUD组与TCu220CIUD组累计带器妊娠率均为0.67/每百妇女年,累计脱落率分别为0.67/每百妇女年、2.00/每百妇女年;因不良反应取出率为2.01/每百妇女年、4.14/每百妇女年,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);续用率分别为96.00/每百妇女年、92.30/每百妇女年;4次随访主诉发生率MYCuIUD组低于TCu220CIUD组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),主诉中最常见的不良反应为出血和疼痛。结论 MYCuIUD抗生育效果好,脱落率低,置器后不良反应小,是效果理想的IUD,值得进一步推广应用。     

Barriers to clinical research participation in a diabetes randomized clinical trial

Little is known about how barriers to research participation are perceived, affected by or interact with patient characteristics, or how they vary over the course of a clinical trial. Participants (285) in the Renin–Angiotensin System Study (RASS), a randomized clinical primary prevention study of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy at 2 Canadian and 1 US university, rated potential barriers to research participation yearly for 5 years. Baseline barriers rated as most adversely affecting participation were: missing work; frequency of appointments and procedures; study length; number of appointments and procedures; access to study location; and physical discomfort associated with procedures. Inadequate social support, unstable job, and the use of alcohol and drugs were cited relatively infrequently, suggesting that although they may be important, candidates for whom these might be issues likely self-selected out of the study. Gender and gender by age interactions were found for specific perceived barriers, such as work and child care, and baseline barriers correlated with adherence. Elucidating the natural history of barriers to research participation is a step toward identifying strategies for helping participants overcome them, and ultimately may enhance the conduct of research.     

Comparison of efficacy and complications of IUD insertion in immediate postplacental/early postpartum period with interval period: 1 year follow-up

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare immediate postplacental (IPP) and early postpartum (EP) intrauterine device (IUD) insertions with interval (INT) IUD insertions with respect to efficacy and complications. METHODS: The study group consisted of 268 women in whom the following TCu 380A IUD insertions were performed: 84 IPP (less than 10 min), 46 EP (10 min to 72 h) and 138 INT (more than 6 weeks). The women were followed up 8 weeks, 6 months and 12 months after insertion. Complications and pregnancies encountered at the end of 1 year following IPP, EP and INT insertions were compared. The chi-square test and Fisher's Exact Test were used for the evaluation of the data. RESULTS: Complications developed in 40.4% of the women in the IPP group, in 74.4% of the women in the EP group and in 19.2% of the women in the INT group (p<.001). Although no statistically significant difference was found between the groups for uterine perforation and infection (p>.001), there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in the incidence of complete and partial expulsion according to the time of IUD insertion. The overall cumulative pregnancy rate and frequency of pregnancy were found to be higher (p>.05 for both), which are both insignificant for the EP group (2 of 43 women), as compared with the INT (4 of 130 women) and IPP groups (2 of 84 women), and pregnancy rates at 1 year for all groups was 3.1% (8 of 257 women). CONCLUSION: IPP and EP insertion of the TCu 380A IUD is an effective and convenient procedure, and expulsion rates in these groups are higher than in the INT group. Further studies are necessary to determine the cause of the higher expulsion rates and to find ways to reduce such rates.     

重复放置宫内节育器并节育器异位4例临床分析

目的 探讨重复放置宫内节育器（ IUD）并IUD异位的原因及处理。方法 回顾分析陕西省妇幼保健院4例重复放置宫内IUD并IUD异位患者的临床资料。结果 3例患者经腹腔镜取出异位的IUD,其中1例患者因IUD与周围组织粘连分离困难而中转开腹,患者均手术过程顺利,无术中及术后并发症。另1例患者因无明显不适而拒绝手术。结论 对于放置IUD患者应定期随访观察IUD位置,可疑IUD异位者应进一步确诊检查,以避免重复放置IUD或IUD异位危害患者健康。     

The frameless copper IUD (GyneFix) and the TCu380A IUD: results of an 8-year multicenter randomized comparative trial

Background

Clinical performance of the frameless copper IUD (GyneFix), designed to reduce side effects related to the frame of conventional IUDs, and TCu380A was compared.

Study Design

Randomized Multicenter randomized comparative trial. Parous women requesting and eligible to use IUD were admitted in 21 centers in eight countries in 1989-1993 and followed-up for up to 8 years.

Results

Two thousand twenty-seven women were randomized to the frameless IUD and 2036 to TCu380A; 43 insertions of the frameless IUD failed and none for TCu380A. First-year expulsion rate of the frameless IUD was 5.3 (95% CI: 4.4-6.4) per 100 and 2.5 (95% CI: 1.9-3.3) for the TCu380A; second- through eighth-year expulsion rates were not different. First-year pregnancy rates for the frameless IUD and TCu380A were 1.3 (95% CI: 0.9-2.0) and 0.5 (95% CI: 0.3-0.9), respectively; second- through eighth-year cumulative pregnancy rates were 1.2 (95% CI: 0.7-1.9) and 2.5 (95% CI: 1.8-3.4), respectively. The 8-year cumulative rates of ectopic pregnancy and IUD removal for pain were lower for the frameless IUD than for TCu380A. Removals for other reasons were not different.

Conclusions

The frameless IUD had more insertion failures, expulsions and pregnancies in the first year than TCu380A, but fewer pregnancies from the second through the eighth year, and by 8 years had fewer ectopic pregnancies and removals for pain.     

Emergency contraception with a copper IUD or oral levonorgestrel: an observational study of 1-year pregnancy rates

Objective

We investigated the 1-year pregnancy rates for emergency contraception (EC) users who selected the copper T380 intrauterine device (IUD) or oral levonorgestrel (LNG) for EC.

Study Design

This prospective study followed women for 1 year after choosing either the copper T380 IUD or oral LNG for EC. The study was powered to detect a 6% difference in pregnancy rates within the year after presenting for EC.

Results

Of the 542 women who presented for EC, agreed to participate in the trial and met the inclusion criteria, 215 (40%) chose the copper IUD and 327 (60%) chose oral LNG. In the IUD group, 127 (59%) were nulligravid. IUD insertion failed in 42 women (19%). The 1-year follow-up rate was 443/542 (82%); 64% of IUD users contacted at 1 year still had their IUDs in place. The 1-year cumulative pregnancy rate in women choosing the IUD was 6.5% vs. 12.2% in those choosing oral LNG [hazard ratio (HR) 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.29–0.97, p=.041]. By type of EC method actually received, corresponding values were 5.2% for copper IUD users vs. 12.3% for oral LNG users (HR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.20–0.85, p=.017). A multivariable logistic regression model controlling for demographic variables demonstrates that women who chose the IUD for EC had fewer pregnancies in the following year than those who chose oral LNG (HR 0.50, 95% CI: 0.26–0.96, p=.037).

Conclusion

One year after presenting for EC, women choosing the copper IUD for EC were half as likely to have a pregnancy compared to those choosing oral LNG.

Implications

Compared to EC users who choose oral levonorgestrel, those who select the copper IUD have lower rates of pregnancy in the next year. Greater use of the copper IUD for EC may lower rates of unintended pregnancy in high-risk women.     

去尾丝HCu280型花式IUD临床效果观察

目的:探讨放置去尾丝HCu280型花式宫内节育器(IUD)的临床效果,为推广使用提供科学依据。方法:21~45岁已婚已育且无放置IUD禁忌证妇女中,选择自愿放置去尾丝HCu280型花式IUD妇女200例为观察对象(HCu280IUD组),以选择放置TCu380AIUD妇女198例为对照(TCu380AIUD组),分别于放置后1、3、6和12个月进行随访,比较两组避孕效果、副作用主诉情况。结果:置器12个月HCu280IUD组和TCu380AIUD组带器妊娠率分别为每百妇女年0和0.5(P0.05);脱落率分别为每百妇年0.5和4.2(P0.05);与IUD使用相关终止率分别为每百妇女年3.5和9.6(P0.05);总终止率分别为每百妇女年4.0和10.1(P0.05);续用率分别为每百妇女年96.0和89.9。置器后1、3、6、12个月副作用主诉率,HCu280IUD组低于TCu380AIUD组。结论:HCu280型花式IUD避孕效果好,副作用主诉少,续用率高。     

中国9省农村育龄妇女IUD使用及失败现状的流行病学研究

目的:了解中国9省农村育龄妇女IUD使用现状。方法:采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,对9省农村18922例放置IUD妇女进行横断面及前瞻随访研究。结果:69.9%IUD使用者的年龄≤30岁,农民占61.5%,初中文化程度者占58.7%,有过阴道分娩史者占80.1%,初次放置IUD者占61.8%,在月经间期和哺乳期月经未恢复时放置IUD者各占53.8%和31.3%;放置国家避孕药具采购目录中IUD者占72.1%;76.5%的IUD使用者在乡级计生服务机构放置。近50%的IUD放置人员有大专及本科学历和初级职称。IUD使用12个月总累计失败率(包括妊娠、脱落、下移取器和因症取器)为每百妇女年10.71。不同种类IUD的失败率有较大差别。在哺乳期月经未恢复时及乡级计划生育机构放置IUD的失败率较低。结论:为降低IUD使用失败率,需要对IUD类型进行客观评价,加强对不同时期放置IUD妇女的指导,培训置器人员规范操作。     

Postplacental placement of intrauterine devices: A randomized clinical trial

ObjectiveTo compare the expulsion rate of the TCu380A intrauterine device (IUD) or levonorgestrel (LNG) 52 mg intrauterine system (IUS) up to 90 days after postplacental placement (10 min after delivery of the placenta).Study designRandomized trial (1:1) of women aged 18–43 years and ≥37 weeks pregnant enrolled during early or prodromal labor at the University of Campinas, Brazil. Follow-up was scheduled at 42 and 90 days after device placement. We confirmed the IUD or IUS location using ultrasonography. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess variables associated with expulsion.ResultsWe enrolled 140 women, and assigned 70 to the TCu380A IUD and 70 to the IUS groups. By the 90-day follow-up visit, 22/60 women (36.7%) in the TCu380A IUD group had expelled the device, as had 12/60 women in the IUS group (20%). Thirty-three of the 34 expulsions had occurred by the 42-day visit. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the expulsion odds ratio ([OR]; 95% confidence interval [CI]) was higher after vaginal delivery than after Cesarean delivery (OR 5.60; 95% CI 2.08–15.10; P < 0.00) and higher among women with one (OR 4.38; 95% CI 1.33–14.43; P 0.00) or three or more deliveries (including the present one) (OR 6.08; 95% CI 1.78–20.77; P 0.00) than those with two deliveries.ConclusionsPostplacental TCu380A IUD placement had a higher expulsion rate than the IUS, and the expulsion rate was higher among women who had a vaginal delivery than those who had a Cesarean delivery. Most of the expulsions occurred within 42 days.ImplicationsPolicy makers should increase the availability of both the TCu380A and the LNG intrauterine devices for the immediate postpartum period, even though the expulsion rate is higher than that after interval placement.     

Comparative study on contraceptive efficacy and clinical performance of the copper/low-density polyethylene nanocomposite IUD and the copper T220C IUD

BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to compare the antifertility effectiveness and side effects of the copper/low-density polyethylene nanocomposite IUD (experimental group) and the copper T220C IUD (control group). STUDY DESIGN: One hundred females were randomly divided into two groups (experimental group and control group, n = 50 in each group). Clinical observation and comparative study were performed on the two groups for 12 months. RESULTS: Follow-up rate was 100% at the 12th month. In the experimental group and control group, the cumulative continuation rates were both 92.0 per 100 women at the 12th month and there was no difference between them (p > .05). The pregnancy rate, removal rate and expulsion rate were low with the difference being not statistically significant (p>.05). The most common side effects were excessive menstrual bleeding, spotting and pain. The rates of side effects were lower in the experimental group than in control group, especially during the initial 3 months after insertion with the differences being statistically significant (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The new design of the copper/low-density polyethylene nanocomposite IUD showed low pregnancy rate, high contraceptive efficacy and satisfactory acceptability. The study suggested that the TCu220C IUD also had high contraceptive efficacy, but had relatively more side effects.     

妊娠合并临床甲状腺功能减退症患者控制与否对母婴结局的影响

目的探讨妊娠合并临床甲状腺功能减退症（甲减）病情控制与否对母婴结局的影响,为临床提供诊治依据。方法对本院168例合并临床或亚临床甲减的孕妇进行临床观察,其中甲减控制组9例,甲减未控制组29例,亚临床甲减组130例,并与正常孕妇组180例对照比较,分析各组孕妇妊娠结局和新生儿出生情况。结果与对照组相比,甲减控制组妊娠晚期游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）、游离甲状腺激素（FT4）、促甲状腺激素（TSH）水平差异无统计学意义[（3．68±1．11）pmol／LVS（3．19±0．33）pmol／L,（15．48±4．14）pmol／LVS（13．95±1．68）pmol／L,1．87mU／LV81．76mU／L,P〉0．05]。甲减未控制组妊娠中、晚期血清FT3、FT4水平降低,TSH水平升高[（2．71±0．80）pmol／Lvs（3．14±0．34）pmol／L,（10．94±2．68）pmol／LVS（14．25±2．01）pmol／L,5．62mU／LVS2．28mU／L,（2．34±0．70）pmol／LVS（3．19±0．33）pmol／L,（10．16±1．65）pmol／LVS（13．95±1．68）pmol／L,7．13mU／LVS1．76mU／L,t=2．754～9．15,P〈0．01],亚临床甲减组血清TSH水平升高（4．67mU／LVS2．28mU／L,5．25mU／LVS1．76mU／L,t=18．28,18．57,P〈0．01）。甲减控制组孕妇未发生围生儿不良结局,而甲减未控制组孕妇围生儿不良结局、产科并发症的发生率高于对照组（17．2％VS2．8％,37．9％V85．6％,x2=11．47,28．97,P〈0．01）。亚临床甲减组产科并发症的发生率较对照组升高（40．0％VS5．6％,x2=52．97,P〈0．01）。结论妊娠合并临床或亚临床甲减均可影响母婴结局,尤以临床甲减未控制者对母婴结局影响较大,甲减孕妇病情控制可改善母婴预后。     

5896例带器妊娠妇女资料分析

目的:探讨使用宫内节育器(IUD)带器妊娠的可能影响因素和特点,为临床安全使用IUD提供参考建议。方法:回顾性分析2016-2018年全国116个国家级避孕药具不良反应监测点提交的使用IUD带器妊娠不良事件报告5896例资料。结果:对象中首次置器4206例(71.3%),IUD位置改变2814例(47.7%)。IUD在使用初期发生带器妊娠占比较多,之后呈下降趋势。结论:IUD使用早期对年轻对象加强IUD位置的影像学检查可有效减少部分带器妊娠发生,对发生异位妊娠占比高的IUD有必要开展进一步研究。     

妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退患者妊娠结局及妊娠期并发症情况临床研究

目的探讨妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退患者的妊娠结局及妊娠期并发症情况。方法选取2016年11月-2018年11月期间临海市第二人民医院收治的90例妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退患者作为研究组,根据治疗情况将甲状腺功能减退患者分为甲状腺功能减退治疗组(43例)和甲状腺功能减退未治疗组(47例),同时选取45例健康妊娠妇女作为对照组。比较3组妊娠结束时甲状腺指标的变化情况,记录3组妊娠结局、胎儿情况和妊娠期并发症的发生率。结果甲状腺功能减退未治疗组患者血清甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体和促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05),游离甲状腺素(FT4)明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。甲状腺功能减退未治疗组患者不良妊娠结局和并发症的发生率明显高于对照组,且胎儿窘迫、胎儿畸形、死胎、胎儿生长受限的发生率亦明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。但经过治疗后的甲状腺功能减退患者不良妊娠结局发生率、并发症发生率及胎儿出生情况与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退可造成不良的妊娠结局,对胎儿具有不良影响,并产生一系列并发症。因此在孕早期应对孕产妇进行常规甲状腺筛查,改善妊娠结局。     

知情选择中提供IUD种类与效果关系的分析

目的:探索避孕方法知情选择工作中供选择的宫内节育器(IUD)种类数量与其使用效果间的关系。方法:对9省农村18922例放置IUD妇女的流行病学调查数据进行聚类分析,并进行生存分析和Cox回归分析。结果:IUD种类数量与其使用效果并非线性关系。比较IUD使用失败率,使用IUD>5种的地方(14.31%)明显高于使用IUD≤5种的地方(9.89%)。进一步分层分析和多因素Cox回归分析发现,使用IUD>5种的地方发生使用失败结局的可能性高于使用IUD≤5种的地方。结论:使用IUD的种类数量过多,IUD的使用效果未必好。为了保证IUD的使用效果,应对所提供IUD种类进行合理的选择。     

腹腔镜下宫内节育器异位取出的临床应用分析

目的应用腹腔镜治疗宫内节育器(intrauterine device,IUD)盆腹腔异位,分析异位误诊原因并提出有效治疗措施。方法分析太原市妇幼保健院于2004²012年期间收治的不同类型IUD盆腹腔异位患者17例,应用腹腔镜取出,分析发生异位的特点。结果 17例IUD盆腹腔异位患者使用腹腔镜均成功取出,无一例并发症发生。结论腹腔镜是IUD盆腹腔异位较为有效的治疗手段。     

宫腔较大妇女放置GyneFix IN IUD与MCu IUD临床效果观察

目的:比较宫腔较大妇女放置GyneFix IN IUD(吉妮IUD)和MCu IUD(爱母IUD)的临床使用效果。方法:选择既往有1次或2次以上脱器史及带器妊娠史,且自愿放置新型IUD的宫腔较大(9～10cm)已婚育龄妇女220例,随机分为两组,分别放置吉妮IUD和爱母IUD,并进行24个月随访观察。结果:吉妮IUD组因症取出率、终止使用率低于爱母IUD组,两者比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:吉妮IUD对宫腔较大妇女更具可接受性。     

放置吉妮IUD 2312例临床使用效果调查分析

目的:评估吉妮固定式宫内节育器(吉妮IUD)在海南省育龄妇女中的使用效果,以便指导在全省推广应用吉妮IUD的工作。方法:对2312例放置吉妮IUD的妇女进行问卷调查,了解置器后的1、3、6、12个月等临床使用效果。结果:在调查全省2312例使用吉妮IUD的育龄妇女中,发生脱落41例,占1.77%;带器妊娠13例,占0.56%,节育有效率为99.44%;因症取出38例,占1.64%;按照置器期限,把2312例进行分组,即满1月组(374例)、3月组(494例)、6月组(419例)和12月组(1025例)等4组,各组续用率依次为98.66%、99.19%、95.94%和92.97%。结论:育龄妇女放置吉妮IUD的副作用小、脱落率低、续用率高、适应证宽和节育有效率高,是可供妇女选择的一种长效避孕措施,值得推广应用。     

剖宫产后42～90天放置IUD效果和副反应观察

自1989年12月20日～1990年6月27日,在剖宫产后和阴道分娩后42～90天,自愿放置IUD各310例,术后1、3、6、12、24个月各随访一次,随访率99.19％,IUD用硅VCu200。结果显示:剖宫产组与阴道分娩组置器后1、2年净累积续用率和各项停用率无差异,第二年剖宫产组脱落率显著较低。产后42～60天与61～90天置器各项停用率均无差异。置器后所有副反应两组亦无差异,剖宫产后42～90天放置IUD是安全可行的。