跨膝关节后纵隔入路的建立及临床应用

目的 探讨跨膝关节后纵隔入路（ATS）的建立方法及临床应用效果。方法 10具新鲜防腐膝关节标本进行后纵隔的大体解剖,65例行后室关节镜镜下观察,包括类风湿关节炎、色素绒毛结节性滑膜炎、骨性关节炎、后室游离体或异物、后交叉韧带（PCL）损伤或撕脱骨折、半月板后角损伤、不明原因关节肿痛积液、剥脱性骨软骨炎、化脓性关节炎、痛风。2002年1月—2005年6月,我们共采用ATS入路进行关节镜检查和治疗22例。先建立前外侧入路,关节镜监视下建立后外侧入路。同法建立前内侧与后内侧入路。把关节镜置于后内侧入路,从前内侧入路进入刨刀逐步刨除PCL表面的滑膜组织,再把关节镜置于前内侧入路,从后内侧入路引入钝头转换棒,指向PCL后缘中份处的后纵隔,向外侧轻柔地推顶后纵隔。把关节镜置于后外侧入路,镜视下引导穿出钝头转换棒建立ATS。结果后纵隔位于膝关节后室正中,在矢状面上呈幕布状,在横断面上呈三明治样结构。关节镜下见后纵隔表面被覆盖滑膜组织。22例均成功建立ATS入路,占同期膝关节后室治疗的34％（22／65）。行膝关节后室滑膜切除术7例,游离体取出6例,PCL重建术4例,PCL撕脱骨折复位固定2例。骨性关节炎6例中,分别行镜下软骨成形、炎性滑膜切除、半月板成形术。所有病例均未发生血管神经损伤。所有病例临床随访4～45个月,平均20个月,9例患者仍有轻微疼痛或关节肿胀,2例患者疼痛剧烈,已推荐行全膝关节置换术,其余11例患者未见关节肿痛症状复发。结论 ATS入路在镜下视野无盲区,能够跨后纵隔进行手术操作,是一种安全有效诊治膝关节后室疾病的方法。从内侧向外侧建立ATS比较可靠,后交叉韧带可以作为建立ATS时的内标志物。     

Posterior “back and forth” approach in arthroscopic surgery on the posterior knee compartments

We report the feasibility, indications, and usefulness of an arthroscopic approach to the posterior knee compartments. We developed an arthroscopic approach to the posterior knee compartment involving use of a posteromedial portal and a posterolateral portal opposite each other. Each posterior portal is used in alternation for the arthroscope and instruments. The posterior portals are established using an original “back and forth” technique. The feasibility of the technique was evaluated on a cadaver. It allowed us to define safety rules to protect the vessels and nerves that course through the popliteal fossa. The approach provided a broader field of view compared with classical techniques. After removal of the septum dividing the posterior compartment, the synovial fold enclosing the posterior cruciate ligament and lining the upper and posterior parts of the posterior capsule was readily accessed, suggesting that this approach may be particularly valuable for total synovectomy. This was confirmed in 6 patients with villonodular synovitis, in whom the new approach was used in combination with arthroscopic anterior synovectomy. This technique allows removal of parts of the synovium that are difficult to access through conventional arthroscopic approaches. For total synovectomy, it can be used as an alternative to open posterior synovectomy, in combination with arthroscopic anterior synovectomy.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 19, No 3 (March), 2003: pp 321–325     

Arthroscopic Posterior Cruciate Ligament Augmentation Using an Autogenous Hamstring Tendon Graft and the Posterior-Posterior Triangulation Technique

We describe a modification of the currently practiced arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction techniques. We augmented the injured PCL with quadrupled autogenous hamstring tendon grafts using the arthroscopic posterior-posterior triangulation method and a single-incision transtibial approach. The tibial drill guide was introduced through the anteromedial portal and positioned onto the fossa for the PCL on the tibia under arthroscopic guidance from the posterolateral portal. The femoral tunnel was made 10 mm posterior to the articular cartilage of the medial femoral condyle by use of the anterior cruciate ligament Beath pin (Arthrex, Naples, FL) introduced through the far-inferior anterolateral portal. The tendon graft was positioned in the knee joint by use of the tibial and femoral double-folded silk loops that traversed the bony tunnels. The graft was fixed by use of bioabsorbable Intrafix screw systems (DePuy Mitek, Raynham, MA) at both the ends. The arthroscopic posterior-posterior triangulation method provides adequate exposure of the posterior knee compartment; this allows for convenient instrumentation and safe and accurate placement of the bony tunnels with preservation of the PCL remnants. We believe that retention of the remnant PCL fibers is biologic and contributes to earlier healing and strengthening of the tendon graft.     

Arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the posterior trans-septal portal

We describe an arthroscopic technique for the reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), while preserving the remnant bundle of the original PCL and meniscofemoral ligament, using the posterior trans-septal portal. The posterior trans-septal portal provides an excellent visualization of the PCL tibial attachment and an easy access to the tibial tunnel without injuring any neurovascular structure. The remnant bundle of the original PCL and meniscofemoral ligament, which significantly contributes to the posterior stability of the knee joint, are preserved to be healed with a graft and subsequently form an integrated structure. We report a new arthroscopic technique for an effective reconstruction of the PCL, using the posterior trans-septal portal.     

Arthroscopic excision of the ganglion in the posterior septum by posterior trans-septal portal: report of two cases

We report two cases of ganglion cysts in the posterior septum of the knee joint, one as parameniscal cyst from the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus extending to posterior septum, and the other as a cyst located in the posterior septum adjacent to the posterior cruciate ligament, which were both arthroscopically excised expediently by posterior trans-septal portal. The posterior compartment of the knee is not readily accessible by ordinary arthroscopic portals, and therefore has been considered as ‘blind spot’ conventionally. The posterior trans-septal portal is useful for assorted diagnostic or manipulative procedures in the posterior compartment of the knee.     

Arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament repair

Purpose: We present our technique of arthroscopic repair for femoral avulsion soft-tissue tears of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and its results. Type of Study:Case series, retrospective review. Methods: We performed 13 arthroscopic repairs of the PCL and reviewed them retrospectively. Follow-up was available for 11 (85%) patients. Nonabsorbable monofilament sutures were placed through the loose fibers of the ligament and tied over a bone bridge. Patients were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging, comparative stress views, and according to the scoring systems of Lysholm and Gillquist and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC). Results: Mean follow-up was 51.4 months. IKDC scores revealed 4 (36.4%) patients with normal knee function, and 7 (63.6%) with nearly normal function. Average Lysholm and Gillquist score was 95.4 (90 to 100). All athletes returned to the same or a higher level of competition. Conclusions: Arthroscopic repair of the PCL in patients with a femoral avulsion is effective in reducing postoperative instability and improving functional outcome.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 7 (September), 2002: pp 695–702     

Kombinierte Verletzung des Innen- und Außenmeniskus und des vorderen Kreuzbandes

THE PROBLEM: Combined injury of the medial and lateral meniscus and the anterior cruciate ligament. THE SOLUTION: One-stage arthroscopic treatment of all injuries. Repair of the bucket-handle tears with sutures and arrow-shaped implants. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Arthroscopy of the knee joint, repositioning of the buckethandle tears of the medial and lateral menisci. Evaluation of the stability of the menisci without sutures, insertion of horizontal and vertical sutures through the menisci in inside-out technique, refixation of the posterior horns with arrow-shaped meniscus implants. Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with a patellar tendon transplant. Knotting of the suture loops through the menisci directly onto the capsule. RESULT: Stable knee joint capable of load bearing and without signs of irritation after 12 weeks with a range of motion of 0/0/130 degrees. Slight muscle deficit in the right thigh.     

A new guide system for posteromedial portal in arthroscopic knee surgery

A view through the posteromedial portal is necessary to observe the posterior portion of the knee joint such as the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) or the posterior horn of the medial meniscus, which is barely, visible through anterior portals. Especially in arthroscopic PCL reconstruction, the arthroscopic view through the posteromedial portal is indispensable for boring a tibial bone tunnel that is correctly sited. However, it is difficult to create this portal safely without cartilaginous or meniscal damage. We have produced new guidelines to facilitate the process of creating the posteromedial portal even by inexperienced hands. With a cannulated K-wire and a cannulated rod with sharp teeth, the joint capsule of the posteromedial corner can be penetrated safely with or without viewing the posteromedial corner through the anterolateral portal. Based on our experience of using this guide system, we believe it will be a great help to many orthopaedic surgeons in performing various types of arthroscopic surgery, not only for PCL reconstruction but also for arthroscopic synovectomy. Received: 21 August 1997     

A new arthroscopic technique for revision of the posterior compartment in symptomatic total knee arthroplasty

Arthroscopy is effective in treating the symptomatic knee following total knee arthroplasty. A small number of patients complain about postoperative pain in the posterior compartment. Loose bodies and degenerated remnants of the menisci are the main reasons for this pain. We present a new technique for diagnostic and therapeutic arthroscopy of the posterior compartments in patients with symptomatic total knee arthroplasty. After standard anterior arthroscopy, a wide circular notchplasty is performed to allow easy access to the posterior lateral compartment of the knee joint and to apply a posterolateral working portal under direct arthroscopic control. If inspection of the posteromedial compartment is necessary, the loose tissue behind the posterior cruciate ligament is resected to gain access to the posteromedial compartment.     

Arthroscopic suture fixation for bony avulsion of the posterior cruciate ligament

We describe a new arthroscopic technique for suture fixation of a posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fracture from the tibia. This technique is indicated when the size of the avulsed fragment is small and fixation with a screw or pins is inadequate. Three portals are used: a parapatellar anteromedial portal, a high posteromedial portal, and a posterolateral portal. Using a PCL tibial guide, 2 bone tunnels are made from the anterior cortex of the tibia to the medial and lateral border of the avulsed site. One or 2 strands of 23-gauge wire or multiple nonabsorbable sutures are used for fixation through the tunnels. If the bony fragment is small or comminuted, fixation with wires or sutures leads to rigid fixation and early rehabilitation.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 7 (September), 2001: pp 776–780     

Posterior arthroscopic approach to the ankle

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to verify the safety of a new technique for a posterior arthroscopic approach to the ankle. This technique was recently described in literature. The technique uses a modified posteromedial portal, a different way of introducing the instruments into the portal, and the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) as a landmark to work in the posterior compartment. Type of Study: Anatomic study. Methods: The technique was performed on 10 (4 fresh and 6 fresh-frozen) below-knee amputation specimens, which were then dissected. The instruments were left in place, and anatomic dissections were performed to determine the relationship to the surrounding neurovascular structures. Then the instruments were removed, and the distance of the neurovascular structures from the posteromedial portal was recorded. Another medial portal, 1 cm more proximal, was also created to measure the distance of this latter portal from the nervous structures. Results: None of the anatomic dissections showed injuries to the neurovascular bundle either during penetration of the instruments or during procedures in the posterior compartment laterally to the tendon of the FHL. This latter is the landmark to prevent damage to the more medially located nerves and vessels. The new posteromedial portal is located, on average, 13.3 mm (range, 11 to 17 mm) from the posterior tibial nerve, 14.7 mm (range, 8 to 20) from the calcaneal branch (which may be single or multiple, and may vary as needed the height of bifurcation from the posterior tibial nerve), and 17.3 mm (range, 15 to 21 mm) from the posterior tibial artery. A posteromedial portal located 1 cm more proximally is on average 2.9 mm closer to the nervous structures. Conclusions: Based on these anatomic data, there appears to be relatively little risk to the surrounding neurovascular structures with this new technique. Therefore, this technique appears to be relatively safe in the treatment of intra-articular and extra-articular pathology.     

Arthroscopic approach to the posterior compartment of the knee using a posterior transseptal portal

Arthroscopic surgery of the posterior compartment of the knee is difficult when only two anterior portals are used for access because of the inaccessibility of the back of the knee. Since its introduction, the posterior transseptal portal has been widely employed to access lesions in the posterior compartment. However, special care should be taken to avoid neurovascular injuries around the posteromedial, posterolateral, and transseptal portals. Most importantly, popliteal vessel injury should be avoided when creating and using the transseptal portal during surgery. Purpose of the present study is to describe how to avoid the neurovascular injuries during establishing the posterior three portals and to introduce our safer technique to create the transseptal portal. To date, we have performed arthroscopic surgeries via the transseptal portal in the posterior compartments of 161 knees and have not encountered nerve or vascular injury. In our procedure, the posterior septum is perforated with a 1.5-3.0-mm Kirschner wire that is protected by a sheath inserted from the posterolateral portal and monitored from the posteromedial portal to avoid popliteal vessel injury.     

Arthroscopic Fixation of Avulsion of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament From Femoral Insertion

Femoral avulsion of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is not common, especially in adults. We present a case and an arthroscopic repair technique using 4 transfemoral tunnels; 2 anterior tunnels for fixation of the anterior bundle of the PCL and 2 posterior for the posterior bundle. Our case was that of a femoral avulsion of the PCL associated with tibial avulsion of the anterior cruciate ligament and femoral avulsion of the medial collateral ligament of the left knee in an adult. We repaired the tibial avulsion of anterior cruciate ligament using an arthroscopic transtibial suture technique and the femoral avulsion of the medial collateral ligament by using staple fixation.     

Anatomic double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendons

Recent biomechanical studies have shown that an anatomic double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction is superior in restoring normal knee laxity compared with the conventional single-bundle isometric reconstruction. We describe a modification of an endoscopic PCL reconstruction technique using a double-bundle Y-shaped hamstring tendon graft. A double- or triple-bundle semitendinosus-gracilis tendon graft is used and directly fixed with soft threaded biodegradable interference screws. In the medial femoral condyle, 2 femoral tunnels are created inside-out through a low anterolateral arthroscopic portal. First, in 80° of flexion, the double-stranded gracilis graft is fixed with an interference screw inside the lower femoral socket, representing the insertion site of the posteromedial bundle. In full extension the combined semitendinosus-gracilis graft is pretensioned and fixed inside the posterior aspect of the single tibial tunnel. The double- or triple-stranded semitendinosus tendon is inserted in the higher femoral tunnel, presenting the insertion site of the anterolateral bundle. Finally, pretension is applied to the semitendinosus bundle in 70° of flexion and a third screw is inserted. Using this technique, the stronger semitendinosus part of the double-bundle graft, which mimics the anterolateral bundle of the PCL, is fixed in flexion, whereas the smaller gracilis tendon part (posteromedial bundle) is fixed in full extension. Thus, a fully arthroscopic anatomic PCL reconstruction technique is available that may better restore normal knee kinematics as compared to the single-stranded isometric reconstruction.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 1 (January), 2001: pp 88–97     

Stress radiography for quantifying posterior cruciate ligament deficiency

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different stress radiography techniques in quantifying a posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) lesion. Type of Study: Prospective serial study. Methods: Sixty patients with subacute or chronic PCL injuries, confirmed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or arthroscopic evaluation, were enrolled in this study. The patients underwent a KT-2000 (Medmetric, San Diego, CA) examination and a series of stress radiographs that included a radiographic posterior drawer test with Telos (Telos, Weterstadt, Germany) at 90° and 25° of knee flexion, an active radiograph at 90° of knee flexion, and an axial view radiograph. Results: Stress radiography performed with Telos showed an average posterior tibial displacement of 11.54 ± 4.93 mm and 7.97 ± 3.16 mm at 90° and 25°, respectively. The active radiographs showed an average posterior tibial displacement of 11.48 ± 5.14 mm. Conclusions: Stress radiographs were shown to be superior to arthrometric evaluation in quantifying posterior tibial translation. The techniques performed with the knee at 90° of knee flexion allowed for greater posterior tibial displacement and, consequently, an easier quantification of the degree of ligament insufficiency. Stress radiographs performed through hamstring contraction gave the same results as those performed with Telos at 90° of knee flexion.     

Arthroscopic reduction of posterior cruciate ligament tibial avulsion fracture using two cross-linked pull-out sutures: A surgical technique and case series

Surgical treatment of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tibial avulsion fracture is challenging due to the deep-seated location of the lesion with complex adjacent anatomy and usually with small-sized bone fragment. We introduce a novel arthroscopic reduction technique using two cross-linked pull-out sutures (2XLPOS) through triple bone tunnels in posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tibial avulsion fracture.Posterior trans-septal portal was established following the four standard arthroscopic portals. Bilateral margins of the PCL with 1～2?mm margin from the border were penetrated using suture hook. Fiberwire sling tied with a No. 0 PDS knot was introduced anterior to the PCL by the two posteriorly pulled shuttle sutures. Three bone tunnels were drilled in the inferomedial, inferolateral, and apex edge of the avulsed tibial crater. Each end of the Fiberwire was drawn out through the inferomedial and inferolateral bone tunnel, respectively. Two ends of the No. 0 PDS were drawn out through the apex tunnel by the same manner. Fiberwire was tied on the anteromedial aspect of the proximal tibia with one strand of the No. 0 PDS placed underneath the Fiberwire knot. And, the No. 0 PDS loop was tied to complete cross-linking of pull-out construct.Arthroscopic reduction of PCL tibial insertion avulsion fracture using 2XLPOS technique was performed in eleven patients. Mean range of motion at the first postoperative year was 126.8°. Mean Lysholm score, Tegner activity scale, and IKDC was 69.2, 4.2, and 58.1, respectively. Posterior instability decreased from mean 12.6?mm preoperatively to 3.2?mm at 1-year postoperative follow up. Radiographic union of the fracture site was confirmed in 11 cases. Our new surgical technique yielded good clinical and radiological outcome, and we consider it is unique in utilizing two cross-linked sling type pull-out suture constructs and triple bone tunnels for their passage.     

Bilateral Discoid Medial Menisci

Summary: This article adds 2 more cases of bilateral discoid medial menisci to the previously reported 9 cases. The radiographs of the first case revealed bilateral cupping of the medial tibial plateaus and a small lytic lesion of the left distal medial femoral metaphysis. Beside the posteriorly unstable incomplete type discoid medial meniscus, the left knee had several associated arthroscopic findings: depression of the medial tibial plateau with exposed subchondral bone, anomalous insertion of the anterior horn of the discoid meniscus to the anterior cruciate ligament, a pathological medial plica, and longitudinal deep fissures in the trochlea. The second case was a complete type with peripheral horizontal cleavage tears. Following arthroscopic surgery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the contralateral knees were obtained in both cases to search for bilaterality. MRI revealed discoid medial menisci in the unoperated knees as well. The short-term results of arthroscopic meniscectomy may not be as satisfactory as those reported for normal menisci.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 16, No 1 (January-February), 2000: pp 96–101     

全镜下后正中入路固定后交叉韧带下止点撕脱骨折的临床研究

目的介绍全关节镜下采用附加后正中入路及交换棒技术治疗后交叉韧带下止点撕脱骨折的手术方法。方法 2008年1月至2009年10月,采用后正中入路交换棒技术治疗后交叉韧带下止点撕脱骨折12例,于关节镜下常规探查后,通过后内、后外入路将骨块修整、新鲜化后,附加后正中入路,并采用切口平移与交换棒技术,通过交换棒及套管将加压螺钉导入并直接垂直加压复位固定骨折块,固定方法与切开复位完全相同。术后在改良支具保护下早期开始康复训练。结果本组患者术后显示骨折解剖复位、愈合良好,固定螺钉位置与骨折线垂直。术后4例失访,8例得到随访,时间为6～12个月。术后2周内膝关节屈曲可达90°,术后4周伸屈恢复正常,术后6周行走正常。术后无血管、神经并发症发生,平均3个月骨折愈合。Lysholm评分中位数97.9分,IKDC评分7/8例达到正常水平;KT2000检测中位数0.83mm。8例患者均恢复术前运动水平。结论膝后正中入路与交换棒技术,能直接对后交叉韧带下止点撕脱骨折复位、硬固定,不需直视下操作,不需打骨道,骨块固定稳固,达到了切开直视下骨折直接复位固定的效果,手术快捷,利于术后早期康复锻炼。     

Arthroscopic double-bundled posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadriceps tendon–patellar bone autograft

Summary: An arthroscopic technique for double-bundled reconstruction for posterior cruciate ligament with quadriceps tendon–patellar bone autograft is presented. Anterolateral and posteromedial tunnels were created to simulate and reproduce the double-bundle structure of the posterior cruciate ligament. The bone plug is situated at the tibial tunnel and fixed by a titanium interference screw. Each of the bundles of tendon graft is rigidly fixed at the femoral tunnel with a bioabsorbable screw.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related surgery, Vol 16, No 7 (October), 2000: pp 780–782