安慰剂期望和/或咖啡因对30小时睡眠剥夺下警觉性的影响

目的研究安慰剂或/和咖啡因对睡眠剥夺条件下警觉性的影响.方法6名健康青年男性(18～20岁)被试采用自身前后对照设计,实验分5次进行,每次30h睡眠剥夺,其间安排5组字母划销测验.第1次为完全睡眠剥夺(对照组),另外4次实验被试分别在特定时间服用安慰剂200mg、咖啡因200mg、咖啡因400mg、咖啡因和安慰剂各200mg.通过强调咖啡因的兴奋作用给与心理暗示.结果(1)咖啡因200mg+安慰剂200mg组(62.36±7.31个/min)、咖啡因400mg组(55.88±6.54个/min)、咖啡因200mg组(59.48±6.52个/min)的每分钟正确划销字母数(CCNM)多于对照组(46.80±5.35个/min),P＜0.05;(2)咖啡因200mg+安慰剂200mg组的CCNM多于安慰剂200mg组(52.06±9.30个/min),P＜0.05;(3)各组的错误率没有差异(P＜0.05).结论咖啡因200mg、咖啡因400mg可以提高睡眠剥夺下的警觉性,安慰剂期望效应和咖啡因的联合作用效果较好.     

宽叶缬草提取物对戊四氮诱导慢性癫癎大鼠行为及脑电的影响

目的:探讨宽叶缬草提取物(VOL)对戊四氮(PTZ)致癫大鼠模型的脑电和行为变化的影响.方法:用PTZ 37.5mg/kg腹腔注射Wistar大鼠28天建立慢性癫癎模型,同时胃管分组给予VOL 500 mg/kg、1 000 mg/kg、1 500 mg/kg,每天三次,观察大鼠行为及脑电变化.结果:PTZ致癫癎大鼠在28天时87%为重度发作,脑电发作潜伏期及癎波密度分别为4.01±1.70 min,145.75±19.84个/min ,应用三种不同剂量的VOL治疗三周后大鼠癫癎发作程度明显减轻,脑电发作潜伏期延长,分别为7.36±2.18 min、9.42±2.05 min、11.19±1.95 min,癎波密度减少与PTZ模型对照组比较,P<0.05;且高剂量组更明显.结论:VOL能有效对抗PTZ的点燃作用,且有剂量依赖性,在第3周时才开始显效.     

五音乐曲对精神分裂症脑电活动率的影响

目的 :观察五音乐曲刺激对精神分裂症患者脑电活动产生的影响。方法 :选取 2 0例精神分裂症患者和 10名正常对照 ,分别记录安静时段及聆听五音乐曲时段的脑电图 ,将脑电信号转化为功率数值 ,将 β/α定义为脑电活动率。 结果 :1、正常人与精神分裂症患者的脑电活动率在安静状态差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。在听乐曲时患者的脑电活动率在C3、T3、T4、T5导联中 ,明显高于正常人 (P <0 0 5 )。 2、正常人在安静状态和听乐曲时其左右脑脑电活动率差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。精神分裂症患者在安静状态左右脑脑电活动率在O1、O2及T5、T6导联间差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并且听乐曲时在P3、P4和C3、C4以及F7、F8导联间差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :在五音乐曲的刺激下 ,精神分裂症患者的脑电反应与正常人不同。     

SC1001钠盐对家兔镇静作用的研究

本实验观察了SC1001钠盐对家兔呼吸频率、心率、肛温和皮层电活动的影响。选用体重1.7～2.8kg健康雄性家兔17只,随机分成二组,SC1001组10只(200mg/kg,腹腔注射),生理盐水组7只(腹腔注射与SC1001组溶量相同的生理盐水)。给药前后用多导生理仪遥测记录脑电,同时记录呼吸和心电,用半导体数字显示温度仪记录肛温,每隔     

汉防己甲素及1,6—二磷酸果糖对缺血在体大鼠脑纹状体外游离氨基酸的影响

本文应用在体微灌流技术和氨基酸自动分析系统研究了汉防已甲索(Tet)及1,6—二磷酸果糖单用及合用对缺血大鼠脑致状体神经细胞外游离氨基酸的影响。结果表明:Tet15mg/kg、MK801 2.0mg/kg和Tet 15mg/kg加FDP350mg/kg均能减少     

咖啡摄入前后心率变异性的对比研究

目的研究中等剂量咖啡摄入对青年受试者心率变异性的影响,明确咖啡对心脏自主神经活性的作用。方法无咖啡因摄入习惯的16名健康青年受试者(身高167 cm±7.2 cm、体重61.3 kg±6.3kg、年龄24.9岁±2.8岁)参与本项研究,在摄入含6 mg/kg咖啡因的咖啡饮品后,于8:40~10:45应用动态心电图记录仪(Holter)进行咖啡摄入前后心电信号的采集及心率(heart rate,HR)和心率变异性指标的分析。心率变异性指标包括R-R间期标准差(SDNN)、相邻R-R间期差值的均方根值(r MSSD)、相邻的R-R间期之差大于50 ms的心搏数占总心搏数的百分比(PNN50)、标化低频(normalized low frequency power,LFnorm)、标化高频(normalized high frequency power,HFnorm)、低频功率(low frequency,LF)与高频功率(high frequency,HF)的比值(LF/HF)。结果饮用咖啡后,心率、心率变异性指标均发生改变且具有统计学意义,HR、LFnorm和LF/HF分别降低了7.5%、17%和35%。r MSSD、PNN50和HFnorm分别提高了82%、80%和58%。其中HR及LF/HF随着时间的变化趋势最明显。HRV参数在饮用咖啡前后的差值ΔLF与ΔHF,ΔLF与ΔLF/HF均显著相关,相关系数为-0.980和0.903。结论中等剂量咖啡可引起心率变异性的改变和心率的降低,抑制交感神经活性,提高副交感神经活性。     

氯丙嗪上调大鼠脑皮质中凝血因子Ⅲ的表达

目的 对氯丙嗪(chlorpromazine,CPZ)处理后的大鼠脑皮质中凝血因子Ⅲ表达进行检测及分析.方法 按每组6只,将wistar大鼠随机分为:正常对照组、CPZ高、中、低剂量(20 mg/kg、10 mg/kg、5 mg/kg)单次注射组以及中剂量连续注射组(10 mg/kg/2周),采用腹腔注射CPZ的方法制备动物模型.免疫组化和Western印迹法检测大鼠脑皮质中凝血因子Ⅲ的表达.结果 免疫组化结果显示,中剂量(10 mg/kg)的CPZ单次注射及连续注射均能显著增加大鼠脑皮质中凝血因子Ⅲ的表达(P值分别为0.0007、0.0005).Western印迹结果显示,与正常对照组相比,CPZ高、中剂量(20 mg/kg、10 mg/kg)单次注射(P值分别为0.0141、0.0163)以及中剂量(10 mg/kg)长期连续注射组大鼠脑皮质中凝血因子Ⅲ表达显著增加(P =0.0094).结论 CPZ能够上调大鼠脑皮质中凝血因子Ⅲ的表达.除了已知的多巴胺受体和钙调素之外,凝血因子Ⅲ也是CPZ调控的靶分子之一.     

三十秒全力运动后气体代谢的变化

为研究机体代谢对短时间、高强度运动的反映以及运动训练对短时间、高强度运动后气体代谢的影响,29名13～14岁的男性无训练者和13名同龄男性有训练者在Monark功率自行车上作30秒全力运动。阻力按0.075kg/kg体重计算(Wingate Anaerobic Test)。运动中及运动后3分钟用Beckman代谢测定仪测定通气量(V_E)、氧耗量(Vo_2)、二氧化     

金刚烷胺诱发小鼠行为学变化和前脑内FosB/δFosB蛋白的表达(英文)

目的:探讨临床使用金刚烷胺(amantadine)治疗流行感冒或帕金森病(PD)时导致患者出现精神症状副作用的中枢机制,给予小鼠不同剂量金刚烷胺,评价其行为学的改变,同时检测小鼠脑内FosB/δFosB蛋白的表达。方法:雄性昆明小鼠,随机分为生理盐水组、金刚烷胺组(20mg/kg、40mg/kg、60mg/kg),分别用自主活动观察、Sams-Dodd的刻板行为评分标准、一次性被动回避反应(OPAR)等模式对模型小鼠的行为改变进行检测,同时用免疫组织化学法检测各组小鼠脑内FosB/δFosB蛋白的表达。结果:(1)高浓度的金刚烷胺(60mg/kg)作用于小鼠,小鼠的自主活动较对照组有不同程度的提高,并且出现明显的刻板行为及社会行为的降低。中(40mg/kg)、低(20mg/kg)浓度的金刚烷胺作用于小鼠,小鼠的自主活动较对照组无明显差异;(2)金刚烷胺以剂量相关性方式改变FosB/δFosB蛋白的表达,其表达区域主要集中在前额皮质、扣带皮质、梨状皮质、齿状回、隔区、伏隔核、杏仁核和嗅结节等脑区。结论:(1)大剂量的金刚烷胺能够引起小鼠的行为变化。(2)FosB/δFosB阳性细胞高表达的区域主要集中在前脑内与情绪活动和内脏活动功能密切相关的脑区,这些区域脑神经元的功能变化可能是临床使用金刚烷胺导致患者出现精神症状副作用的原因之一。     

合成红藻氨酸诱发大鼠癫痫作用的研究

目的: 观察合成红藻氨酸(SKA) 诱发大鼠癫痫的作用及其作用特点。方法: Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为正常对照组、SKA 12 mg/kg、SKA 10 mg/kg 和 SKA 5 mg/kg 剂量组及红藻氨酸 (KA)10 mg/kg阳性对照组。腹腔注射给药,连续8 h观察大鼠癫痫发作的行为学变化及连续3.5 h记录其脑电图变化。结果: 合成红藻氨酸5、10、12 mg/kg 腹腔注射,可诱发大鼠癫痫发作,其行为学及脑电改变与KA对照组无明显差异。但合成红藻氨酸诱发动物癫痫呈现规律、稳定及阶段性明显的特征,且大鼠的死亡率较天然红藻氨酸低。结论: 合成红藻氨酸腹腔注射可诱发大鼠癫痫发作,以10 mg/kg为较合适剂量。     

Histopathologic features and frequency of gall bladder lesions in consecutive 540 cholecystectomies

The frequency of gall bladder lesions in cholecystectomies is not clear. The purpose of the present study is to report the morphologies and frequency of gall bladder diseases and lesions of 540 cholecystectomies in the last 10 years in our pathology laboratory. The age of patients ranged from 18 years to 93 years with a mean of 64.75 ±14.43 years. Male to female ratio was 213:327. Of these, 518 cases (96%) had gall stones. Eight (1.5%) were acute cholecystitis, 508 (94.1%) were chronic cholecystitis, 12 (2.2%) were adenocarcinomas, 1 (0.2%) was cystadenocarcinoma, and 11 (2.0%) were normal gall bladders. The frequency of histological lesions were as follows: acute gangrenous inflammation (8 cases, 1.5%), Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses (RAS) (351 cases, 65%), microliths or inspissated bile in RAS (108 cases, 20%), adenomyomatous changes (16 cases, 3.0 %), focal abscess formations (12 cases, 2.2%), focal xanthogranulomatous changes (15 cases, 2.8%), mucosal ulcers (61 cases, 11.3%), cholesterosis (62 cases, 11%), cholesterol polyp (32 cases, 6%), pyloric gland metaplasia (292 cases, 54%), adenoma (7 cases, 1.3%), xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (5 cases, 1%), invasive adenocarcinoma (12 cases, 2.2%), and cystadenocarcinoma (1 cases, 0.2%). In adenomyomatous changes, the epithelial proliferation was florid in a few cases, and no perineural invasions were seen. In pyloric gland metaplasia, no perineural invasions were recognized. All the 7 cases of adenoma were of intestinal type. In the 12 adenocarcinoma cases, one case arose in RAS without mucosal involvement, and 9 were tubular adenocarcinomas and 3 were papillary adenocarcinomas and 1 was mucinous adenocarcinoma. In the present series, there were no cases of heterotipc tissue, intestinal metaplasia, intraepithelial neoplasm, and other malignancies. These data may provide basic knowledge of the gall bladder pathologies.     

Role of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy in children

To evaluate the combination of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) in the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy in children, we reviewed a total of 71 FNA specimens from pediatric patients with persistent lymphadenopathy. Two cases were deemed inadequate. In the remaining 69 cases, 54 (78%) were diagnosed as benign lesions, 9 (13%) as Hodgkin's lymphoma, 4 (6%) as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or leukemic infiltrate, and 2 as metastatic tumors. Of the 69 cases, 25 cases (38%) were diagnosed based on cytomorphology alone, 30 (43%) by combined cytomorphology and FCI, and 19 (28%) by surgical biopsy. In conclusion, FNA is an easy, safe, and reliable procedure in the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy in children. In difficult cases, FCI can be used to exclude non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.     

Tuberculosis in Poland in 1997

The paper presents the epidemiological situation of TB in Poland in 1997--the fourth consecutive year of decline in TB incidence after three years (1991-1993) of increase. In 1997 there were 13,967 newly registered TB cases, of which 1,578 were relapses. The incidence was 36.1 per 100,000 population, of which 32.0 were the new cases and 4.1 relapses. Relapses represented 11.3% of all newly registered cases. The incidence in 1997 was 9.3% lower than in 1996. The rate of decline was 2 times higher than in previous two years (3.9% and 4.2% respectively). Between provinces the range in incidence was 20.1 to 58.2. Among the total number of newly registered cases there were 7,484 (19.4 per 100,000) bacteriologically confirmed, of which 4,117 cases were sputum smear positive. The proportion of bacteriologically culture positive cases was 53.6 and of sputum smear positive--29.5 which is rather low, but similar to previous years. 95.9% of TB cases the connected respiratory system. Low proportion (4.1%) of non respiratory TB, which continues for many years, may indicate inadequacies in diagnosis and registration of this form of disease. The incidence of TB increases with age, from 1.9 in children to 69.9 in those over 65 years of age. The proportion of cases in the age group 20-44 years is still high (38.6%). The incidence in men (49.8) is two times higher than in women (23.4), and in rural population higher than in urban--38.2 and 34.9 respectively. The prevalence of tuberculosis at the end of 1997 was 41.4 (16,023 cases) of which 52.4% were bacteriologically confirmed cases (8,397 cases). In the latter group there were 281 cases bacteriologically positive for longer than one year, and 469 cases resistant to at least 1 drug. The proportion of resistant cases (5.6%) is similar to previous years and does not seen to influence the overall effectiveness of chemotherapy.     

The utility of ancillary studies in pediatric FNA cytology.

We evaluated the diagnostic contribution of adjunct studies performed on aspirated material in the work-up of pediatric fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies. Ancillary studies were performed on 54 of 136 (39.7%) pediatric FNA biopsies during a 5-year period. In 23 (16.9%) cases, immunocytochemical (ICC) studies, consisting of immunoperoxidase staining of direct smears and/or cell blocks or flow cytometric immunophenotyping, were performed. The studies were adequate in 14 cases (60.9%), suboptimal in five cases (21.7%), and inadequate in four cases (17.4%). Of the adequate and suboptimal cases, the ICC data helped to narrow the differential diagnosis or classify the disease process in eight cases (42.1%), confirmed cytologic impression in nine cases (47.4%), and gave contradictory results in two cases (10.5%). Adequate material for electron microscopy (EM) was obtained in 14/19 cases (73.7%). Ultrastructural studies were diagnostic, or helped classify the disease process in five cases (35.7%), confirmed the cytologic impression in four cases (28.6%), helped exclude diagnostic considerations in three cases (21.4%), and were judged to be non-contributory in two cases (14.3%). Cytogenetic studies revealed six of seven cases (all neoplasms) to have abnormal karyotypes. Special stains for organisms performed on smears from 25 cases including Ziehl-Neelsen, Gomori methenamine silver (GMS), Gram, and Warthin-Starry (WS) were negative except for 1/16 GMS and 4/9 Gram stains. In summary, we found that with appropriate case selection, ancillary studies performed on aspirated material can provide useful information in pediatric FNA cytology.     

G-显带技术、荧光原位杂交和比较基因组杂交技术在产前诊断中的应用

目的 探讨G显带、荧光原位杂交(fluorescencein situ hybridization,FISH)和比较基因组杂交(comparative genomic hybridization,CGH)技术在产前诊断中应用的程序及意义.方法 采集102例妊娠16周～24周胎儿的羊水,采用G显带、G显带/FISH和G显带/FISH/CGH三阶梯的核型诊断程序,并分析其在产前诊断中的意义.结果 102例胎儿中,经第1阶梯诊断核型98例,诊断困难2例,失败2例;第2阶梯诊断核型2例,诊断困难1例,失败1例;第3阶梯诊断核型2例.经3阶梯诊断程序核型的诊断率达100%(102/102例),异常核型7例(7/102例,6.68 0A),其中第1、第2和第3阶梯分别诊断异常核型4例(4/7例,57.1 oA)、1例(1/7例,14.3%)和2例(2/7例,28.5%).结论 在产前诊断中实施3阶梯诊断程序有助于提高核型的确诊率,规范染色体诊断流程.     

Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections in the years 1981-1986

In the years 1981-1986 bacteriophage therapy was applied in 550 cases (100 treated in 1986) of suppurative bacterial infections. Positive results were obtained in 508 cases (92.4%). In 38 cases (6.9%) a transient improvement was observed and in 4 cases (0.7%) phage treatment proved ineffective. Considering that majority of patients (518 cases, 94.2%) were resistant to antibiotic treatment, the results of phage therapy may be regarded as favorable.     

Anatomy of the portal branches and the hepatic veins in the caudate lobe of the liver

The objective of this study was to analyze the caudate portal branches and their relationships with the hepatic caudate veins and propose a new nomenclature for the caudate branches based on their territory of distribution. We realized the fine dissection of the veins of the caudate lobe in 40 human livers fixed and preserved in formalin. In 15/40 (37.5%) cases there was a single branch to the caudate lobe. In 25/40 (62.5%) cases there was more than one branch, with a posterior caudate branch in 20/40 (50%) cases, an anterior caudate branch in 15/40 (37.5%) cases, a left caudate branch in 14/40 (35%) cases, and a right caudate branch in 8/40 (20%) cases. The most frequent combination detected (11/40, 27.5% of cases) was that of the posterior and anterior branches. The venous drainage of the caudate lobe and its papillary process was provided by the superior caudate hepatic vein in 23/40 (57.5%) cases, by the middle caudate vein in 35/40 (87.5%) cases (which was the only vein in 12/35 cases), and by the inferior caudate vein in 16/40 (40%) cases. In 11/40 (12.5%) cases there were accessory caudate veins, which emptied into the left and intermediate hepatic veins. The portal branches and the hepatic veins related to the caudate process were studied. In conclusion, the new nomenclature analyzes more precisely the distribution of the caudate portal branches.     

Neurocysticercosis in clinically suspected and MRI proven cases: evidence of sub-optimal antibody response

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) has a worldwide distribution mainly in the developing countries like India. The study was done to find the seroprevalence of anti-cysticercus antibodies in clinically suspected and MRI proven cases and to corroborate the serological findings with radiological findings (MRI). A hospital based study among 204 suspected patients during January, 1996 to August, 2001 showed that 77 (32.2%, M:F = 2.2:1) had serological evidence of NCC. Of the total 189 sera, tested at 1:100 dilution 68 (35.9%) and of the total 50 CSF, tested at 1:5 dilution 9 (18%) were positive for anti-cysticercus IgG antibodies. In 35 cases where both were tested 13 sera (37.1%), 9 CSF (25.7%) and in 7 (20%) both sera and CSF were positive. In CSF from 62 patients with tubercular meningitis (disease control) 2 (3.2%) samples whereas in sera of 60 normal blood donors (normal control) 7 (11.7%) samples had anti-cysticercus IgG antibodies. In 33 MRI-positive cases, anti-cysticercus antibodies were seen in 15 (45.4%) patients. Antibodies were seen in 6 of 14 (42.8%) cases with single cortical cyst, 4 of 11 (36.3%) with 2-3 cysts and in 5 of 8 (62.5%) with multiple cysts. Alternatively, 18 of 33 (54.5%) MRI positive cases lacked anti-cysticercus antibodies. Six MRI negative cases were found to be seropositive and were treated successfully. Hence, immune response was sub-optimal even in MRI positive cases and conversely, few MRI negative cases were seropositive. Since positive response with MRI or serology depends on the stage of the disease, therefore both tests should be done together to confirm or to rule out NCC.     

Variations in the origin and course of the posterior interventricular artery in relation to the crux cordis and the posterior interventricular vein: An anatomical study

Corrosion castings of 60 human hearts were used to demonstrate that the point of origin of the posterior interventricular artery (PIA), in relation to the crux cordis, is responsible for its subsequent course with respect to the posterior interventricular vein (PIV). In seven cases (12%), the PIA appeared as the continuation of the left circumflex, descending rightwards and on a deeper level of the PIV. In 53 cases (88%), the PIA arose from the right coronary artery (RCA) and 50 of these were selected to be classified into three groups, according to the PIAs origin and course. In group A (29 cases, 58%) and B (seven cases, 14%), the PIA emerged before the crux cordis and descended to the right or left of the PIV, respectively. In group C (14 cases, 28%), it originated at, or beyond, the crux cordis and descended along the left side of the PIV. Among the 50 cases, the PIA was found to be long in 34 (68%), large in 32 (64%), and long and large in 29 cases (58%). In 18 of the latter 29 cases (62%) or 36% of the 50 cases in total, the PIA arose as a continuation of the RCA (group A) and therefore these cases were easily accessible to interventional cardiologists and also to surgeons, since the PIA lay on the same or on a superficial level in relation to the PIV. This work describes and explains the variations of the PIA and concludes that at least 36% of these may be helpful in coronary artery angioplasty and bypass surgery. Anat. Rec. 252:413–417, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Evolution in the hospitalization for infectious diseases among non-EU patients in Emilia Romagna

In the Emilia Romagna (ER) area, between 1996 and 2000, a progressive increment in hospitalization for TBC, malaria, AIDS and hepatitis in non-EU patients was observed. This study aims to determine whether this trend was confirmed in 2001 and in which cities the increase was most significant. The Hospital Discharge Cards (HDC) registered in ER for non-EU patients in the relevant period were examined. In 2001, of 20,980 hospitalization cases of non-EU patients, 394 (1.87%) were attributed to infectious diseases, amounting to an increase of 1.77% over 2000. Of the 394 patients 250 (63.45%) were male and 144 (36.55%) female. The most represented age group was 20-39 yrs. Male patients more frequently come from Morocco (54), Senegal (45), Brazil (43), females from Nigeria (36), Morocco (26) and Ghana (14). The towns and cities where hospitalization occurred were, in decreasing order: Modena (24.6%), Bologna (19.3%), Reggio Emilia (12.9%), Ravenna (10.4%), Rimini (8.6%), Parma (8.3%), Piacenza (7.3%), Forli (4.8%), Ferrara and Cesena (both 1.8%). The Hospital Departments primarily involved were: Infectious Diseases with 213 hospitalizations (54%), Pneumology 69 (17.5%), Medicine 44 (11.1%), and Paediatrics 39 (9.9 %). Hospitalization causes were, in order of frequency: TBC with 137 cases (34.8%), malaria 75 cases (19%), AIDS 72 cases (18.3%), viral hepatitis 56 cases (14.2%), septicaemia 22 cases (5.6%) and Salmonella spp. infections 18 cases (4.5%).