减重步行激活SCI大鼠腰膨大前角神经元效应的激光共聚焦镜检研究

目的 探讨减重平板步行训练(BWSTT)促进脊髓损伤(SCI)功能恢复的脊髓可塑性机制.方法 将84只成年雌性Wistar大鼠随意分为假手术组(Sham组,n=18)、胸髓横断模型组(SCI组,n=33)和减重平板步行训练组(BWSTT组,n=33),每组大鼠再随机分为7,15,45 d 3个亚组.建立大鼠胸髓完全横断模型,观察BWSTT对SCI大鼠后肢运动功能的影响.采用激光共聚焦镜检免疫荧光双标技术.研究SCI大鼠腰髓前角腹内侧区神经元酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体(EphA4)、囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体2(VGluT2)的表达,以及两者双标免疫阳性细胞比率的变化.结果 BWSTT组大鼠的后肢运动功能较SCI组大鼠明显改善.胸髓横断大鼠BWSTT后,腰髓前角腹内侧区EphA4和VGIuT2的表达以及EphA4/VGhT2双标免疫阳性细胞比率均显著增加.结论 BWSTT通过增强胸髓横断大鼠腰髓前角神经元EphA4/VGIuT2的表达,促进后肢运动功能的恢复.     

减重步行激活SCI大鼠腰膨大前角神经元效应的激光共聚焦镜检研究

目的 探讨减重平板步行训练(BWSTT)促进脊髓损伤(SCI)功能恢复的脊髓可塑性机制.方法 将84只成年雌性Wistar大鼠随意分为假手术组(Sham组,n=18)、胸髓横断模型组(SCI组,n=33)和减重平板步行训练组(BWSTT组,n=33),每组大鼠再随机分为7,15,45 d 3个亚组.建立大鼠胸髓完全横断模型,观察BWSTT对SCI大鼠后肢运动功能的影响.采用激光共聚焦镜检免疫荧光双标技术.研究SCI大鼠腰髓前角腹内侧区神经元酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体(EphA4)、囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体2(VGluT2)的表达,以及两者双标免疫阳性细胞比率的变化.结果 BWSTT组大鼠的后肢运动功能较SCI组大鼠明显改善.胸髓横断大鼠BWSTT后,腰髓前角腹内侧区EphA4和VGIuT2的表达以及EphA4/VGhT2双标免疫阳性细胞比率均显著增加.结论 BWSTT通过增强胸髓横断大鼠腰髓前角神经元EphA4/VGIuT2的表达,促进后肢运动功能的恢复.     

水中平板步行训练对脊髓损伤大鼠运动功能及脑源性神经营养因子、神经营养素-3表达的影响

目的探讨水中平板步行训练在脊髓损伤（SCI）大鼠康复中的作用及其与脊髓可塑性的关系。 方法将40只成年雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠分为假模组、模型对照组、水疗训练组、减重平板训练组及水中平板训练组,每组8只。建立大鼠脊髓挫伤模型,各训练组于术后1周开始进行8周的康复训练。采用BBB评分、爬网格试验评定大鼠后肢功能的恢复,采用免疫组织化学方法检测大鼠脊髓中脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）、神经营养素-3（NT-3）的表达。 结果水中平板训练组大鼠后肢运动功能较其他组明显改善（P<0.05）。3个训练组大鼠脊髓前角神经元BDNF及NT-3的表达与模型对照组相比均显著增加（P<0.05）。BDNF的表达在3个训练组之间两两比较,差异均无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。水中平板训练组NT-3的表达明显高于减重平板训练组（P<0.05）;而水中平板训练组与水疗训练组相比,差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。 结论水中平板训练可能通过影响BDNF及NT-3的表达增强脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓可塑性,促进后肢运动功能的恢复。     

减重步行激活SCI大鼠腰膨大前角神经元效应的激光共聚焦镜检研究

目的 探讨减重平板步行训练(BWSTT)促进脊髓损伤(SCI)功能恢复的脊髓可塑性机制.方法 将84只成年雌性Wistar大鼠随意分为假手术组(Sham组,n=18)、胸髓横断模型组(SCI组,n=33)和减重平板步行训练组(BWSTT组,n=33),每组大鼠再随机分为7,15,45 d 3个亚组.建立大鼠胸髓完全横断模型,观察BWSTT对SCI大鼠后肢运动功能的影响.采用激光共聚焦镜检免疫荧光双标技术.研究SCI大鼠腰髓前角腹内侧区神经元酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体(EphA4)、囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体2(VGluT2)的表达,以及两者双标免疫阳性细胞比率的变化.结果 BWSTT组大鼠的后肢运动功能较SCI组大鼠明显改善.胸髓横断大鼠BWSTT后,腰髓前角腹内侧区EphA4和VGIuT2的表达以及EphA4/VGhT2双标免疫阳性细胞比率均显著增加.结论 BWSTT通过增强胸髓横断大鼠腰髓前角神经元EphA4/VGIuT2的表达,促进后肢运动功能的恢复.     

减重步行激活SCI大鼠腰膨大前角神经元效应的激光共聚焦镜检研究

目的 探讨减重平板步行训练(BWSTT)促进脊髓损伤(SCI)功能恢复的脊髓可塑性机制.方法 将84只成年雌性Wistar大鼠随意分为假手术组(Sham组,n=18)、胸髓横断模型组(SCI组,n=33)和减重平板步行训练组(BWSTT组,n=33),每组大鼠再随机分为7,15,45 d 3个亚组.建立大鼠胸髓完全横断模型,观察BWSTT对SCI大鼠后肢运动功能的影响.采用激光共聚焦镜检免疫荧光双标技术.研究SCI大鼠腰髓前角腹内侧区神经元酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体(EphA4)、囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体2(VGluT2)的表达,以及两者双标免疫阳性细胞比率的变化.结果 BWSTT组大鼠的后肢运动功能较SCI组大鼠明显改善.胸髓横断大鼠BWSTT后,腰髓前角腹内侧区EphA4和VGIuT2的表达以及EphA4/VGhT2双标免疫阳性细胞比率均显著增加.结论 BWSTT通过增强胸髓横断大鼠腰髓前角神经元EphA4/VGIuT2的表达,促进后肢运动功能的恢复.     

减重步行激活SCI大鼠腰膨大前角神经元效应的激光共聚焦镜检研究

目的 探讨减重平板步行训练(BWSTT)促进脊髓损伤(SCI)功能恢复的脊髓可塑性机制.方法 将84只成年雌性Wistar大鼠随意分为假手术组(Sham组,n=18)、胸髓横断模型组(SCI组,n=33)和减重平板步行训练组(BWSTT组,n=33),每组大鼠再随机分为7,15,45 d 3个亚组.建立大鼠胸髓完全横断模型,观察BWSTT对SCI大鼠后肢运动功能的影响.采用激光共聚焦镜检免疫荧光双标技术.研究SCI大鼠腰髓前角腹内侧区神经元酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体(EphA4)、囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体2(VGluT2)的表达,以及两者双标免疫阳性细胞比率的变化.结果 BWSTT组大鼠的后肢运动功能较SCI组大鼠明显改善.胸髓横断大鼠BWSTT后,腰髓前角腹内侧区EphA4和VGIuT2的表达以及EphA4/VGhT2双标免疫阳性细胞比率均显著增加.结论 BWSTT通过增强胸髓横断大鼠腰髓前角神经元EphA4/VGIuT2的表达,促进后肢运动功能的恢复.     

减重步行激活SCI大鼠腰膨大前角神经元效应的激光共聚焦镜检研究

目的 探讨减重平板步行训练(BWSTT)促进脊髓损伤(SCI)功能恢复的脊髓可塑性机制.方法 将84只成年雌性Wistar大鼠随意分为假手术组(Sham组,n=18)、胸髓横断模型组(SCI组,n=33)和减重平板步行训练组(BWSTT组,n=33),每组大鼠再随机分为7,15,45 d 3个亚组.建立大鼠胸髓完全横断模型,观察BWSTT对SCI大鼠后肢运动功能的影响.采用激光共聚焦镜检免疫荧光双标技术.研究SCI大鼠腰髓前角腹内侧区神经元酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体(EphA4)、囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体2(VGluT2)的表达,以及两者双标免疫阳性细胞比率的变化.结果 BWSTT组大鼠的后肢运动功能较SCI组大鼠明显改善.胸髓横断大鼠BWSTT后,腰髓前角腹内侧区EphA4和VGIuT2的表达以及EphA4/VGhT2双标免疫阳性细胞比率均显著增加.结论 BWSTT通过增强胸髓横断大鼠腰髓前角神经元EphA4/VGIuT2的表达,促进后肢运动功能的恢复.     

电针结合减重步行训练对急性脊髓损伤大鼠巢蛋白和神经生长因子表达的影响

摘要 目的：通过检测脊髓损伤后运动功能恢复情况和巢蛋白（nestin）、神经生长因子（NGF）的蛋白表达来探讨电针（EA）结合减重步行训练疗法（BWSTT）干预脊髓损伤（SCI）的作用。 方法：选用健康成年清洁级雄性SD大鼠72只,随机分为假手术对照组（假手术组）、模型对照组(模型组)、电针治疗组(电针组)、电针结合减重步行训练治疗组（电针+训练组）。用美国NYU脊椎冲击损伤仪致大鼠T9—T10段脊髓急性中度损伤模型。BBB运动功能评分对大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复情况进行评估;免疫组织化学技术检测各时间点损伤段脊髓NGF和nestin的表达。 结果：与模型组相比,两治疗组BBB评分显著增加,电针结合减重步行训练组在术后第14天和第28天显著增加,与电针组比较具有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。两治疗组脊髓损伤术后第14天和第28天NGF和Nestin的表达显著增加,但二者没有显著性差异（P＞0.05）。 结论：①电针能够促进脊髓损伤大鼠内源性NGF和nestin的大量表达来促进神经再生。②电针结合减重步行训练对大鼠运动功能的恢复更为有效。     

半定量和定性方法评价截瘫大鼠后肢运动功能恢复的比较

目的了解胸髓完全横断大鼠后肢运动功能恢复的特点；探讨评价截瘫大鼠后肢运动恢复的最佳方法。方法26只成年Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、脊髓横断损伤组和减重平板步行训练组，分别于术前和术后1d、7d、15d、30d和45d，采用BBB开放空间运动评分和ACOS（average combined scores）神经行为学评定观察大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复情况，并比较其异同点。结果术后1d大鼠后肢呈弛缓性瘫痪，BBB和ACOS评分均为0分；30d和45d时与损伤组比较，训练组大鼠后肢运动功能恢复明显，BBB和ACOS评分均存在显著性差异。术后15d与30d、45d，30d与45d相比，损伤组和训练组内ACOS评分均存在显著性差异。损伤组与训练组BBB和ACOS评分的Pearson相关系数分别为0．991与0．987。结论胸髓完全横断大鼠仍存在部分后肢运动功能自发恢复的征象，减重平板步行训练能促进截瘫大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复。半定量和定性方法的评价结果均能较好地体现损伤后运动功能的恢复情况，两者相关性高。其中半定量方法能更敏感地反映不同时间点不同组别问运动恢复的细微变化。     

步行训练对不完全性脊髓损伤大鼠损伤部位周围组织可塑性的影响

目的探讨步行训练对不完全性脊髓损伤大鼠损伤部位周围组织可塑性的影响。 方法将雌性SD大鼠24只分为步行训练组和对照组,每组12只,制作第10胸椎段脊髓损伤模型。步行训练组在制作脊髓损伤模型后1周开始进行步行训练,共训练9周;对照组不接受干预。制作模型后每周利用BBB评分评定后肢运动功能,8周后取材进行免疫荧光染色、Western blotting和轴突示踪分析。 结果后肢运动功能：步行训练组在伤后4周（步行训练3周）时,BBB评分较对照组出现明显改善（P<0.05）,一直持续到实验结束（伤后第10周,P<0.01）。损伤部位神经丝(NF)免疫荧光染色分析：对照组胶质瘢痕中可见许多排列比较规则、与脊髓纵轴方向一致的NF阳性纤维穿行,步行训练组除了可见少量NF阳性纤维在胶质瘢痕中穿越,还可见较多的NF阳性纤维围绕空洞边缘延伸,其NF阳性纤维数量明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。损伤部位生长相关蛋白-43（GAP-43）表达：2组损伤部位周围均可见呈红色的排列凌乱的GAP-43表达,步行训练组GAP-43+组织免疫荧光灰度值较对照组高 (P<0.05)。皮质脊髓束再生:2组损伤部位尾侧均未见生物素化葡聚糖胺（BDA）标记的纤维。 结论步行训练能明显增强脊髓损伤大鼠后肢损伤部位组织的可塑性,促进大鼠后肢运动功能恢复,但未能促进皮质脊髓束的再生。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.