APPENDIX A

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table A.1. Listing of relevant providers of standards documents for several activities requiring the measurement and     

APPENDIX A: BACKSCATTER FACTORS

Various sources of backscatter factors B for low-energy x raysincident on homogeneous phantoms are available in the literature.Some have been derived for exposure conditions typical of radiotherapypractice (Chan and Doi, 1981; BJR, 1983; Harrison et al., 1990;Klevenhagen, 1982, 1989; Grosswendt, 1984, 1990, 1993; IPSM, 1991;Ma et al., 2001) and others for exposure conditions typicalof diagnostic radiology (Stanton et al., 1982; Harrison, 1982;Petoussi-Henss et al., 1998). In addition, backscatter factorshave been calculated using Monte Carlo techniques for diagnosticx-ray fields incident on anthropomorphic mathematical phantoms(computational models) of the whole body, containing simulatedbone and lung structures within a soft tissue-equivalent material(Hart et al., 1994a,b). It should be noted     

APPENDIX B

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table B.1.      

APPENDIX A: COMPILATION OF PHYSICAL DATA

A.1 BETA RAYS View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table A.1. Decay data for selected beta-particle-emitting radionuclides. Data from National Nuclear Data Center (2001); photon contamination includes those with energies >10 keV and     

APPENDIX 2. UPPER CRITICAL VALUES OF THE STUDENT'S t-DISTRIBUTION

d.f. Probability of exceeding the critical value 10 % 5% 2.5 % 1 % 0.5 % 0.1 % 1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 318.313 2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 22.327 3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 10.215 4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 7.173 5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 5.893 6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.208 7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.782 8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 4.499 9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.296 10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.143 11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.024 12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.929 13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.852 14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.787 15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.733 16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.686 17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.646 18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.610 19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.579 20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.552 21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.527 22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.505 23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.485 24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.467 25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.450 26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.435 27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.421 28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.408 29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.396 30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.385 35 1.306 1.690 2.030 2.438 2.724 3.340 40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.307 45 1.301 1.679 2.014 2.412 2.690 3.281 50 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678 3.261 55 1.297 1.673 2.004 2.396 2.668 3.245 60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.232 65 1.295 1.669 1.997 2.385 2.654 3.220 70 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.381 2.648 3.211 75 1.293 1.665 1.992 2.377 2.643 3.202 80 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.374 2.639 3.195 85 1.292 1.663 1.988 2.371 2.635 3.189 90 1.291 1.662 1.987 2.368 2.632 3.183 95 1.291 1.661 1.985 2.366 2.629 3.178 100 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.364 2.626 3.174 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090     

ILEAL ATRESIA and ABSENCE OF APPENDIX

A case of ileal atresia with absence of vermiform appendix in a female newborn is reported. At the region about 105 cm from the Treitz's arch, intestinal atresia was observed with an associated V-shaped deformity of the mesentery. Polyp-like protuberance was observed in the area a few centimeters from the blind end of the distal intestine. Histologically, keratinizing squamous cells, bile pigments, lanugo hair, and alcian-blue stained materials and cells were observed in the serosal layer of the tip of the proximal blind segment and mesenterium connecting to this portion. Thrombi were not observed in the mesenterium connecting to the proximal blind segment, gap segment, and distal blind segment. Squamous cells and lanugo hair were found in the green meconium taken from the large intestine. Polyp-like protuberance was surfaced by normal intestinal mucosa, and in its inside there were two layers consisting of folded muscular tissue. In this report, we describe the detailed pathology of ileal atresia and discuss its possible cause. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 36: 1403–1410, 1986.     

小儿盲肠和阑尾的年龄解剖学研究

分六个年龄组观测了180具小儿尸（男99，女81）盲肠和阑尾的位置，形态和长度，随着年龄的增长，盲肠的位置由右髂嵴上方下降到右髂窝，盲肠的外形由漏斗型逐渐过渡为右袋特大型，阑尾的位置多变，无明显规律性及年龄特性，Ⅰ-Ⅲ组小儿盲肠和阑尾的长度增长较快，阑尾根部的体表投影随盲肠下降而逐渐而下方移位。     

APPENDIX B: THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF BETA RAYS AND LOW-ENERGY PHOTONS

B.2.1 Rationale