子宫内膜双极多探针射频消融的有限元分析

目的运用有限元方法模拟子宫内膜射频消融过程中的温度场分布,为提高子宫内膜射频消融术的安全性和治疗效果提供理论依据。方法以三种常见大小的子宫腔为研究对象,根据生物热方程建立了子宫内膜的射频消融有限元模型,分析射频消融过程中靶向组织的最高温度、最低温度的变化,以及损伤面积和深度随子宫大小和射频电压（功率）不同产生的变化。结果电压不变、子宫尺寸变大时,最高温度变化较小,最低温度变小,损伤面增加但深度减小。子宫腔尺寸不变,功率变大时,最高温度增大,最低温度变化较小,损伤面积增加,深度增大。结论子宫内膜射频消融手术中同时考虑子宫腔大小和射频电压具有临床参考价值。     

探讨影响微波消融治疗大肝癌临床疗效的相关因素

目的：本文主要探讨影响微波消融治疗大肝癌临床疗效的相关因素。方法在我院2013年1月~2014年6月所收治的使用微波消融治疗的大肝癌患者中选取60例作为此次观察对象,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析,探讨微波消融治疗大肝癌的效果以及影响治疗效果的主要因素。结果使用微波消融治疗后,肿瘤完全消融率为78.3%。结论对于大肝癌患者而言,使用微波消融进行治疗,具有很好的治疗效果,而治疗过程中,患者的肿瘤具体位置、直径、甲胎蛋白等都会在不同程度上影响大肝癌患者使用微波消融治疗的效果。     

肝癌的射频消融治疗进展

目的：探讨射频消融在肝癌治疗中的治疗进展。方法：查阅相关中外文献,对射频消融治疗肝癌的效果进行综述。结果：射频消融治疗肝癌疗效确切、微创小,发展迅速。射频消融联合其他治疗进一步扩大了治疗范围,提高了治疗效果。结论：射频消融是治疗手术不能切除的肝癌的理想方法。     

肿瘤冷冻消融术的作用机理及应用

冷冻消融术是一种肿瘤微创治疗手段。该技术借助冷媒(例如氮气和氦气)进行反复冻融循环,通过冰晶损伤、微循环损伤、细胞凋亡和免疫效应等机理,对肿瘤细胞和组织造成损害。近年来,冷冻消融技术以其侵入性小、靶向性高、能实现术中可视化监测等优点,被广泛应用于许多类型肿瘤的治疗中,然而冷冻消融技术还面临着会引起多种并发症、冷冻边界难以控制等诸多难题。综述冷冻消融的作用机理、技术特点、应用现状、主要优缺点及发展趋势,讨论如何通过优化冻融方案、联合免疫疗法等来改善冷冻消融并发症,并对实现大尺寸肿瘤的完全消融所面临的挑战进行展望和总结。     

超声引导下微波消融治疗肝癌的疗效

目的：本文主要探讨超声引导下微波消融治疗肝癌的临床效果。方法在我院2013年1月~2014年6月所收治的肝癌患者中选取60例作为此次观察对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,对照组患者采用手术切除进行治疗,观察组患者在超声引导下进行微波消融治疗,比较两组患者的治疗效果。结果观察组患者的肿瘤完全消融率为90.0%,对照组患者的肿瘤完全消融率为66.7%,观察组患者的肿瘤完全消融率明显高于对照组患者,<0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论对于肝癌患者而言,使用微波消融治疗和手术切除治疗都具有良好的治疗效果,但是相对而言,微波消融治疗的效果更好,肿瘤完全消融率更高,具有一定的应用价值和治疗优势,值得大力推广使用。     

肩关节软组织低温等离子射频消融电极的材料改进

低温等离子射频治疗为肩关节疾病常用的微创治疗方法。在临床中,低温等离子射频消融电极常发生电极片脱落故障。为了提高消融电极的安全性和使用性能,本研究针对一款用于肩关节软组织低温等离子消融电极电极片进行材料改进,并对改进后的钨材料电极片的金相组织、粘附组织成分、尺寸变化、力学性能进行分析。结果表明,高熔点的钨材料在该电极中的使用性能优于钛,且有效降低手术中电极片脱落的风险,为临床使用和企业生产提供了有力参考。     

基于CT的兔肺肿瘤微波消融的温度场研究

目的探索基于三维重建肺肿瘤的微波消融仿真方法,为个性化手术规划模型提供理论基础。方法首先利用Mimics三维重建软件将荷瘤兔CT图像重建成三维数字化模型,同时在COMSOL仿真软件中构建了微波天线模型和理想化肺模型,组成微波消融仿真几何模型。然后采用有限元仿真方法,固定消融功率为30W,设置组织热物性参数及边界条件计算肿瘤组织和肺组织温度场分布,分析得出合适的消融参数。结果成功建立了13.63 mm×11.31 mm的椭球状肺肿瘤的三维模型。基于电磁场与温度场的计算,可以得到肿瘤温度场和肺组织温度场的分布。在使用消融功率30 W/消融时间300 s时,可以使其温度场完全覆盖兔肺肿瘤并预留出安全的消融边界。结论根据个性化肿瘤CT可成功建立其三维肿瘤模型,应用于仿真研究之中可以从肿瘤组织和肺组织温度场分布得到合适的消融参数,该法对降低微波消融肺肿瘤手术难度、改善微波消融肺肿瘤手术效果有着重要意义。     

不可逆电穿孔在肿瘤消融中的应用进展

肿瘤是威胁人类健康的主要杀手之一,临床上除了手术、放疗、化疗三大常规治疗之外,肿瘤微创消融技术越来越受到临床青睐,它以缩短住院时间、对患者身体损伤小等优点成为肿瘤治疗的新手段之一,尤其以微波、射频、冷冻消融为主的温度消融已逐渐在临床上广泛应用,但由于其对组织无选择性,导致肿瘤靠近大血管、胆管、尿道、神经等重要组织时成为消融禁区,随着临床研究发展,开始应用新的非热消融肿瘤技术——不可逆电穿孔(IRE)。本文在简要阐述不可逆电穿孔的发展历程后,主要从不可逆电穿孔原理装置、动物实验、临床应用以及与其他温度消融疗效的比较,得出不可逆电穿孔在临床消融肿瘤中的不可或缺性,最后分析不可逆电穿孔在临床应用过程中存在的问题,提出解决方案以及未来的发展方向。     

人工胸水辅助超声引导下射频消融治疗肝肿瘤的初步研究

目的探讨人工胸水辅助下冷循环射频消融治疗位于膈面肝脏肿瘤的可行性与安全性。方法2005年1月至7月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院接受射频消融治疗方法的9例患者，均为男性，平均年龄53．2岁（25～83岁）；Chdd—Pugh分级均为A级，肿瘤位于肝Ⅳ段1例，肝Ⅶ段6例，肝Ⅷ段2例。采用人工胸水的方法，以显露肿瘤全貌，然后进行超声引导下冷循环射频消融治疗。结果人工胸水后，射频消融治疗均顺利完成，没有发生与手术相关的死亡。手术后8例患者存活，1例患者死亡。结论人工胸水辅助超声引导下射频消融是治疗肝脏肿瘤的．一种安全方法，有助于拓展射频消融治疗的适应证。     

多极射频消融系统的研究

多极射频消融作为一种有效的抗癌手段，因其适应症广，疗效好，安全方便而成为目前较具前景的肿瘤治疗方法，本文介绍了一种基于射频原位灭活技术的智能化多极射频肿瘤治疗系统的研制。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.