肝移植术后胆道并发症的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的 评价MSCT在诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症中的价值.方法 83例原位肝移植术后患者因临床和生化检查可疑胆道并发症行MSCT增强检查.胆道并发症的确诊依据为直接胆道造影69例、移植肝病理11例、肝管空肠吻合术3例.分析CT诊断胆道并发症的能力,计算其敏感度、特异度、准确度、刚性预测值和阴性预测值,并用x2检验比较胆管吻合口狭窄和非吻合口狭窄的CT特征.结果 83例中,62例(74.7%)证实有胆道并发症,其中胆管吻合口狭窄32例,非吻合口狭窄21例,胆管结石16例(12例合并胆管狭窄),胆总管吻合口漏5例,胆汁瘤4例(合并胆管狭窄)、胆源性肝脓肿2例(合并胆管狭窄).CT诊断胆管狭窄的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为90.6%、86.7%、89.2%、92.3%和83.9%.CT对胆管结石、胆总管吻合口漏、胆汁瘤、胆源性肝脓肿均能正确诊断,无漏诊和误诊.非吻合口狭窄表现为胆管不均匀扩张的发生率(71.4%,15/21)显著高于吻合口狭窄者(25.0%,8/32;P<0.01),而肝外胆管扩张(33.3%,7/21)和胆管均匀扩张(14.3%,3/21)的发生率均显著低于吻合口狭窄者(84.4%,27/32和68.8%,22/32;P<0.01).非吻合口狭窄肝动脉缺血的发生率(66.7%,14/21)明显高于吻合口狭窄者(15.6%,5/32;P<0.01).结论 MSCT对诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症具有重要价值,还可初步诊断胆管狭窄类型;肝动脉缺血是胆管非吻合口狭窄的重要原因.     

原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的介入治疗

目的:探讨经T型管及其窦道和经皮肝穿刺胆道引流治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的可行性及其疗效.方法:对252例原位肝移植术后出现胆道狭窄的26例患者分别行胆道气囊扩张术、胆道引流术和胆道支架置入术.结果:3例胆道狭窄合并胆瘘患者和3例单纯吻合口狭窄患者,经气囊扩张术和胆道引流后痊愈.6例肝内外胆管多发狭窄患者,气囊反复扩张胆道狭窄段后,5例狭窄纠正而获得痊愈;1例气囊扩张治疗后出现肝内血肿,再次行肝移植.12例肝内外胆管多发狭窄合并胆泥的患者,经反复球囊导管扩张后,10例狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解;1例置入胆道支架,后因支架管阻塞而再次肝移植;1例治疗后狭窄仍存在,黄疸无缓解而再次肝移植.2例T型管引流口段狭窄行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术后,狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解.结论:经T型管及其窦道和经皮肝穿刺胆道引流是治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的良好方法.     

肝移植术后并发症的CT和MRI诊断

目的:分析肝移植术后各种并发症的CT、MRI表现,评价CT、MRI在肝移植术后并发症中的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析24例肝移植术后发生并发症的患者的CT、MRI资料,全部病例并发症均经手术、肝组织活检或血管、胆道造影证实。结果:24例患者CT、MRI诊断门脉主干吻合口狭窄4例;肝动脉狭窄3例;下腔静脉吻合口狭窄1例;胆管吻合口狭窄4例;肝门水平非吻合口狭窄5例;移植排异反应4例,肝癌复发7例。结论:CT、MRI能发现大部分肝移植术后并发症,是诊断肝移植术后并发症的有效方法。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症ERCP表现及内窥镜介入治疗

目的探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的原因及影像学表现,并对部分并发症进行内窥镜介入治疗,以提高肝移植的成功率。方法通过十二指肠镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)检查对肝移植术后胆道异常改变11例资料进行回顾性分析,并根据检查结果做相应的内窥镜下介入治疗。结果通过ERCP检查,对11例肝移植术后患者出现梗阻性黄疸原因得到明确诊断,其中,胆道胆泥形成2例,胆管吻合口狭窄6例,胆道腹腔漏3例。并对2例胆道胆泥进行了乳头括约肌切开(EST) 网蓝胆泥取出术;5例吻合口狭窄行气囊扩张或塑料内支架内引流(ERBD)及2例胆道腹腔漏行鼻胆管引流治疗(ENBD),治疗效果确切,经有针对性的预防和治疗后,除2例胆道腹腔漏分别于肝移植术后6月及11月病死和1例因胆管吻合口处完全阻塞未能放置内支架引流管,导致肝内胆汁淤积症并肝硬化及肝功能失代偿病死外,其余患者均痊愈出院,现仍长期存活,总生存率为72.7%。结论肝移植术后一旦怀疑胆道并发症时应及时行ERCP检查,并根据检查结果做内窥镜介入治疗。胆道并发症的及时发现和处理将可能使患者较快痊愈。     

肝移植术后胆道狭窄经皮肝穿刺胆管造影的并发症及其预防

目的观察经皮肝穿刺胆道介入治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄发生并发症的频次和类型。资料与方法对292例原位肝移植术后出现胆道狭窄的30例患者分别行胆道球囊扩张术、胆道引流术和胆道支架置入术,观察术中反应、术后临床经过、相关实验室检查、B超和复查胆道造影表现。结果 3例(10.0%)胆道狭窄合并胆瘘患者和3例(10.0%)单纯吻合口狭窄患者行气囊扩张术和胆道引流后痊愈。8例(26.7%)肝内外胆管多发狭窄患者气囊反复扩张胆道狭窄段后,7例狭窄纠正而获得痊愈。14例(46.7%)肝内外胆管多发狭窄合并胆泥患者中12例(40.0%)狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解;2例(6.7%)T形管引流口段狭窄行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术后,狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解。30例患者(100.0%)术中均感疼痛,其中12例(40.0%)疼痛剧烈。2例(6.7%)术中发生出血,其中1例再次行肝移植。27例(90.0%)术后胆管仍再狭窄,需反复多次成形。2例(6.7%)治疗后狭窄持续存在而再次行肝移植,其中1例曾置入胆道支架,另1例直接行二次肝移植。结论疼痛、再狭窄是经皮肝穿刺胆道介入治疗肝移植术后胆道狭窄的常见并发症,术中预防大出血是降低风险的关键。     

肝门部胆道引流管折叠技术在肝移植后胆道非吻合口狭窄治疗中的应用

目的 介绍全新设计经皮经肝胆道引流管肝门部胆管折叠技术,以单一入路实现双侧胆道支撑引流;研究该技术在治疗原位肝移植后肝门部非吻合口胆道狭窄中的疗效和安全性.方法 2000年7月至2010年7月收治10例原位肝移植后非吻合口胆道狭窄患者.胆道狭窄处予球囊扩张,胆道引流管置入后,在肝门部胆管内折叠成Y形,实现左、右肝管并肝总管三向支撑引流.分析其技术成功率、临床疗效、并发症率及复发率等.结果 技术成功率为10/10.9例临床症状缓解,生化指标恢复正常,影像学检查有明显改善.26个月(中位数)的随访中,未见复发.2例有轻微并发症.1例治疗失败,行第2次肝移植后死亡.结论 经皮经肝胆道引流管肝门部胆管汇合部折叠技术在技术上是可行的;在原位肝移植后非吻合口肝门部胆道狭窄治疗中的初步应用结果表明,其技术成功率、疗效、安全性均令人满意.     

MSCT和MRI诊断肝移植术后并发症

目的：探讨肝移植术后并发症的CT和MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析78例肝移植术后患者的病例资料,对其中经手术、肝脏活检及胆管造影证实出现并发症病例的CT、MRI影像资料进行分析。结果：CT及MRI显示门脉主干吻合口狭窄2例,肝动脉狭窄3例,下腔静脉吻合口狭窄2例,下腔静脉血栓形成1例。MRI显示胆管吻合口狭窄9例,CT显示胆管吻合口狭窄3例。术后并发症包括移植排异反应3例,肝移植术后肝内其它并发症4例,包括肝脓肿1例、肝胆管炎2例和肝局灶性坏死1例,其它系统并发症7例。结论：CT和MRI能发现大部分肝移植术后并发症,是诊断肝移植术后并发症的有效方法。     

肝移植术后胆管并发症的介入治疗

目的:评价介入方法治疗肝移植术后胆管并发症的价值。方法:对1999年10月~2005年6月53例肝移植患者术后发生胆道并发症的相关资料进行回顾性分析。结果:9例患者术后出现胆管并发症,使用经皮肝穿胆道引流(PTCD)治疗4例次,经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)治疗5例次。手术均取得成功。患者的临床症状均有所好转。结论:介入方法治疗肝移植术后胆管并发症可获得较好的近期疗效,其远期结果有待于进一步观察。     

肝移植术后并发症的诊断与处理

本文总结回顾了3例肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断及处理。其中,肝移植术后胆泥形成导致胆管结石1例,胆肠吻合口狭窄1例,肝外胆管全程坏死1例。分别予以胆管切开取石,经皮经肝胆道金属支架置入及肝门部胆管与空肠盆氏吻合处理。1例恢复,1例出现肝移植以外并发症死亡,1例感染死亡。文章对胆道并发症的发病原因进行分析,认为供体胆管冷缺时间,胆管壁供血及感染是引起上述并发症的重要原因。手术、金属支架置入等是可选择的治疗方法。     

钆塞酸二钠增强T_1加权MR胆管成像诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症中的附加价值

正摘要目的肝移植(LT)术后胆道并发症很常见。本研究旨在探讨钆塞酸二钠增强T_1W MR胆管成像(MRC)评估吻合口狭窄(AS)、非吻合口狭窄(NAS)和胆道铸型(BC)的价     

肝移植术后不同类型胆道狭窄的多层CT诊断价值

目的 探讨肝移植术后不同类型胆道狭窄的多层CT表现及诊断价值.方法 以55例经皮胆道造影(PTC)或内镜逆行胆道造影(ERC)证实的移植术后胆道狭窄患者为对象,分析缺血型胆道狭窄(IBS)23例及非缺血型胆道狭窄(NIBS)32例患者的肝内、外胆道及肝动脉病变情况,根据二项分布样本总体概率的Z检验比较两组多层CT表现差异.结果多层CT检查中,54/55例(98.2%)胆道狭窄患者发现不同程度胆管扩张,1例弥漫性肝内胆管狭窄、无肝内外胆管扩张的IBS患者漏诊.IBS患者肝门区胆管狭窄(21例,91.3%)、肝内胆管不均匀扩张(16例,69.6%)发生率显著高于NIBS患者(分别为4例,12.5%和12例,37.5%)(单侧P值<0.01);胆总管吻合口狭窄(8例,34.8%)、肝外胆管扩张(8例,34.8%)、肝内胆管均匀扩张(6例,26.1%)发生率显著低于NIBS患者(分别为27例,84.4%、29例,90.6%和20例,62.5%)(单侧P值<0.01).CTA发现16/23例IBS及5/32例NIBS患者肝动脉狭窄,IBS患者肝动脉狭窄发生率高(单侧P<0.01).IBS组5例合并肝内胆汁瘤及2例合并胆源性肝脓肿患者全部出现重度以上肝动脉狭窄.2/3例胆漏患者合并IBS,CTA发现1例肝动脉血栓、1例极重度肝动脉狭窄.结论 IBS、NIBS在胆道狭窄部位、继发性胆管扩张鄣位和肝内胆管扩张多层CT上有不同的表现特征,肝门区胆管狭窄及肝内胆管不均匀扩张为IBS主要表现;CTA还能发现相关血管病变,为临床治疗提供参考.     

Magnetic resonance cholangiography of biliary strictures after liver transplantation: a prospective double-blind study

PURPOSE: To compare magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) in quantitatively evaluating biliary strictures in liver transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight liver transplant recipients with suspected biliary complications were referred for ERC and also underwent MRC within 24 hours using a combination of single-shot rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (SS-RARE) and three-dimensional (3D)-RARE sequences. The studies were independently interpreted by two blinded radiologists and a single blinded endoscopist who recorded the presence of a stricture and/or upstream dilatation, the ratio of recipient-to-donor duct diameters at the anastomosis, as well as the proximal duct diameter, length, and percent stenosis of any stricture detected. RESULTS: Using ERC as the standard of reference, MRC had a sensitivity and negative predictive value of 100%, mean specificity of 83.3%, and mean positive predictive value of 92.9% in the detection of six strictures. Compared with ERC, MRC obtained accurate measurements of recipient-to-donor duct diameter ratios (r, 0.91; P < 0.01), proximal duct diameters (r, 0.83, P < 0.05), stricture lengths (r, 0.58; P = 0.06), and percent stenosis (r, 0.78; P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: MRC can provide equivalent imaging to ERC and can reliably identify and quantitatively evaluate biliary strictures in post-orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) patients.     

胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗

目的 探讨胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗方法及疗效.资料与方法 回顾性分析胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸而行介入治疗的43例患者,行经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流术,并选择胆肠吻合口或原发梗阻部位进一步行经皮胆道金属支架植入术.结果 本组经皮经肝胆管造影显示胆肠吻合口狭窄32例,吻合口狭窄并肠袢成角、张力过高7例,吻合口未见狭窄4例.最终单纯行经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流术16例,包括单纯外引流9例,内外引流7例;行胆道金属支架植入术27例,其中经胆肠吻合口留置支架22例,经原梗阻部位留置支架5例.术后1周内复查,37例黄疸消退满意,6例黄疸消退不明显,其中4例再次行外科手术治疗.本组43例术中、术后均无严重并发症发生.结论 胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸可行经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流术或经皮胆道金属支架植入术,此法安全、微创、可靠、有效,值得推广应用.     

Feasibility and Midterm Results of Endovascular Treatment of Hepatic Artery Occlusion within 24 Hours after Living-Donor Liver Transplantation

Purpose

To evaluate the feasibility and midterm results of endovascular treatment of hepatic artery occlusion within 24 hours after living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT).

The role of ultrasound and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for the diagnosis of biliary stricture after liver transplantation

Purpose

To identify the diagnostic value of ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in diagnosing biliary strictures after liver transplantation.

Materials and methods

Sixty patients with clinically suspected biliary strictures after liver transplantation were retrospectively evaluated. All patients underwent US and MRCP before the standard of reference (SOR) procedure: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Radiological images were analyzed for biliary dilatation and strictures.

Results

By SOR, biliary dilatation was present in 55 patients, stricture in 53 (44 anastomotic, 4 intrahepatic, 5 both), and dilatation and/or stricture in 58. Dilatation was diagnosed by US and MRCP in 39 and 45, respectively (sensitivity 71% vs. 82%, p = 0.18). Stricture was diagnosed by US and MRCP in 0 and 42, respectively (sensitivity 0% vs. 79%, p < 0.0001). False positive stricture was diagnosed by MRCP in 2. Dilatation and/or stricture was diagnosed by US in 39 and MRCP in 50 (sensitivity 67% vs. 86%, p = 0.01); however, using both techniques, sensitivity increased to 95%.

Conclusions

MRCP is superior to US for diagnosing biliary strictures after liver transplantation primarily because MRCP can detect stricture. The combination of US and MRCP seems superior to either method alone. Our data suggest that in patients with normal US and MRCP, direct cholangiography could be avoided.     

Food-stimulated cholescintigraphy as a supplement to ERC in patients with suspected bile flow obstruction. A preliminary study

Cholescintigraphy after food stimulation was carried out in 40 patients (13 patients with biliary enteric bypass, 14 patients with bile duct stenosis, demonstrated by ERC, 5 patients with endoprothesis and 8 patients with clinically suspected post-cholecystectomy syndrome. Biliary-bowel transit time of one hour or less was considered to be normal. In patients with biliary enteric bypass 11 had a normal transit time; however, one with a concomitant anastomotic leakage, and 2 patients had prolonged transit time and a significant obstruction by the anastomosis. All 14 patients with demonstrated biliary stricture had normal transit time. In 5 patients with endoprothesis, 2 had prolonged transit time in spite of patent endoprothesis. Finally, in the 8 patients with suspected post-cholecystectomy syndrome, 4 had normal sphincter of Oddi manometry and normal transit time, and 4 had abnormal sphincter of Oddi manometry, but only one with prolonged transit time. It is concluded that in patients with biliary enteric bypass (hepatico-jejunostomia) or biliary strictures a biliary-bowel transit time of one hour will be discriminatory between normal and abnormal conditions. This is in contrast to patients with endoprothesis and suspected sphincter of Oddi dysmotility, where a transit time of one hour only will have limited predictive value.     

MR cholangiography of late biliary complications after liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to assess the role of MR cholangiography in the diagnosis of late biliary complications after liver transplantation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-three liver transplantation patients (18 men and five women; mean age, 46 years) underwent MR cholangiography using a nonbreath-hold, fat-suppressed three-dimensional turbo spin-echo sequence (TR/TE, 3000/700; echo train length, 128) optimized on a 0.5-T magnet. Inclusion criteria were liver function tests with abnormal results and hyperbilirubinemia with a clinical pattern not specific for biliary obstruction. All patients were referred by clinicians for contrast-enhanced cholangiography. Diagnostic confirmation was obtained with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (n = 4), endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (n = 8), T-tube cholangiography (n = 1), or clinical follow-up (n = 10). RESULTS: In 11 patients, no abnormalities of the biliary tract were revealed by MR cholangiography. In 11 patients, twelve strictures were diagnosed (nine anastomotic, two nonanastomotic-intrahepatic, and one nonanastomotic-extrahepatic, with association between anastomotic and nonanastomotic strictures in two cases). In one other patient, kinking of the common bile duct at the level of the anastomosis was observed. In all cases, MR cholangiography correctly showed the site of the stricture and the dilatation of bile ducts above, with excellent correlation with contrast-enhanced cholangiographic findings. Strictures were correctly graded in eight of 10 patients and were overestimated in two. Other findings included a 1-cm stone detected proximal to the obstructed common bile duct in one patient and multiple intrahepatic stones in another patient. CONCLUSION: MR cholangiography can show biliary obstruction and provide important information for planning therapeutic procedures.     

SCT胆管造影三维成像与内窥镜逆行胆管造影初步对照研究

目的探讨螺旋CT(SCT)胆管造影(SCTC)三维成像在诊断胆管疾病中的价值及其真实性.方法26例疑胆系疾病患者行经内窥镜逆行胆管造影(ERC)和SCT胆管造影后三维成像,将SCTC三维成像与ERC图像进行非双盲双照,13例经手术病理证实.结果SCTC成功率100%,三维成像与ERC图像相似,根据SCTC三维成像可对92.3%(24/26例)肝内外胆管病变做出与ERC或手术病理一致诊断,SCTC三维成像对ERC未成功、显示不完全病例提供可靠的补充诊断信息.其空间分辨率及对肝内细小胆管腔内结石显示逊于ERC.结论SCTC三维成像是无创性检查技术,对肝外胆管疾病诊断和治疗方法选择具有指导作用,可为部分病例ERC替代方法.