雄激素在神经退行性疾病中的神经保护作用

<正>神经退行性疾病(neurodegenerative disease)主要包括阿尔兹海默病(Alzheimer's Disease,AD)、帕金森病(Parkinson'sdisease,PD)和亨丁顿病(Huntington disease,HD),是一种神经细胞渐进性功能异常并最终导致死亡的疾病。在成年男性,雄激素有助于维持脑的正常功能。男性衰老后,血和脑内睾酮水平均明显下降,睾酮耗竭会引起脑等雄激素敏感的组织功能障碍和疾病。研究表明,睾酮缺乏可增加AD的发病率。2006年,研究人员发现,退行性疾病病人存在睾酮缺     

NADPH氧化酶在神经退行性疾病中的作用

神经退行性疾病与中枢神经系统内的氧化应激、异常蛋白聚集及炎症反应相关。尽管确切的发病机制目前还不清楚,但研究发现NADHP氧化酶(NOX)在神经退行性疾病的发病过程起了重要的作用,可能成为一个新的药物治疗靶点。因此,本文对NOX进行了概述,并探讨了它与神经退行性疾病之间的关系。     

端粒-端粒酶在神经退行性疾病中的研究进展

神经退行性疾病多以β-淀粉样蛋白（β-amyloid,Aβ）、α-突触核蛋白（α-synuclein,α-syn）作为生物标记物来辅助临床进行诊断。近年来,人们发现染色体末端的端粒能够作为衡量生物衰老程度的指标,并发现端粒长度、端粒酶活性可能作为评估老年神经退行性疾病发病风险、疾病进展、不良预后的血液标记物,但目前相关国内外研究结果并不具有一致性。了解端粒相关生物标记物在年龄相关疾病中的作用,是可以帮助临床医生更好地了解疾病的发生发展机制。现就端粒-端粒酶系统在神经退行性疾病中的最新研究进展综述如下,以介绍端粒长度、端粒酶活性对神经退行性疾病的影响以及潜在作用机制。     

艾地苯醌对神经退行性疾病治疗的研究进展

神经退行性疾病是一组以中枢神经系统神经元渐进性功能障碍为特征的疾病,主要表现为认知及运动功能障碍。线粒体功能障碍与氧化应激是其重要的发病机制。艾地苯醌作为一种抗氧化剂,是能透过血脑屏障的线粒体靶向治疗药物,可改善线粒体能量代谢,减少氧化应激反应。目前研究发现,艾地苯醌在一些神经退行性疾病,如阿尔茨海默病、弗里德共济失调等疾病的治疗中有一定神经保护作用,并可改善患者的症状,而对亨廷顿病的保护作用还存在一定争议。     

艾地苯醌对神经退行性疾病治疗的研究进展

神经退行性疾病是一组以中枢神经系统神经元渐进性功能障碍为特征的疾病,主要表现为认知及运动功能障碍。线粒体功能障碍与氧化应激是其重要的发病机制。艾地苯醌作为一种抗氧化剂,是能透过血脑屏障的线粒体靶向治疗药物,可改善线粒体能量代谢,减少氧化应激反应。目前研究发现,艾地苯醌在一些神经退行性疾病,如阿尔茨海默病、弗里德共济失调等疾病的治疗中有一定神经保护作用,并可改善患者的症状,而对亨廷顿病的保护作用还存在一定争议。     

Pin1在神经退行性疾病中的分子机制

Pin1（peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1）为脯氨酸肽酶异构酶的亚类,是一种催化蛋白质中磷酸化丝氨酸（苏氨酸）―脯氨酸基序之间的肽键异构化酶,具有调节蛋白质折叠、细胞内信号转导、转录、细胞凋亡等功能。Pin1在中枢和周围神经系统中广泛表达,可调节各种神经元发育、凋亡和突触活动。尽管有研究报道,Pin1与神经元底物相互作用影响特定的信号通路,但在神经元水平的生物学功能仍缺乏更全面的了解。此外,越来越多的证据表明,Pin1在衰老及与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病（包括阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、额颞痴呆、亨廷顿病和肌萎缩侧索硬化）中发挥着至关重要的作用,在这些疾病中,其介导了从神经保护到神经毒性的截然不同的作用。因此,进一步研究Pin1在神经元中的生物学功能,明确Pin1在年龄相关和神经退行性疾病中的分子机制,可为临床治疗相关疾病提供分子靶点。 [国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2023, 50(2): 67-70]     

辅酶Q10对神经退行性疾病治疗作用的研究进展

辅酶Q10(CoQ10)是人体的脂溶性抗氧化剂,参与线粒体呼吸链传递过程.目前,已有大量研究发现,CoQ10在多种疾病(如心脏病和慢性肾病等)中有一定的治疗或辅助治疗作用.在一些探讨神经退行性疾病发病机制的研究中,发现该类疾病与部分由线粒体功能障碍引起的氧化损伤有关.因此,近年来CoQ10在神经退行性疾病的治疗作用也受...     

外泌体在神经退行性疾病发病中的研究进展

外泌体是一种纳米级双层脂质囊泡,它通过主动分选机制包裹特定细胞内容物,包括多种特异性蛋白质、脂质和核酸,靶向作用于受体细胞,参与细胞间信息交流。研究发现,神经元及神经胶质细胞均可释放外泌体,并参与阿尔兹海默病、帕金森病、肌萎缩侧索硬化等神经系统疾病中细胞间物质传递及信息交流。     

氧化应激与神经退行性疾病

自由基氧化应激损伤学说是近年来研究的热点。对阿尔茨海默病(AD)、帕金森病(PD)、肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)和亨廷顿病(HD)等神经退行性疾病特定的遗传和环境因素的研究表明,自由基增多、脂质过氧化、钙稳态失调、细胞色素C释放,是氧化应激增强的主要原因,最终导致神经元凋亡/死亡的发生。氧化应激的增强可能是这些神经退行性疾病基础。随着对神经元凋亡/死亡机制的认识深入,氧化应激在这些疾病中的地位和作用也受到极大的关注。     

核因子-κB在神经退行性疾病中的研究进展

核因子-κB (nuclear factor-κB，NF—κB)由两个亚单元组成，均属于Rel家族蛋白。它在细胞内与NF-κB抑制蛋白(I-κB)结合呈非活性状态，当被神经生长因子(NGF)、β-淀粉样蛋白前体(βAPP)等刺激物激活后便与I-κB解离而转入核内与特定的启动子结合，从而调控基因表达。NF-κB不仅促进神经的发育与神经可塑性，还与神经细胞的凋亡有关，在脑卒中、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病中发挥着重要作用。     

The neuroprotective effects of caffeine in neurodegenerative diseases

Caffeine is the most widely used psychostimulant in Western countries, with antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic properties. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), caffeine is beneficial in both men and women, in humans and animals. Similar effects of caffeine were observed in men with Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the effect of caffeine in female PD patients is controversial due to caffeine's competition with estrogen for the estrogen‐metabolizing enzyme, CYP1A2. Studies conducted in animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) showed protective effects of A_2AR antagonism. A study found caffeine to be associated with earlier age of onset of Huntington's disease (HD) at intakes >190 mg/d, but studies in animal models have found equivocal results. Caffeine is protective in AD and PD at dosages equivalent to 3‐5 mg/kg. However, further research is needed to investigate the effects of caffeine on PD in women. As well, the effects of caffeine in ALS, HD and Machado‐Joseph disease need to be further investigated. Caffeine's most salient mechanisms of action relevant to neurodegenerative diseases need to be further explored.     

Autophagy and its neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases

It has been suggested that protein misfolding and aggregation contribute significantly to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.Misfolded and aggregated proteins are cleared by ubiquitin proteasomal system (UPS) and by both Micro and Macro autophagy lysosomal pathway (ALP).Autophagosomal dysfunction has been implicated in an increasing number of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases.Autophagy is a cellular self-eating process that plays an important role in neuroprotection as well as neuronal injury and death.While a decrease in autophagic activity interferes with protein degradation and possibly organelle turnover,increased autophagy has been shown to facilitate the clearance of aggregation-prone proteins and promote neuronal survival in a number of disease models.On the other hand,too much autophagic activity can be detrimental,suggesting the regulation of autophagy is critical in dictating cell fate.In this review paper,we will discuss various aspects of ALP biology and its dual functions in neuronal cell death and survival.We will also evaluate the role of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Finally,we will explore the therapeutic potential of autophagy modifiers in several neurodegenerative diseases.     

Klotho基因在神经变性病中的研究进展

Klotho(Kl)是一种衰老抑制基因,其对CNS有保护作用,与神经变性疾病如Alzheimer's病、帕金森病等具有明显的相关性.在Alzheimer's病中,Kl对抗β淀粉样物质对海马神经元造成的损害,细胞层面上能显著改善长时程记忆基础中的N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体结构功能和网络反应敏感性,分子层面上能调节硫氧还蛋...     

Research on neurodegenerative diseases using induced pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are derived from somatic cells. These somatic cells have had their gene expression experimentally reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell‐like pluripotent state, gaining the capacity to differentiate various cell types in the three embryonic germ layers. Thus, iPSC technology makes it possible to obtain neuronal cells from any human cells. iPSC can be generated from various kinds of somatic cells and from patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Disease modelling using iPSC technology would elucidate the pathogenesis of such diseases and contribute to related drug discoveries. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in iPSC technology as well as its potential applications.     

Neuroprotective effects of berry fruits on neurodegenerative diseases

Recent clinical research has demonstrated that berry fruits can prevent age-related neurodegenerative diseases and improve motor and cognitive functions. The berry fruits are also capable of modulating signaling pathways involved in inflammation, cell survival, neurotransmission and enhancing neuroplasticity. The neuroprotective effects of berry fruits on neurodegenerative diseases are related to phytochemicals such as anthocyanin, caffeic acid, catechin, quercetin, kaempferol and tannin. In this review, we made an attempt to clearly describe the beneficial effects of various types of berries as promising neuroprotective agents.     

Statins: Multiple neuroprotective mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases

Statins have been widely used for the treatment of a variety of conditions beyond their original role in lowering cholesterol. Since statins have relatively few side effects, they have been recognized as useful medicine to ameliorate neurodegenerative disorders. Current studies on the applications of statins have demonstrated their neuroprotective and clinical significance among neurodegenerative diseases like cerebral ischemic stroke, vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, though the neuroprotective mechanisms are not completely understood. This review will discuss recent development in the use of statins in slowing down the progression of these neurodegenerative diseases. It will summarize the potential mechanisms for statin-mediated neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases. In detail, this review discuss the roles of statins in lowering cholesterol, reducing reactive oxygen species, impairing β-amyloid production and serum apolipoprotein E levels, enhancing the levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cerebral blood flow, and modulating cognitive related receptors and matrix metalloproteases. Finally, different alterations of various receptors in brain regions following statin treatment and their correlations with cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease will also be reviewed, as well as the potential for therapy in ameliorating the progression of Parkinson's disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Interaction between repair, disease, & inflammation."     

胰高血糖素样肽1受体激动剂在神经保护方面的研究进展

近年来的研究发现,与糖尿病并发的多种神经系统疾病,可随着治疗糖尿病的胰高血糖素样肽1受体激动剂(GLP-1RA)的使用而得到改善,但其具体机制尚不完全清楚。天然的GLP-1是进食诱导刺激回肠和结肠的L细胞分泌的肠肽类激素,其可促进胰岛素的合成和分泌。为克服GLP-1半衰期短而开发的多种长效GLP-1RA已经在临床上广泛应用,如艾塞那肽、利拉鲁肽、阿必鲁肽、度拉糖肽等,这些药物表现出在控制血糖水平和体重上的优势。由于GLP-1受体广泛分布于胰腺、肺、脑、心脏、肾和胃肠等组织细胞膜上,因此GLP-1RA的作用不仅仅在治疗糖尿病方面。已有的报道表明,GLP-1RA还具有显著的神经、心血管、肾脏保护,以及抗呼吸道炎症和减脂等多种作用。GLP-1受体在脑中亦有广泛分布,且GLP-1RA可有效通过脑血管屏障。GLP-1RA与相应受体结合,可激活PKA、PI3K/AKT、ERK、MEK等多个激酶信号通路,调节神经递质传递,这可能是GLP-1RA实现抗炎、减少氧化应激、抑制凋亡、减少DNA损伤、神经细胞修复,最终达到神经保护的途径。该文结合基础及临床研究,对GLP-1RA在缺血性脑卒中、认知功能障碍、...     

NA干扰及其在神经变性性疾病研究中的应用

RNA干扰 (RNAi)是指生物体内利用具有同源性的双链RNA(dsRNA)诱发序列特异的转录后基因沉默(PTGS)的现象 ,它可以通过抑制蛋白表达模拟基因敲除技术。RNAi主要通过dsRNA被核酸酶Dicer切割成 2 1～ 2 5nt的小干扰RNA(siRNA) ,由siRNA介导识别并靶向切割同源mRNA分子而实现。随着研究的不断深入 ,RNAi的作用机制将逐步被阐明 ,其技术也将日趋完善和成熟 ,并将得到广泛的应用。本文就RNAi技术的研究进展及其在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等神经变性性疾病研究中的应用作一综述     

蛋白酶体在信号转导和神经退行性疾病中的作用

哺乳动物细胞内有两条蛋白降解途径：泛素-蛋白酶体通路和自噬-溶酶体通路。蛋白酶体由多种蛋白亚单位组成,在降解细胞短寿命蛋白中有重要作用。近来的研究发现蛋白酶体降解系统在细胞信号转导和细胞功能中有重要作用。蛋白酶体功能障碍或失调可能参与某些神经退行性疾病的致病机制。本文综述蛋白酶体在细胞信号转导中的生物学功能和在神经退行性疾病中的可能作用。     

Astrocytes: a double-edged sword in neurodegenerative diseases

Astrocytes play multifaceted and vital roles in maintaining neurophysiological function of the central nervous system by regulating homeostasis, increasing synaptic plasticity, and sustaining neuroprotective effects. Astrocytes become activated as a result of inflammatory responses during the progression of pathological changes associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Reactive astrocytes(neurotoxic A1 and neuroprotective A2) are triggered during disease progression and pathogenesis due to neuroinflammation and ischemia. However, only a limited body of literature describes morphological and functional changes of astrocytes during the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review investigated the detrimental and beneficial roles of astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases reported in recent studies, as these cells have promising therapeutic potential and offer new approaches for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.