Total Corporal Contouring with Megaliposuction (120 Consecutive Cases)

The purpose of this study is to present the authors' long-term experience with total corporal contouring with megaliposuction. The evolution of body reshaping in one operative setting including simultaneous head and neck contouring, upper and lower extremity recontouring, and creation of an aesthetic trunk and abdominal form is discussed. Patient evaluation, operative techniques, postoperative management, and long-term results are emphasized. From February 1994 to February 1997, 120 consecutive patients underwent total corporal contouring with tumescent (Hunstad formula)-technique, classic liposuction. There were 10 males and 110 females. The average age of all patients was 28 years. Preoperative evaluation emphasized corporal shape and proportions. No other open procedures were performed simultaneously in these patients. The authors' postoperative regimen is discussed. The average amount of aspirated material in these series was 14,000 ml (range, 8000–20,000 ml). No blood transfusions were required. Complications included only hypopigmentation (N= 2) and postoperative seromas requiring aspiration (N= 12). Follow-up examination took place at 3 months to 3 years, with an average of 14 months. All patients underwent a metamorphosis from an amorphic shape to one that follows the normal body contours and profiles. The goals of megaliposuction are no longer just to reduce body fat and body mass. Individually planned surgery for these patients should be based upon obtaining normal symmetrical body proportions. Total corporal contouring and reshaping can now be safely performed, offering hope and predictable outcomes to this patient population. Patient evaluation, operative technique, postoperative care, and long-term results are presented.     

Impact of Large-Volume Liposuction on Serum Lipids in Orientals: A Pilot Study

Recent advances in liposuction techniques now make it possible to remove considerable amounts of subcutaneous adipose tissue. However, the metabolic consequences of this procedure are not well documented. The aim of this study was to identify the effects from the surgical removal of subcutaneous fat on the body weights and serum lipids of patients who have undergone large-volume liposuction. In this study, eleven consecutive patients with a minimum aspirate volume of 5,000 ml were evaluated, and their serum lipids were measured at a postoperative 2-month follow-up assessment. Tumescent fluid was infiltrated using the superwet technique. The liposuction device used was a Liposlim power-assisted liposuction system. The amount of solution infiltrated and the volume of aspirate were measured. Pre- and postoperative serum lipids, body weights, and body mass indices were compared. Statistical analysis was performed on lipid profile changes and aspirate volumes using Spearman's correlations. The average volumes of infiltrate and aspirate were 7,241 and 6,790 ml, respectively. Mean body weight decreased from 64.5 +/- 18.8 to 59.9 s +/- 17.8 kg (p < 0.01). The change in body weight per 1 l of aspirate volume was 0.67 +/- 0.10 kg/l. The mean body mass index dropped from 23.8 +/- 4.4 to 22.0 +/- 4.2 kg/m(2) (p < 0.01), and the mean total serum cholesterol levels from 168.2 +/- 23.6 to 162.9 +/- 26.5 mg/dl, an average of 3.2%. The mean low-density lipoprotein (LDL) decreased from 94.3 +/- 20.5 to 89.5 +/- 19.0 mg/dl, a 5.1% drop, and the mean high-density lipoprotein (HDL) decreased from 55.8 +/- 9.5 to 53.7 +/- 10.7 mg/dl, a 3,8% drop. The mean HDL/LDL proportion increased from 62.6 +/- 20.9% to 63.5 +/- 22.4%, averaging 1.4%. However, no significant correlation was found between the aspirated volume of fat and lipid profile change. In conclusion, over a 2-month period, large-volume liposuction reduced weight and total cholesterol level and increased the HDL/LDL ratio. The authors hope to discover whether the therapeutic impact of liposuction is long-lasting, and to determine whether it reduces the morbidity and mortality associated with obesity.     

Large-Volume Liposuction in 181 Patients

Liposuction is a commonly performed cosmetic surgery procedure that is associated with complications, including fatalities. Many of these have been associated with large-volume liposuction. During 1998 the American Society of Plastic Surgery Task Force on Lipoplasty and the Plastic/Cosmetic Surgery Committee of the Medical Board of California have both arbitrarily defined large-volume liposuction as greater than 5000 cc and asked that surgeons not remove any more than this volume except in specific circumstances such as a hospital-type setting [1]. This study includes 181 patients who have had greater than this amount of total aspirate removed in a single procedure. From January 1, 1996, to February 11, 1997, we used tumescent liposuction only (31 patients). From February 12, 1997, to June 30, 1998, we used a combination of ultrasonic liposuction using the Lysonix 2000 Ultrasonic Liposuction Unit and tumescent liposuction (150 patients). During the last part of the latter series we calculated the blood loss of 45 patients derived from preop and 5-day postop hematocrits. The results show that (1) there is no correlation between the aspirate volume and the calculated blood loss; (2) the majority of the calculated blood loss is not in the cannister; and (3) no deaths occurred, but one patient suffered a deep venous thrombosis and two patients suffered pulmonary emboli. As others have pointed out [2–6] large-volume liposuction can be performed relatively safely if this procedure is treated with the respect it deserves and the practitioner exercises sound surgical judgment, uses appropriate technique, and does not try to cut corners to save money for the patient by performing this surgery in minimal settings.     

Changing the Metabolic Profile by Large-Volume Liposuction: A Clinical Study Conducted with 123 Obese Women

Adipose tissue is a metabolically active tissue. The hypertrophic fat cells of obese patients produce increased quantities of leptin and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and are less sensitive to insulin. This study aimed to determine whether aspirating large amounts of these subcutaneous fat cells by large-volume liposuction (LVL), could change the metabolic profile in 123 obese women. All the patients had a main central body fat distribution (waist–hip ratio, 0.91±0.01) and a body mass index of 32.8 ± 0.8 kg/m). They were studied for 90 days after LVL to determine their changes in insulin sensitivity, resting metabolic rate, serum adipocytokines, and inflammatory marker levels. During 3 months of follow-up evaluation, LVL resulted in a significantly improved insulin sensitivity, resting metabolic rate, serum adipocytokines, and inflammatory marker levels. Such parameters correlate with a decrease in fat mass and waist–hip ratio. Interestingly, no significant changes were seen between the first (21 days) and second (90 days) metabolic determinations after LVL. However, these findings, confirm other preliminary data published previously, and could change the actual role of LVL in the multidisciplinary treatment of obesity.     

门诊局麻下抽脂89例报告

为探索简单、安全、可靠的麻醉方法和完美的手术效果。选择合适的门诊病人,在改良的局部肿胀麻醉方法下,进行常规脂肪抽吸术。结果：均取得满意手术效果,无严重并发症发生。结论：１．本文介绍的局部肿胀麻醉方法是一种简便、安全、有效的麻醉方法;２．恰当掌握手术适应证,限制抽吸部位和抽吸量,选择肿胀局麻技术、注意抽吸技巧和术中、术后的塑形及护理等是降低手术并发症,取得更好手术效果的保证。     

A Retrospective Study on the Use of a Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin for Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Large-Volume Liposuction and Body Contouring Procedures

This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxeparin) as a prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the management of large-volume liposuction, added body-contouring procedures, or both. The author present an 18-month experience with the use of this therapy for 291 consecutive patients. All the patients fell into the categories of high risk and highest risk for the development of deep vein thrombosis, embolism, or both. Three patients experienced transient DVT-like symptoms and underwent a thorough workup by an independent highly specialized critical care medical team. The results were found ultimately to be inconclusive for DVT and pulmonary embolism. However, all the patients experienced a complete recovery. The results show a 0% incidence of DVT and pulmonary embolism among patients who received enoxeparin as prophylaxis. The medication did not precipitate major bleeding when administered 1 h after surgery. This study offers the first report that describes the use of enoxeparin in aesthetic surgery for high-risk patients. The authors feel the need to inform their colleagues of the benefits obtained over the past 18 months by incorporating this therapy in large-volume liposuction and extensive body-contouring procedures performed during the same operative session. This study was conducted by a highly experienced surgical team in a fully accredited outpatient facility with established protocols for handling these types of procedures on a daily basis. The authors are optimistic about the results, and the use of enoxeparin is now part of their postoperative regimen in high-risk aesthetic surgery cases.     

瑞芬太尼复合咪达唑仑在肿胀麻醉法脂肪抽吸术中的应用

目的观察瑞芬太尼复合咪达唑仑用于肿胀麻醉法脂肪抽吸术中的镇静镇痛效果。方法选择肿胀麻醉法行腹部脂肪抽吸术的患者30例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级。所有患者在肿胀麻醉前5min静脉推注咪达唑仑0.3mg/Kg和瑞芬太尼负荷剂量0.6μg/Kg(推注时间30s),之后静脉泵入瑞芬太尼0.1～0.3μg/Kg·min维持。记录患者在麻醉前(T0)、注射肿胀液前即刻(T1)、注射肿胀液时(T2)、脂肪抽吸时(T3)、手术结束时(T4)、术后30min时(T5)的Ramsay镇静评分和VAS痛觉模拟评分;观察患者在麻醉和手术过程中的血流动力学改变以及不良事件发生情况。结果所有患者在T1至T5时,VAS痛觉模拟评分均小于5分。与T0比较,T1时患者Ramsay镇静评分、心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)均升高(P<0.05),呼吸频率(RR)降低(P<0.05);T2至T5时,上述指标无明显改变(P>0.05)。本组中有2例患者出现嗜睡和呼吸抑制(RR<8次/分),血氧饱和度(SpO2)最低降至90%,经指令性通气和减少瑞芬太尼用量后SpO2迅速恢复。结论瑞芬太尼复合咪达唑仑用于肿胀麻醉法脂肪抽吸术,能起到良好的镇静镇痛作用,术后恢复时间短,适合在日间脂肪抽吸术中推广应用。     

使用注射器的皮下超量灌注脂肪抽吸术

为了使脂肪抽吸术的并发症降低到最低限度，笔者自１９９５年始应用注射器结合皮下超量灌注进行脂肪抽吸。术前于抽吸区皮下注入预抽量的１～１５倍的利多卡因混合液，使局部组织肿胀，使用注射器配以适合的细吸头进行脂肪抽吸，术后抽吸区以弹力服加压。用此方法行脂肪抽吸术４０例获得极为满意的美容效果，无并发症发生。笔者重点对该方法的优缺点及皮下超量灌注的作用和用量进行了讨论，认为该方法的最大优点是创伤小、出血少、并发症少，手术可在门诊局麻下进行、不影响患者的日常生活和工作。皮下超量灌注不失为一种极好的局部麻醉方法。须强调：超量灌注时注射速度要慢；药物浓度要低，从而控制利多卡因的血浆浓度，以免产生毒副作用。     

应用肿胀吸脂器进行皮下超量灌注吸脂术

目的为减轻皮下超量吸脂术中注射肿胀液时的劳动强度,提高工作效率。方法在25例皮下超量吸脂术使用肿胀吸脂器,其中的连续注液器注射肿胀液,负压泵进行抽吸。结果注液过程缩短,肿胀液充分、均匀,麻醉效果肯定,负压泵吸力大,抽脂量多,术后效果肯定。结论肿胀吸脂器可以连续注液,提高肿胀麻醉工作过程的效率;同时可以负压抽吸,加快了手术过程,是一种全新的吸脂设备。     

皮下超量灌注吸脂术

总结1990～1994年期间我们采用皮下超量灌注吸脂技术治疗18例局部脂肪堆积病人的经验。皮下超量灌注吸脂术是一套全新的吸脂技术,它对组织创伤小,术中出血很少,脂肪吸除彻底,安全有效。文中还介绍厂我们自己设计的新型吸脂器械。     

皮下超量灌注吸脂术

总结１９９０～１９９４年期间我们采用皮下超量灌注吸脂技术治疗１８例局部脂肪堆积病人的经验。皮下超量灌注吸脂术是一套全新的吸脂技术，它对组织创伤小，术中出血很少，脂肪吸除彻底，安全有效。文中还介绍了我们自己设计的新型吸脂器械。     

Abdominoplasty with Total Abdominal Liposuction for Patients with Massive Weight Loss

Background Massive weight loss after bariatric surgery is associated with significant skin excess, laxity, and ptosis over the abdomen. Good results have been achieved with abdominoplasty and circumferential lipectomy. However, blood transfusions are sometimes needed, and patients may require long hospital stays. Furthermore, morbidity rates are high. Total abdominal liposuction performed with abdominoplasty allows for the preservation of lymphatic vessels below Scarpa’s fascia and eliminates the need for upper flap undermining. This study aimed to evaluate this technique in patients with anterior abdominal redundancy attributable to massive weight loss after bariatric surgery. Methods The charts of 60 patients treated between December 2001 and October 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients had undergone previous bariatric surgery as well as subsequent total abdominal liposuction and abdominoplasty. Results The average amount of wetting solution used was 3.1 l, and the average total aspirate was 2.5 l. The mean pannus weight was 3,649 g, and the average dimension was 48 × 25 × 6 cm. No patient required a blood transfusion. The median in-hospital stay was 1 day, with 42% of the patients treated as outpatients. The median follow-up period was 3 months. Morbidity was 22%. Factors associated with the development of complications were weight of the pannus, transverse dimension of the pannus, and body mass index. All the patients were satisfied with the results. Conclusions Total abdominal liposuction followed by abdominoplasty is adequate treatment for anterior abdominal redundancy for patients with massive weight loss.     

门诊局部麻醉下大范围脂肪抽吸术

目的　探讨单纯局部麻醉下大范围脂肪抽吸术的疗效及可行性。方法　单纯应用浓度低于 0 .0 5 %的利多卡因、含 1∶5 0 0 0 0 0肾上腺素肿胀液进行麻醉 ,一次完成上、下腹部、下胸部及腰部 ,或大腿后、外、内侧及臀部等大范围脂肪抽吸 ,共 15 4例 184次 ,肿胀液注射量为 2 2 0 0～ 5 2 5 0ml,平均2 730ml。控制利多卡因用量 <4 0mg/kg体重 ,或总量 <2 .4 g。 结果　肿胀液注射过程中受术者有轻微不适 ,抽吸中麻醉效果良好 ,未加用任何镇痛或镇静剂 ,抽吸总量为 190 0～ 4 2 0 0ml,平均为 2 5 6 8ml,其中上层脂肪量为 12 0 0～ 340 0ml,平均为 2 0 36ml。结论　单纯低浓度利多卡因肿胀液麻醉 ,可确保较大范围脂肪抽吸术的顺利进行 ,并有良好的近期和远期疗效。     

Scientific Basis for the Use of Hypotonic Solutions with Ultrasonic Liposuction

Background A number of plastic surgeons have advocated using hypotonic solution in ultrasound lipoplasty, theorizing that induced adipocyte swelling increases membrane susceptibility to ultrasonic disruption. Additionally, it has been theorized that potassium increases membrane permeability. This study aimed to determine the effect of solution osmolality on adipocyte diameter, the time course of hypotonic solution action, and the effect of potassium addition on adipocyte diameter. Methods Base solutions with three different osmolalities were prepared: normal saline (NS) (154 mOsm/l), 1/2NS (77 mOsm/l), and 1/4NS (38.5 mOsm/l). Each solution was modified to contain 0, 5, and 10 mEq/l of potassium and adjusted to starting osmolality. Adipocytes of six patients were suspended in the nine solutions, and diameters were determined at 0, 15, 30, and 45 min. Diameters were measured using imaging software (Kodak ID 3.6). Results At time 0, the average adipocyte diameter was 79 ± 8 μm, and no difference was seen in any of the solutions. Cells in the NS group showed no significant increase in diameter over 45 min. The 1/2NS group achieved an 8% ± 1.9% increase in diameter at 45 min (p < 0.05). The 1/4NS group showed an increase by 14% ± 2.4% (p < 0.01) at 15 min, and 15% ± 2.3% (p < 0.01) at 45 min. Potassium had no independent effect on cell diameter. Conclusions Hypotonic solution can significantly increase human adipocyte diameter. The findings showed that 1/2NS had a significant effect within 15 min. Tumescent solutions with an osmolality of 1/4NS may be useful in facilitating ultrasonic lipoplasty.     

Water Jet-Assisted Liposuction for Patients with Lipoedema: Histologic and Immunohistologic Analysis of the Aspirates of 30 Lipoedema Patients

Lipoedema is a fat distribution disorder causing massive, bilaterally symmetrical enlargement of the lower and in some cases the upper extremities in women. The atraumatic, anatomically appropriate procedure of water jet-assisted liposuction available today represents a promising treatment for these patients who generally suffer from severe subjective and objective impairment. Liposuction treatment can bring long-term improvement if the operative technique focuses on lymph vessel preservation. Immunohistologic analyses show minimal evidence of lymph vessel structures in lipoaspirates. The histologic analysis of the aspirates documents a relatively specific removal (“apheresis”) of primarily intact lipocytes with low vascular amount.     

Ultrasound Assisted Liposuction for the Palliative Treatment of Madelung's Disease: A Case Report

Benign Symmetric Lipomatosis (Madelung's disease) is a rare disease, characterized by massive fatty deposits in the neck, the shoulders, and the upper extremities. The deformity is associated with chronic alcohol use, malignant tumors of the upper airways, neuropathy, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and other metabolic disorders. Although the deformity is prone to recurrence, surgical removal via lipectomy or liposuction provides the only way of palliation. This paper describes the treatment of a 51-year-old man with a history of alcoholism and liver cirrhosis. He reported masses in his cervical and facial regions that had gradually enlarged over a period of 6 years. He also developed respiratory symptoms due to the fatty compression of his upper airways. Our experience with ultrasound-assisted liposuction for the palliative treatment of this disease is reported.