Emergency Department Hyperglycemia as a Predictor of Early Mortality and Worse Functional Outcome after Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background

We have previously reported the association of hyperglycemia and mortality after ischemic stroke. This study attempts to answer the hypothesis, if hyperglycemia at arrival, is associated with early mortality and functional outcome in patients with acute non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods

The study cohort consisted of 237 patients who presented to the ED with ICH and had blood glucose measured on ED presentation. The presence of hyperglycemia on presentation was correlated with outcome measures including volume of hematoma, intraventricular extension of hematoma (IVE), stroke severity, functional outcome at discharge, and date of death.

Results

Of the cohort of 237 patients, a total of 47 patients had prior history of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Median blood glucose at presentation was 140 mg/dl (Inter-quartile range 112–181 mg/dl). DM patients had higher glucose levels on arrival (median 202 mg/dl for DM vs. 132.5 mg/dl for non-DM, P < 0.0001). Higher blood glucose at ED arrival was associated with early mortality in both non-diabetics and diabetics (P < 0.0001). Higher blood glucose was associated with poor functional outcome in non-DM patients (P < 0.0001) but not in DM patients (P = 0.268). In the logistic regression model, after adjustment for stroke severity, hematoma volume, and IVE of hemorrhage, higher initial blood glucose was a significant predictor of death (P = 0.0031); as well as bad outcome in non-DM patients (P = 0.004).

Conclusions

Hyperglycemia on presentation in non-diabetic patients is an independent predictor of early mortality and worse functional outcome in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.     

A priority treatment of the intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) should be performed in the patients suffering intracerebral hemorrhage with large IVH

Background

In patients suffering from intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) with ventricular hemorrhage (IVH), the IVH severity is thought to be associated with prognosis. Therefore, treating IVH may be a beneficial therapeutic target. In this study, by examining the associations among IVH severity, hydrocephalus, initial level of consciousness and prognosis, we attempted to identify which grade of IVH severity should be considered for surgical treatment.

Methods

One hundred twenty-nine patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH treated in our hospital between 2005 and 2006 were screened in this study. Of these patients, 100 with an ICH volume less than 60 ml were categorized into either the ICH patients without IVH (no-IVH) group (n = 65) or the ICH patients with IVH (IVH) group (n = 35). The Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scale assessed at the time of discharge was employed as an outcome index, and a KPS score of ≤40 was defined as the bedridden state. Age, gender, hemorrhage location, volume of ICH, IVH grade (according to the Graeb score), acute hydrocephalus, surgical ICH removal, and ventricular drainage were selected for univariate analyses with logistic regression.

Results

Elderly patients, IVH volume, acute hydrocephalus, and poor initial level of consciousness were significantly associated with an unfavorable prognosis in the IVH group. Poor level of consciousness was significantly dependent on acute hydrocephalus, and significantly more occurrences of acute hydrocephalus were found in patients with a high IVH volume (Graeb score ≥6) than in patients with low to moderate IVH volume (Graeb score ≤6).

Conclusions

IVH severity influenced the occurrence of acute hydrocephalus and initial level of consciousness, which was significantly associated with prognosis. Our results suggest that priority treatment of the IVH should be given to those ICH patients with IVH admitted with a Graeb score of 6 or more.     

Diabetic and stress-induced hyperglycemia in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: A multicenter prospective cohort (CHEERY) study

Introduction

Admission hyperglycemia is a common finding after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) secondary to pre-existing diabetes mellitus (DM) or stress-induced hyperglycemia (SIH). Studies of the causal relationship between SIH and ICH outcomes are rare.

Aim

We aimed to identify whether SIH or pre-existing DM was the cause of admission hyperglycemia associated with ICH outcomes.

Methods

Admission glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), glucose levels, and comorbidity data from the prospective, multicenter cohort, Chinese Cerebral Hemorrhage: Mechanisms and Intervention Study (CHEERY), were collected and analyzed. According to different admission blood glucose and HbA1c levels, patients were divided into nondiabetic normoglycemia (NDN), diabetic normoglycemia (DN), diabetic hyperglycemia (DH), and SIH groups. Modified Poisson regression models were used to analyze ICH outcomes in the different groups.

Results

In total, 1372 patients were included: 388 patients with admission hyperglycemia, 239 with DH, and 149 with SIH. In patients with hyperglycemia, SIH was associated with a higher risk of pulmonary infection [risk ratios (RR): 1.477, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.004–2.172], 30-day (RR: 1.068, 95% CI: 1.009–1.130) and 90-day mortality after ICH (RR: 1.060, 95% CI: 1.000–1.124).

Conclusions

Admission hyperglycemia is a common finding after ICH, and SIH is a sensitive predictor of the risk of pulmonary infection and all-cause death after ICH.     

Prior Statin Use Reduces Mortality in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Objective  To assess the impact of blood glucose, coagulopathy, seizures and prior statin and aspirin use on clinical outcome following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Background  Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10–15% of all strokes with mortality rates approaching 50%. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), ICH volume, age, pulse pressure, ICH location, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and hydrocephalus are known to impact 30-day survival following ICH and are included in various prediction models. The role of other clinical variables in the long-term outcome of these patients is less clear. Methods  Records of consecutive ICH patients admitted to The Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1999 to 2006 were reviewed. Patients with ICH related to trauma or underlying lesions (e.g. brain tumors, aneurysms, arterio-venous malformations) and of infratentorial location were excluded. The impact of admission blood glucose, coagulopathy, seizures on presentation and prior statin and aspirin use on 30-day mortality and functional outcomes at discharge was assessed using dichotomized Modified Rankin Scale (dMRS) and Glasgow Outcomes scale (dGOS). Other variables known to impact outcomes that were included in the multiple logistic regression analysis were age, admission GCS, pulse pressure, ICH volume, ICH location, volume of IVH and hydrocephalus. Results  A total of 314 patients with ICH were identified, 125 met inclusion criteria. Patients’ age ranged from 34 to 90 years (mean 63.5), 57.6 % were male. Mean ICH volume was 32.09 cc (range 1–214 cc). Following multiple logistic regression analysis, prior statin use (P = 0.05) was found to be associated with decreased mortality with a greater than 12-fold odds of survival while admission blood glucose (P = 0.023) was associated with increased 30-day mortality. Coagulopathy, seizures on presentation, and prior aspirin use had no significant impact on 30-day mortality or outcomes at discharge in our study cohort. Conclusions  The significant association of prior statin use with decreased mortality warrants prospective evaluation of the use of statins following ICH.     

Location characteristics of early perihaematomal oedema

BACKGROUND: The natural history and triggers of perihaematomal oedema (PHO) remain poorly understood. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (a common cause of lobar haemorrhage) has localised anticoagulant and thrombolytic properties, which may influence PHO. We hypothesised that early (within 24 hours) oedema to haematoma volume ratios are smaller in patients with lobar intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) than in patients with deep ICH. METHODS: Haematoma and PHO volumes were measured in consecutive patients admitted to an acute stroke unit with a diagnosis of spontaneous supratentorial ICH proven by computed tomography. The oedema to haematoma volume ratios were calculated and compared in patients with lobar ICH and deep ICH. RESULTS: In total, 44 patients with ICH were studied: 19 patients had deep ICH, median haematoma volume 8.4 ml (interquartile range (IQR) 4.8 to 20.8), median PHO 8.2 ml (2.8 to 16), and 25 had lobar ICHs, median haematoma volume 17.6 ml (6.6 to 33.1) and median oedema volume 10.2 ml (3.4 to 24.2). Patients with lobar ICH were older than those with deep ICH (65.7 v 57.4 years, p = 0.009) but ICH location did not differ by sex or race. There was no evidence that haematoma or oedema volumes were related to type of ICH (p = 0.23, p = 0.39 respectively). The median oedema to haematoma volume ratios were similar in patients with lobar and deep ICH (0.67 v 0.58, p = 0.71). Controlling for age, sex, and race made little difference to these comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: There are no major location specific differences in PHO volumes within 24 hours of ICH onset. Deep and lobar ICH may have common therapeutic targets to reduce early PHO.     

脑出血急性期患者高血糖对脑水肿及预后的影响

目的 探讨脑出血患者急性期血糖水平对脑水肿及预后的影响.方法 脑出血患者95例,在急性期检测其空腹血糖水平,根据血糖水平分为高血糖组(38例)和正常血糖组(57例),通过头颅CT观察两组脑水肿的变化.在发病3个月后随访,采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)对两组患者进行神经功能评分,以评价其预后.结果 高血糖组患者急性期血肿周围脑水肿体积[(17.55±2.48)ml]显著高于正常血糖组[(11.50±3.76)ml](P＜0.05);发病3个月后高血糖组mRS评分(3.50 ±0.71)显著高于正常血糖组(2.80±0.63)(P＜0.05).结论 脑出血患者急性期高血糖可加重脑水肿并影响其预后,应及时进行干预.     

Glycemic Gap Predicts in-Hospital Mortality in Diabetic Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and PurposeThe relationship between admission hyperglycemia and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) outcome remains controversial. Glycemic gap (GG) is a superior indicator of glucose homeostatic response to physical stress compared to admission glucose levels. We aimed to evaluate the association between GG and in-hospital mortality in ICH.MethodsWe retrospectively identified consecutive patients hospitalized for spontaneous ICH at the 2 healthcare systems in the Twin Cities area, MN, between January 2008 and December 2017. Patients without glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test or those admitted beyond 24 hours post-ICH were excluded. Demographics, medical history, admission tests, and computed tomography data were recorded. GG was computed using admission glucose level minus HbA1c-derived average glucose. The association between GG and time to in-hospital mortality was evaluated by Cox regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis with the DeLong test was used to evaluate the ability of GG to predict in-hospital death.ResultsAmong 345 included subjects, 63 (25.7%) died during the hospital stay. Compared with survivors, non-survivors presented with a lower Glasgow coma scale score, larger hematoma volume, and higher white blood cells count, glucose, and GG levels at admission (p<0.001). GG remained an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality after adjusting for known ICH outcome predictors and potential confounders [adjusted hazard ratio: 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-1.18, p = 0.018]. GG showed a good discriminative power (area under the ROC curve: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.68-0.82) in predicting in-hospital death and performed better than admission glucose levels in diabetic patients (p = 0.030 for DeLong test).ConclusionsAdmission GG is associated with the risk of in-hospital mortality and can potentially represent a useful prognostic biomarker for ICH patients with diabetes.     

Relationship between hyperglycemia following head injury and neurological outcome]

Severe head injury is associated with a stress response that includes hyperglycemia, which has been shown in both experimental and clinical studies to exacerbate the severity of brain injury during ischemic conditions. To define the relationship between serum glucose levels and the outcome of patients suffering from closed head injury, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical courses of 88 consecutive head-injured patients. The patients were divided into two groups according to their GCS score on admission: severely head-injured group (GCS score of 8 or less) in 36 patients; moderately head-injured group (GCS score of 9 to 12) in 52 patients. Severely head-injured group had significantly higher serum glucose levels than moderately head-injured group (mean +/- standard error of the mean; 201 +/- 4.6 mg/dl vs. 171.4 +/- 3.8 mg/dl) (p < 0.01). Patients who subsequently resulted in severe disability, vegetative state, or death had significantly higher serum glucose levels than patients who had good recovery or moderate disability (204.9 +/- 5.9 mg/dl vs. 162.9 +/- 5.1 mg/dl) (p < 0.01). Cases with a fatal clinical course were mostly associated with high glucose levels. All patients who showed a serum glucose level greater than 240 mg/dl on admission were dead. These data suggest that the hyperglycemia on admission is a frequent component of the stress response to head injury, a significant indicator of severity of injury and a potent predictor of the outcome from head injury.     

原发性脑出血急性期引起高血糖的机制及影响

目的:探讨原发性脑出血(Pri mary Intracerebral hemorrhage ,PICH)急性期高血糖的发生机制及其对预后的影响。方法:128例原发性脑出血急性期患者,详细了解病史后体检并记录其影像学特征,检测空腹静脉血浆血糖、胰岛素并计算胰岛素敏感指数(Insulin sensitivity index,ISI)。所有统计方法都采用SPSS 10 .0软件。结果:高血糖组空腹胰岛素水平高于非高血糖组(P<0 .001) ,高血糖组胰岛素敏感指数较非高血糖组低(P=0 .010) ,中线移位与否对血糖的影响有显著性差异(P=0 .003) ,高血糖和非高血糖组死亡率有显著性差异(P=0 .013)。结论:原发性脑出血急性期高血糖的发生与应激、高胰岛素血症、胰岛素抵抗和中线移位等有关,高血糖提示预后不良,积极控制高血糖,有助于减少急性期死亡率。     

No Exacerbation of Perihematomal Edema with Intraventricular Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Patients with Spontaneous Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Introduction

In severe spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), intraventricular (IVR) administration of tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) clears blood from the ventricles more rapidly than with external ventricular drainage (EVD) alone. However, experimental studies suggest tPA may be neurotoxic in compromised brain tissue and may exacerbate perihematomal edema.

Methods

We used computerized volumetrics to assess change in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), IVH, ventricular, and perihematomal edema (PHE) volumes at 2–4 (T1) and 5–9 (T2) days following diagnostic CT scans (T0) of 24 patients (12 tPA-treated; 12 controls) with IVH requiring EVD. Controls from a hospital registry were matched by IVH and ICH volume to tPA-treated patients who came from a multicenter trial involving 52 patients with IVH.

Results

There were no significant differences between matched pairs in admission ICH and IVH volumes. IVR tPA resulted in more rapid clearance of IVH as determined by T2–T0 decrease in median IVH volume (tPA: ?18.7 cc, iqr 14.9; control:?6.9 cc, iqr 6.4; P = 0.002). Median ratios of PHE to ICH volume were not significantly different in control versus tPA-treated patients at T1 and T2 [control:tPA = 0.55:0.56 (T1); P = 0.84 and 0.81:0.71 (T2); P = 1.00]. Total ventricular volume was significantly larger in the control group at T2 (mean: 57.57 ± 10.32 vs. tPA: 24.80 ± 2.67 cc; P = 0.01). Bacterial ventriculitis was more frequent in the control group (5 vs. 1 episodes; P = 0.06) as was shunt dependence (4 vs. 0 cases; P = 0.03).

Conclusions

For case matched large IVH with small ICH volume, IVR tPA enhances lysis of intraventricular blood clots and has no significant impact on PHE.     

The NAG scale: Noble Predictive Scale for Hematoma Expansion in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose

Early hematoma expansion (HE) is not rare in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients, but detecting those patients with high risk of HE is challenging. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the factors associated with HE in acute ICH patients, and to develop a simple predictive scale for HE.

Influence of Bleeding Pattern on Ischemic Lesions After Spontaneous Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage with Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Background

Concomitant acute ischemic lesions are detected in up to a quarter of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Influence of bleeding pattern and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on risk of ischemic lesions has not been investigated.

Methods

Retrospective study of all 500 patients enrolled in the CLEAR III randomized controlled trial of thrombolytic removal of obstructive IVH using external ventricular drainage. The primary outcome measure was radiologically confirmed ischemic lesions, as reported by the Safety Event Committee and confirmed by two neurologists. We assessed predictors of ischemic lesions including analysis of bleeding patterns (ICH, IVH and subarachnoid hemorrhage) on computed tomography scans (CT). Secondary outcomes were blinded assessment of mortality and modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 30 and 180 days.

Results

Ischemic lesions occurred in 23 (4.6%) during first 30 days after ICH. Independent risk factors associated with ischemic lesions in logistic regression models adjusted for confounders were higher IVH volume (p = 0.004) and persistent subarachnoid hemorrhage on CT scan (p = 0.03). Patients with initial IVH volume ≥ 15 ml had five times the odds of concomitant ischemic lesions compared to IVH volume < 15 ml. Patients with ischemic lesions had significantly higher odds of death at 1 and 6 months (but not poor outcome; mRS 4–6) compared to patients without concurrent ischemic lesions.

Conclusions

Occurrence of ischemic lesions in the acute phase of IVH is not uncommon and is significantly associated with increased early and late mortality. Extra-parenchymal blood (larger IVH and visible subarachnoid hemorrhage) is a strong predictor for development of concomitant ischemic lesions after ICH.

     

Acute hyperglycemia together with hematoma of high-glucose blood exacerbates neurological injury in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage

Recent evidence suggests that admission hyperglycemia has deleterious effects on the survival and functional outcome of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In this study, we first induced acute hyperglycemia in male adult Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of 50% glucose (6 mL/kg), and created the ICH model thereafter by delivering autologous whole blood or homologous normalglucose blood into the right basal ganglia. Twentyfour hours later, we assessed the neurological injury, evaluated the hematoma and brain water content, and investigated autophagy. We found elevations of neurological deficit scores, brain water content, and microtubule-associated protein light chain-3 (LC3) and beclin-1 protein levels, and decreased SQSTM1/ p62 levels after ICH with normal-glucose blood (without hyperglycemia). Acute hyperglycemia with ICH of high-glucose blood hematoma was associated with significantly increased forelimb-use asymmetry test scores, brain water content and SQSTM1/p62 protein levels, and evident decreases in the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I and beclin-1 protein levels. On the other hand, acute hyperglycemia and ICH with normalglucose blood hematoma only slightly increased the neurological deficit scores and brain water content (P >0.05). In conclusion, the autophagy pathway was activated after ICH, and acute hyperglycemia with hematoma of high-glucose blood exacerbates the neurological injury, and reduces autophagy around the hematoma.     

Drainage Efficiency with Dual Versus Single Catheters in Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Background

Little is known about the efficacy of single versus dual extraventricular drain (EVD) use in intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), with and without thrombolytic therapy.

Methods

Post-hoc analysis of seven patients with dual bilateral EVDs from two multicenter trials involving 100 patients with IVH, and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) volume <30?ml requiring emergency external ventricular drainage. Seven ??control?? patients with single catheters were matched by IVH volume and distribution and treatment assignment. Head CT scans were obtained daily during intraventricular injections for quantitative determination of IVH volume.

Results

Median [min?Cmax] age of the 14 subjects was 56 [40?C73] years. Median duration of EVD was 7.9 days (single catheter group) versus 12.2 days (dual catheter group) (P?=?0.34). Baseline median IVH volume was not significantly different between groups (75.4?ml [22.4?C105.1]??single EVD vs. 84.5?ml [42.0?C132.0]??dual EVD; P?=?0.28). Comparing the change in IVH volume on time-matched CT scans during dual EVD use, the median decrease in IVH volume in dual catheter patients was significantly larger (52.1 [31.7?C81.1]?ml) versus single catheter patients (34.5 [13.1?C73.9]?ml) (P?=?0.004). There was a trend to greater decrease in IVH volume during dual EVD use in both rt-PA (P?=?0.9) and placebo-treated (P?=?0.11) subgroups.

Conclusion

The decision to place dual EVDs is generally reserved for large IVH (>40?ml) with casting and mass effect. The use of dual simultaneous catheters may increase clot resolution with or without adjunctive thrombolytic therapy.     

Long term survival after primary intracerebral haemorrhage: a retrospective population based study

OBJECTIVES: To determine the long term survival and predictors of death in patients with primary intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) in Central Finland. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively on all adult patients with first ever ICH in Central Finland county between September 1985 and December 1991. The survival of all patients at the end of December 2002 was investigated. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed and factors associated with both early (< or =28 days) and late deaths determined. Long term survival was compared with the general Finnish population of the same age and sex distribution. The causes of death were compared with those of the population of Central Finland. RESULTS: 411 patients with first ever ICH were identified, 199 men (mean age 64.9 years) and 212 women (mean age 69.5); 30 died before hospital admission, and 208 (50.6%) within the first 28 days. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, at 16 years the cumulative survival was 3.2% for men and 9.8% for women. The 28 day survivors had a 4.5-fold increased annual risk of dying during the first year after ICH, and 2.2-fold during years 2 to 6. On admission, significant independent predictors of death within the first four weeks were unconsciousness, lateral shift of cerebral midline structures, mean arterial pressure > or =134 mm Hg, hyperglycaemia, anticoagulant treatment, and ventricular extrasystoles. Predictors of late death for the 28 day survivors were old age, male sex, and heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: Primary intracerebral haemorrhage has a poor short and long term outcome. The results emphasise the importance of primary and secondary prevention for ICH.     

Association of Serum Glucose Concentrations During Acute Hospitalization with Hematoma Expansion, Perihematomal Edema, and Three Month Outcome Among Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background

There is some evidence that hyperglycemia increases the rate of poor outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We explored the relationship between various parameters of serum glucose concentrations measured during acute hospitalization and hematoma expansion, perihematomal edema, and three month outcome among subjects with ICH.

Methods

A post-hoc analysis of a multicenter prospective study recruiting subjects with ICH and elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥170 mmHg who presented within 6 h of symptom onset was performed. The serum glucose concentration was measured repeatedly up to 5 times over 3 days after admission and change over time was characterized using a summary statistic by fitting the linear regression model for each subject. The admission glucose, glucose change between admission and 24 hour glucose concentration, and estimated parameters (slope and intercept) were entered in the logistic regression model separately to predict the functional outcome as measured by modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days (0–3 vs. 4–6); hematoma expansion at 24 h (≤33 vs. >33%); and relative perihematomal edema expansion at 24 h (≤40 vs. >40%).

Results

A total of 60 subjects were recruited (aged 62.0 ±15.1 years; 56.7% men). The mean of initial glucose concentration (±standard deviation) was 136.7 mg/dl (±58.1). Thirty-five out of 60 (58%) subjects had a declining glucose over time (negative slope). The risk of poor outcome (mRS 4–6) in those with increasing serum glucose levels was over two-fold relative to those who had declining serum glucose levels (RR = 2.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03, 6.75). The RRs were 2.59 (95% CI: 1.27, 5.30) for hematoma expansion >33%; and 1.25 (95% CI: 0.73, 2.13) for relative edema expansion >40%.

Conclusions

Decline in serum glucose concentration correlated with reduction in proportion of subjects with hematoma expansion and poor clinical outcome. These results provide a justification for a randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of aggressive serum glucose reduction in reducing death and disability among patients with ICH.     

Is Early DNR a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy for Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage?

Background

To investigate differences in outcome of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) based on institution of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order within first 24 h of admission.

Methods

A prospective registry of patients presenting with ICH from Jan 2006 to Dec 2008 was created. Patients with and without DNR orders instituted within 24 h of admission were classified as cases and controls respectively and were matched based on age and stroke severity. Demographics, intracerebral volume of hematoma, intraventricular extension of hemorrhage (IVH), invasive treatments, and outcomes at discharge were collected. All patients were followed up at least for 1 year, to determine mortality outcomes.

Results

Of a total of 245 subjects, 18 % had DNR order instituted within 24 h of admission. After matching, a total of 69 controls were available for 44 cases. There was no difference in demographics, IVH extension, volume of hemorrhage, and length of stay among cases and controls. Higher proportions of controls had surgical evacuation of the hematoma (p = 0.0125) and mechanical ventilation (p = 0.0001). There was no significant difference in functional outcome and survival rates among cases and controls at the end of 1 week, 1 month, and 1 year.

Conclusions

DNR institution and restriction of resuscitation was not associated with poor outcome or difference in survival within 1 year after ICH. This indicates an early DNR probably does not lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy in this population, and might be explained by our practice, were DNR orders do not impact the level of supportive medical care we provide.     

Intensive Care Unit Admission for Patients in the INTERACT2 ICH Blood Pressure Treatment Trial: Characteristics,Predictors, and Outcomes

Background

Wide variation exists in criteria for accessing intensive care unit (ICU) facilities for managing patients with critical illnesses such as acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We aimed to determine the predictors of admission, length of stay, and outcome for ICU among participants of the main Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trial (INTERACT2).

Methods

INTERACT2 was an international, open, blinded endpoint, randomized controlled trial of 2839 ICH patients (<6 h) and elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) allocated to receive intensive (target SBP <140 mmHg within 1 h) or guideline-recommended (target SBP <180 mmHg) BP-lowering treatment. The primary outcome was death or major disability, defined by modified Rankin scale scores 3–6 at 90 days. Logistic regression and propensity score analyses were used to determine independent associations.

Main Results

Predictors of ICU admission included younger age, recruitment in China, prior ischemic/undetermined stroke, high SBP, severe stroke [National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) score ≥15], large ICH volume (≥15 mL), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) extension, early neurological deterioration, intubation and surgery. Determinants of prolonged ICU stay (≥5 days) were prior antihypertensive use, NIHSS ≥15, large ICH volume, lobar ICH location, IVH, early neurological deterioration, intubation and surgery. ICU admission was associated with higher-risk major disability at 90-day assessment compared to those without ICU admission.

Conclusions

This study presents prognostic variables for ICU management and outcome of ICH patients included in a large international cohort. These data may assist in the selection and counseling of patients and families concerning ICU admission.

     

White Matter Lesion Severity is Associated with Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and white matter lesion (WML) severity are associated with higher rates of death and disability in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). A prior report identified an increased risk of IVH with greater WML burden but did not control for location of ICH. We sought to determine whether a higher degree of WML is associated with a higher risk of IVH after controlling for ICH location. Methods: Utilizing the patient population from 2 large ICH studies; the Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Hemorrhagic Stroke (GERFHS III) Study and the Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage study, we graded WML using the Van Swieten Scale (0-1 for mild, 2 for moderate, and 3-4 for severe WML) and presence or absence of IVH in baseline CT scans. We used multivariable regression models to adjust for relevant covariates. Results: Among 3023 ICH patients, 1260 (41.7%) had presence of IVH. In patients with IVH, the proportion of severe WML (28.6%) was higher compared with patients without IVH (21.8%) (P < .0001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that moderate-severe WML, deep ICH, and increasing ICH volume were independently associated with presence of IVH. We found an increased risk of IVH with moderate-severe WML (OR = 1.38; 95%Cl 1.03-1.86, P = .0328) in the subset of lobar hemorrhages. Conclusions: Moderate to severe WML is a risk for IVH. Even in lobar ICH hemorrhages, severe WML leads to an independent increased risk for ventricular rupture.     

自发性脑出血合并肾功能不全CRRT治疗分析

目的 探讨无肝素连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）对脑出血合并肾功能不全病人的治疗作用。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年1月收治的42例自发性脑出血合并肾功能不全的临床资料。脑出血并发急性肾功能不全23例，其中10例接受CRRT。慢性肾功能不全继发脑出血19例，其中13例接受CRRT。结果 23例脑出血继发急性肾功能不全病人出院时肾小球滤过率[GFR；32.2（21.2~47.8）ml/min]较入院时[26.5（11.7~42.5）ml/min]明显提高（P<0.05）；10例CRRT病人出院时GFR改善值[17.1（0.3~47.9）ml/min]较13例未采用CRRT病人[1.5（-16.4~11.7）ml/min]有改善（P=0.063）；10例CRRT病人生存时间[40.0（15.0~180.0）d]较13例未采用CRRT病人[6.5（4.3~8.6）d]明显延长（P=0.011）。19例慢性肾功能不全继发脑出血病人出院时GFR[20.0（10.3~35.2）ml/min]较入院时[12.2（8.2~19.0）ml/min]明显提高（P<0.05）；13例CRRT病人出院时GFR改善值[5.3（-0.1~17.4）ml/min]与6例未采用CRRT病人[-1.1（-2.8~11.7）ml/min]无统计学差异（P=0.188）；13例CRRT病人生存时间[28.0（9.5~205.0）d]与6例未采用CRRT病人[30.0（11.5~185.5）d]无统计学差异（P=0.947）。结论 对于自发性脑出血合并肾功能不全病人，CRRT对于改善脑出血合并急性肾功能不全病人肾功能和生存预后的疗效更加显著，而对慢性肾功能不全继发脑出血病人的作用有限。