不同教育层次护生专业思想及学习与就业负担的研究

[目的]探讨不同教育层次护理专业学生的专业思想状况及学习与就业负担状况。[方法]自行设计问卷,以团体问卷调查的形式,对830名不同教育层次护生的专业思想状况及其学习与就业的负担进行调查,所得资料采用SPSS10.0软件包进行百分比描述分析。[结果]49.5%的护生非个人意愿选择了护理专业的学习;随着护理教育层次的提高,护生热爱护理专业及担心毕业后找不到理想工作人数所占的百分比呈下降的趋势,自我感觉学习负担/压力中度以上程度的人数所占的百分比则呈上升的趋势。[结论]不同教育层次护生专业思想状况及其学习与就业负担存在差异,学校应有针对性地开展专业思想教育,减轻学习负担,培养乐观向上的职业与就业心态。     

高职护生从事社区护理就业意向调查及对策研究

[目的]了解高职高专护理专业学生(简称高职护生)的社区护理认知状况、从事社区护理意向的状况及社区护士核心能力自我评估状况。[方法]对某医学高等专科学校护理专业不同教育层次424名高职护生进行问卷调查。[结果]对口护理层次护生社区护理认知情况得分最高;对口护理层次护生社区护理就业意愿率最高;普通专科护理层次护生在评判性思维能力、专业发展能力及总得分的分数最高,对口护理层次护生在人际沟通能力得分最高。[结论]护理教育者应做好社区护理就业指导,转变就业观念;完善社区护理人才培养模式,加强教育教学改革,促使护生拥有多元化的择业机会;加强社区护士核心能力的岗位培训,培养高质量社区护理人才。     

不同层次护生社区护理就业意向分析

[目的]调查西安市中专、大专、本科护生社区护理就业意向现状。[方法]采用分层抽样方法选取西安市2015年7月毕业的中等职业学校和高等院校的应届护理专业学生1 062人,应用《护生社区就业意向调查问卷》对中专、大专和本科护理专业学生社区护理就业意向进行调查。[结果]中专、大专、本科护生中愿意从事社区护理工作人数分别为358人(78.5%)、312人(58.8%)、45人(60.0%)。不同层次护生社区护理就业意向之间差异有统计学意义(χ2=45.476,P0.001)。[结论]中专护生从事社区护理工作的意向最高,其次是本科、大专护生,应针对不同层次护生就业意向影响因素不同,优化护理人才培养模式,提高社区护理就业意向。     

不同性别本科护生的择业观比较

[目的]了解不同性别本科护生择业观念的差异。[方法]自行设计调查问卷，对470名本科护生进行调查。[结果]63．1％的女护生毕业后打算从事护理工作，只有47．5％的男护生准备从事护理工作，且就业期望值较高。[结论]学校要重视护生的专业思想教育，加强就业指导，为其创造就业机会。     

新疆维吾尔自治区男护生专业认同的现状研究

[目的]探讨新疆地区男护生对护理专业的认同情况。[方法]采用护生专业认同问卷对506名不同民族、不同学历层次的男护生进行调查。[结果]新疆地区男护生专业认同处于一般水平。除专业期望之外,不同民族、不同学历男护生专业认同得分不同。[结论]护理教育者应根据男护生的不同情况,开展分层次、多方式、多渠道的专业思想和职业规划教育。     

本科护生填报护理专业志愿情况及其影响因素调查

[目的]了解本科护生高考志愿的填报情况,比较不同年级选择护理专业第一志愿与非第一志愿的本科护生的专业思想及其影响因素的差异.[方法]采用问卷调查法,对2006级、2005级、2004级本科护生分别进行志愿选择、专业思想及影响因素、毕业意向调查.[结果]选择护理专业为第一志愿的本科护生占总人数16.4%,非第一志愿占83.6%;第一志愿本科护生较非第一志愿本科护生专业思想稳定,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).[结论]应针对不同年级本科护生进行相应的专业思想教育,使选择护理专业为第一志愿本科护生的专业思想更加稳定,非第一志愿本科护生发生专业思想迁移,稳定其专业思想,使更多高层次护理人才投入到护理工作中.     

160名护理本科生专业思想调查分析

[目的]了解护理本科生的专业思想状况。[方法]采用分层随机抽样,选取某综合性大学护理学院2000级-2004级本科护生160名为研究样本,采用自制问卷进行问卷调查。[结果]114名（71.2%）护理本科生为服从学校调剂进入护理专业;有改行、转行意愿者74名,占46.3%,仅有65名（40.6%）护生对护理专业有积极情感,专业喜爱程度与改行意愿两者间呈显著负相关;毕业后愿意选择基层医院与社区医院者只有7名,占4.4%。[结论]护理本科生的专业情感与专业稳定状况不容乐观,应从生源选择开始,在教育过程中多方式、多渠道加强护生专业思想教育。     

高等职业护生焦虑状态及其相关因素调查

[目的]了解高等职业护生焦虑状态，探讨其相关因素，为针对性地进行教育与引导提供依据。[方法]应用状态焦虑量表(SAI)及自行设计的相关因素问卷，对726名高等职业护生进行调查。[结果]高等职业护生SAI均分显著高于国内常模及高校大学生，且与学习负担、学习成绩、人际交往、专业的发展、就业前途、经济情况等因素有关。[结论]高等职业护生存在较严重的焦虑状态，学习负担、人际交往、就业、经济情况是其重要影响因素。     

不同年级护理本科生职业生涯规划状况调查研究

[目的]了解不同年级护理本科生职业生涯规划状况及其影响因素,提出应对措施.[方法]抽取5年制护理本科大学1年级护生(入学组)273人和大学4年级护生(实习组)216人,对其一般状况、职业生涯规划状况、职业生涯规划指导需求状况进行调查.[结果]调查对象的职业生涯规划状况并不理想,两组得分分别为76.03分±10.48分和79.84分±10.68分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);自我认知不够全面、客观;专业满意度较低;对职业前景和就业形势不甚了解,就业信心不足.[结论]应重视对护生的职业生涯规划教育,构建合理的职业生涯规划课程体系,以促进护生完善职业生涯规划,稳定专业思想,提高职业素质和就业能力.     

本科护生自主学习能力与学习适应性的相关研究

[目的]对本科护生自主学习能力与学习适应性进行相关分析,以探讨提高本科护理教学质量的途径。[方法]使用护理专业自主学习能力量表和大学生学习适应性量表对122名本科护生进行调查,并对结果进行分析。[结果]3个年级本科护生的自主学习能力、学习适应性差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;本科护生自主学习能力、学习适应状况均处于中等水平,自主学习能力与学习适应性呈正相关（P〈0．01）。[结论]在教学中应加强本科护生自主学习能力和学习适应性的培养。     

现代残疾康复理念、政策与社区康复体系研究

本研究分析了当代残疾康复的理念和理论架构,构建了以国际公约、决议和政策、国内法律和政策以及操作性工具3个层次的康复理论体系;运用包容性发展,分析探讨了当代社区康复的体系和特点;就发展康复事业、为残疾人提供全面系统的康复服务提出相关的政策建议。     

我院文职护士管理和培训的实践与体会

目的构建文职护士培训、使用及管理的科学方法。方法通过规范管理、科学施训、作为骨干大胆任用等多种管理方式,使文职护士得到充分的发展。结果文职护士群体成长为医院优秀骨干,首批满3年的文职护士顺利通过续聘考核。结论科学的管理培训是文职护士成长的重要基石,对医院护理管理有着重要作用。     

Comparison of short-term and long-term protocols for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium

Molecular tools continue to be important in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. However, using these techniques directly in the field remains a major challenge. Therefore, the preservation of clinical samples collected from endemic field areas for later analysis remains an important preanalytical process. This study aimed at identifying a suitable protocol for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA in bioclinical specimens for Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium research. Both spiked and unspiked blood samples were preserved in 7 protocols (different media; storage temperatures). Samples were evaluated for possible degradation of DNA and RNA along the storage duration up to the 10th week. Nucleic acid targets were assessed as follows: (i) Trypanosoma and Plasmodium RNA analysis was done using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) for 18S rRNA and for stage-specific Pfs25 mRNA, respectively; (ii) Trypanosoma DNA assessment analysis was conducted by using a conventional PCR for 18S rDNA; (iii) Leishmania RNA analysis was performed with a quantitative NASBA for 18S rRNA and Leishmania DNA assessment with an RT-PCR for 18S rDNA. Findings suggested that a newly developed L3™ buffer proved to be reliable and suitable for both short- and long-term preservation of parasite nucleic acid material. This buffer is envisaged to be suitable for utilization in field situations where resources are limited.     

国内外唇腭裂专科护理发展现状的文献研究及分析

目的了解和分析国内唇腭裂专科护理工作发展的现状。方法检索并分析万方医学网、中国知网、Springer Link及PubMed英文数据库近6年有关唇腭裂手术的围术期护理、患儿的喂养、手术安全管理、围术期疼痛研究以及心理护理的相关文献。结果共检索出国内文献89篇(核心期刊20篇)、国外文献22篇,其中围术期护理38篇、患儿的喂养16篇、手术安全管理10篇、围术期疼痛研究10篇、心理护理15篇。结论与国外文献相比,国内论文总结和回顾性居多,应增加研究探讨性论文,从而促进唇腭裂临床护理工作专科化的发展。     

History of violence and subjective health of mother and child

Objective: To study the self-reported prevalence of experienced violence among a cohort of women about two years after giving birth, their health during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes and their experience of their child’s health.

Setting and subjects: In 2011, a total of 657 women participated in phase III of the Childbirth and Health Cohort Study in Icelandic Primary Health Care, 18 to 24 months after delivery. The women had previously participated in phase I around pregnancy week 16 and phase II 5–6 months after delivery. Data were collected by postal questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Women’s reported history of experienced violence, sociodemographic and obstetric background, self-perceived health, the use of medications and their child’s perceived health.

Results: In phase III, 16% of women reported experiencing violence. These women felt less support from their current partner (p?p?p?p?p?p?=?0.008).

Conclusions: Our study confirms that a history of violence is common among women. A history of violence is associated with various maternal health problems during and after pregnancy, a higher rate of caesarean sections and maternal reports of health problems in their child 18–24 months after birth.

• KEY POINTS

• Violence is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the impact of violence on human health and developing effective preventive measures are important elements of any public health agenda.

• ??The reported prevalence of experiencing violence was 16% among women attending antenatal care in the primary health care setting in Iceland.

• ??Women with a history of violence reported worse health in general during pregnancy and delivered more often by caesarean section, compared to women with no such history.

• ??Mothers with a history of violence also evaluated the general health of their child as worse than women with no such history.

• ??The findings of this study support the importance of recognizing and addressing experienced violence among women in primary care.

     

城乡学童个性行为特征调查

目的探讨农村与城市儿童的个性行为特征。方法将97名农村学龄儿童设为农村组,97名城市学龄儿童设为城市组,采用艾森克个性问卷一儿童版和Achenbach’s 行为量表一儿童版进行评定分析。结果两组学龄儿童艾森克个性问卷各维度评分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）,且与全国常模相一致（P均〉0．05）;农村组男学童Achenbach’s行为量表违纪行为、攻击行为及外向型因子分均显著高于城市组,女学童退缩、社交问题因子分均显著高于城市组（P〈0．05或0．01）,其他因子分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。结论农村与城市儿童个性无显著差异,而农村儿童存在较多的行为问题,可能与其所受教养和生活方式有关。     

Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention

In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world; the last known natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the United States had stopped routinely vaccinating its citizens in 1972. However, with increasing concerns regarding domestic and international terrorism, smallpox has resurfaced as a potential threat to global health. We review the direct and indirect modes of smallpox transmission and how patterns of transmission vary substantially, depending on the severity of circulating disease, vaccination status, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the setting of an outbreak. We examine mechanisms for controlling outbreaks of disease and preventing further transmission in the event of an outbreak, with an emphasis on smallpox vaccination.     

通用设计原则与产品研发策略

本文介绍了通用设计的概念和设计原则,并阐述了根据此原则实施通用设计的产品研发策略。通用设计惠及的不仅是残疾人,也惠及了包括普通公众在内的广泛人群,以及企业。应将通用设计的原理应融入政府相关政策和未来发展的规划中,为残疾人以及更多人群提供合理便利的通用设计产品。     

胃癌DNA含量与E-cad、EGFR表达的关系及其意义

目的　探讨胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR表达的关系 ,评价其在浸润、转移潜能及预后判断中的作用。方法　应用图像分析仪及SP免疫组化法检测 30例正常胃黏膜上皮、30例不典型增生和 5 0例胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR蛋白表达情况。结果　①正常胃黏膜上皮、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌组的DI、PI、S %、>5c %逐渐增高 ,与胃癌分期、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。②E cad在正常胃黏膜上皮阳性表达率 10 0 % ,EGFR呈阴性表达 ;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌E cad阳性表达率逐渐降低 ,EGFR的阳性表达率逐渐升高 ,且差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;E cad表达减弱、EGFR表达升高与胃癌分化差、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。③E cad表达阴性的胃癌DNA指数及EGFR表达水平显著高于E cad阳性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　检测DNA含量及E cad、EGFR蛋白表达有助于胃癌的早期诊断及转移潜能和预后的判断。     

Quality and suitability of antimicrobial discs: theoretical and practical sources of error and variability

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The use of antimicrobial discs remains one of the main methods for assessing antibiotic activity. Most discs are made to one of three main standards (FDA, WHO, DIN); these all describe an assay method for assessing the quality of discs using a linear method. Theory predicts a curved relationship, and this is backed up in many cases in practice. In such cases, the assays are potentially invalid. Other sources of uncertainty arising from the manufacturing processes employed are also discussed.

Areas covered: This includes error arising from applying FDA, WHO, and DIN standards, the manufacturing techniques employed, and variation in the materials used in production. The need for a specification that relates directly to the use of the discs is also discussed.

Expert opinion: Manufactured discs, some of which may be out of specification due to curvature and other sources of error, have been used to establish quality zone sizes. Quality zone sizes have then been used to measure the quality of discs. This circular quality system where there is no quantitative check is potentially unsafe. In the many decades of their use, there has been no comprehensive check on the quality of manufactured discs using quantitative, validated assays.