超声内镜辅助内镜治疗源于胃固有肌层间质瘤的价值探讨

目的探讨超声内镜辅助内镜下治疗源于胃固有肌层间质瘤的价值及安全性。方法收集本院所有内镜下治疗黏膜下肿瘤的患者资料,筛选出2010年12月至2013年10月33例经病理证实为源于胃固有肌层的间质瘤,详细记录临床病理表现、超声所见、内镜切除的方法、并发症发生率以及术后随访资料。结果 33例患者其中22例接受内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD),11例接受内镜下全层切除术(EFR)。其中ESD治疗中有5例穿孔,气胸1例,均内镜下处理以及保守治疗后好转。2例EFR患者因穿孔大转行腹腔镜手术治疗。33例患者术后均接受了3~36月随访,无局部复发以及远处转移。结论超声内镜辅助内镜下治疗源于固有肌层胃间质瘤是安全、有效的。     

EFR治疗胃固有肌层肿物25例

目的探讨内镜全层切除术(EFR)治疗源于固有肌层的胃黏膜下肿物(SMT)的疗效和安全性。方法 25例于2011年1月至2013年9月于我院接受EFR治疗的胃SMT患者纳入研究,肿瘤经EUS和增强CT检查诊断为来源于固有肌层。对其治疗结果、并发症发生情况、近期随访结果等进行回顾性分析。结果 25例均完整切除病灶,病灶长径1.0~5.5 cm,黏膜切开至黏膜切口完整缝合时间为60~180 min,使用止血夹5~30枚,住院天数3~9 d,医疗费用8 000~20 000元。术后病理诊断间质瘤22例,平滑肌瘤2例,神经鞘瘤1例,切缘均为阴性。术后无出血,1例出现腹膜炎。出院后3个月内镜复查未见病变残留、复发。结论 EFR治疗来源于固有肌层的胃SMT安全、有效,可成为胃SMT的治疗选择。     

双孔道内镜全层切除法在治疗胃固有肌层肿瘤中的应用

近年来,在内镜黏膜下剥离术和自然腔道手术发展的基础上,对于起源于固有肌层突向浆膜下生长并与浆膜层紧密粘连的消化道黏膜下肿瘤( submucosal tumor,SMT),提出了内镜下全层切除术(endoscopic full-thick resection,EFR)的概念.我们采用双孔道内镜运用抓取后圈套( grasp-and-snare)技术全层切除法治疗胃固有肌层肿瘤,疗效满意,报道如下.     

内镜黏膜下挖除术治疗胃固有肌层问质瘤

目的探讨内镜黏膜下挖除术（endoscopicsub—mucosalexcavation,ESE）治疗胃固有肌层间质瘤的疗效和安全性。方法对内镜超声（EUS）发现的源于胃固有肌层的黏膜下肿瘤（submucosaltumor,SMT）行ESE治疗：黏膜下注射生理盐水抬高病变,切开病变周围黏膜,剥离病变周围组织,完整切除病变。结果17例源于胃固有肌层的黏膜下肿瘤均成功挖除,2例ESE治疗中发生穿孔．应用金属止血夹成功夹闭。术后病理诊断为间质瘤,其中胃底8例,胃体8例,胃窦1例。病变最大直径0．7～4,3（平均1．5）cm。全组未出现ESE术后出血,随访2～30个月,恢复良好,未出现复发或转移。结论ESE治疗小的胃固有肌层间质瘤安全、有效,能一次性完整切除病变,提供完整的病理诊断资料。且术后恢复快。     

微探头超声内镜指导内镜下剥离联合圈套结扎治疗上消化道固有肌层肿瘤的初探

目的探讨微探头超声内镜指导内镜下剥离联合圈套结扎治疗来源于上消化道固有肌层黏膜下肿瘤（SMT）的疗效和安全性。方法对内镜发现的上消化道SMT行EUS,对其中来源于固有肌层的SMT行圈套结扎后应用针形切开刀行对应内镜下剥离治疗：内镜下圈套结扎病变;预切开病变表面中央的黏膜;剥离黏膜下层组织显露病变,完整切除病变。结果来源于上消化道固有肌层的SMT共13例,术后病理诊断为食管平滑肌瘤2例,胃平滑肌瘤3例,胃间质瘤7例,胃血管球瘤1例。病变直径0．8～1．5cm,平均1．2cm。13例病变均一次性完整切除,其中1例术后出现消化道穿孔,应用金属夹成功封闭,未转外科手术。结论微探头超声内镜指导内镜下剥离联合圈套结扎治疗来源于上消化道固有肌层直径≤1．5cm的SMT是安全、有效的,可完整切除病变,提供完整的病理学诊断资料,可达到与外科手术同样的治疗效果。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗胃固有肌层肿瘤的疗效和安全性

目的 探索内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗胃固有肌层肿瘤的可行性、疗效及安全性.方法 对胃镜发现并由超声内镜和CT证实的胃固有肌层来源的肿瘤行内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗,若出现穿孔或难以完整切除的情况则给予腹腔镜介入治疗.结果 共对20例患者成功进行内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗,操作时间40～ 120 min,平均74.8 min.切除肿瘤的最大直径1.5 ～3.5 cm,平均2.6 cm.其中3例因出现较大穿孔而需腹腔镜介入进行全层切除.所有患者均无严重并发症.术后病理诊断17例为间质瘤,3例为平滑肌瘤.结论 内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗胃固有肌层肿瘤是安全有效的方法;部分肿瘤的完整切除需要腹腔镜的帮助.     

经黏膜下隧道内镜肿瘤切除术治疗源于固有肌层的上消化道黏膜下肿瘤初探

目的探讨经黏膜下隧道内镜肿瘤切除术（STER）治疗来源于上消化道固有肌层黏膜下肿瘤（SMTs）的疗效和安全性。方法对26例经超声内镜和CT诊断为来源于固有肌层的上消化道SMTs患者全麻下行STER治疗：（1）内镜寻找到肿瘤,并准确定位;（2）建立黏膜下隧道,显露肿瘤;（3）内镜直视下完整切除肿瘤;（4）缝合黏膜切口。结果来源于固有肌层的上消化道SMTs患者26例中,食管14例,贲门7例,胃5例。来源于固有肌层浅层者11例,深层者15例,其中2例胃SMTs与浆膜层粘连,密不可分。STER成功切除所有黏膜下肿瘤,完整切除率100％,切除病变直径1．0～3．2cm（平均1．9cm）。黏膜切开至黏膜切口完整缝合时间25～145min,平均68．5min;完整缝合创面所用金属夹4—6枚,平均5枚。术后病理诊断为平滑肌瘤17例,间质瘤7例,血管球瘤1例,神经鞘膜瘤1例;切缘均为阴性。发生皮下气肿2例,左侧气胸伴皮下气肿1例,气腹2例,均予保守治疗痊愈。术后无一例出现迟发性消化道出血、消化道漏和胸腔腹腔继发感染,无一例发生黏膜下隧道内积血积液和继发感染。随访3～9个月,无一例病变残留或复发。结论STER治疗来源于固有肌层的上消化道SMTs安全、有效,可以一次性完整切除病变,提供完整的病理学诊断资料,并可避免消化道漏和胸腔腹腔继发感染。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道固有肌层肿瘤

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗来源于消化道固有肌层黏膜下肿瘤(SMT)的疗效和安全性.方法 对内镜发现的消化道SMT进行超声检查,对来源于固有肌层的SMT应用头端弯曲的针形切开刀进行ESD治疗:(1)黏膜下注射生理盐水;(2)预切开病变周围黏膜;(3)剥离黏膜下层组织显露病变,一次性完整切除病变.结果 来源于固有肌层的消化道SMT 10例,术后病理诊断为食管平滑肌瘤1例,胃平滑肌瘤1例,胃间质瘤6例,直肠平滑肌瘤和间质瘤各1例.病变最大直径0.5～3.0 cm(平均1.4 cm).9例病变一次性完整剥离,1例创面肿瘤残留接受外科手术.ESD手术时间30～150 min(平均73.5 min).1例术中出现消化道穿孔,应用金属夹成功闭合,未转开腹手术修补.术中平均出血量约40 ml,术后均未出现出血,亦未出现其他并发症.结论 ESD治疗来源于固有肌层的消化道SMT安全、有效,大多可以一次性完整切除病变,提供完整的病理学诊断资料,达到外科手术同样的治疗效果.     

内镜切除技术在胃固有肌层肿瘤中的临床应用

目的:观察内镜黏膜下层剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)为基础的内镜下切除术在胃固有肌层肿瘤治疗中的安全性及有效性.方法:收集江苏省苏北人民医院2013-01/2015-01接受内镜治疗的胃固有肌层肿瘤患者资料,总结并分析其手术并发症、临床病理及术后随访资料.结果:42例患者,20例接受ESD,15例接受内镜黏膜下肿瘤挖除(endoscopic submucosal excavation,ESE),7例接受内镜下胃壁全层切除术(endoscopic full-thickness resection,EFR)治疗.其中1例因较大穿孔、2例腔内外生长实施腹腔镜修补及辅助全层切除,1例出现出血,开腹止血修补,成功率90.48%.术后迟发性出血2例,通过保守治疗恢复,无迟发性穿孔.EFR组实施胃壁全层切除,主动穿孔,并在内镜下完全缝合胃壁缺损.42例患者术后均接受6-28 mo的随访,无局部复发及远处转移病例.结论:以ESD为基础的内镜切除技术治疗胃固有肌层肿瘤是一种有效的治疗手段,部分呈腔内外生长的瘤体完整切除需要腹腔镜帮助.     

内镜下黏膜十字切开挖除术治疗胃固有肌层肿瘤

近年随着内镜检查的普遍开展与内镜超声在临床的应用,起源于胃固有肌层的黏膜下肿瘤( submucosal tumor,SMT)发现率明显提高[1].由于起源于胃固有肌层的SMT大多为间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST),具有恶变潜能,需切除治疗[1].过去,外科手术是主要治疗方式[2],但外科手术创伤较大,尤其对位于近贲门或幽门的SMT,切除后常出现反流等症状,影响患者生活质量.自2008年起,台州医院内镜中心采用内镜黏膜下挖除术(endoscopic submucosal excavation,ESE)治疗起源于胃固有肌层的SMT,在治疗过程中发现十字切开肿瘤顶部黏膜与传统环形切开相比,肿瘤更易暴露,便于剥离,因此本研究探讨这2种不同黏膜切开方法对ESE治疗起源于胃固有肌层SMT的影响.     

Endoscopic full-thickness resection for gastric submucosal tumors arising from the muscularis propria layer

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and feasibility of endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFR) for the treatment of gastric submucosal tumors (SMTs) arising from the muscularis propria.METHODS: A total of 35 gastric SMTs arising from the muscularis propria layer were resected by EFR between January 2010 and September 2013. EFR consists of five major steps: injecting normal saline into the submucosa; pre-cutting the mucosal and submucosal layers around the lesion; making a circumferential incision as deep as the muscularis propria around the lesion using endoscopic submucosal dissection and an incision into the serosal layer around the lesion with a Hook knife; a full-thickness resection of the tumor, including the serosal layer with a Hook or IT knife; and closing the gastric wall with metallic clips.RESULTS: Of the 35 gastric SMTs, 14 were located at the fundus, and 21 at the corpus. EFR removed all of the SMTs successfully, and the complete resection rate was 100%. The mean operation time was 90 min (60-155 min), the mean hospitalization time was 6.0 d (4-10 d), and the mean tumor size was 2.8 cm (2.0-4.5 cm). Pathological examination confirmed the presence of gastric stromal tumors in 25 patients, leiomyomas in 7 and gastric autonomous nerve tumors in 2. No gastric bleeding, peritonitis or abdominal abscess occurred after EFR. Postoperative contrast roentgenography on the third day detected no contrast extravasation into the abdominal cavity. The mean follow-up period was 6 mo, with no lesion residue or recurrence noted.CONCLUSION: EFR is efficacious, safe and minimally invasive for patients with gastric SMTs arising from the muscularis propria layer. This technique is able to resect deep gastric lesions while providing precise pathological information about the lesion. With the development of EFR, the indications of endoscopic resection might be extended.     

Exposed endoscopic full-thickness resection for duodenal submucosal tumors: Current status and future perspectives

Exposed endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR), with or without laparoscopic assistance, is an emergent natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery technique with promising safety and efficacy for the management of gastrointestinal submucosal tumors (SMTs) arising from the muscularis propria (MP), especially of the gastric wall. To date, evidence concerning duodenal exposed EFTR is lacking, mainly due to both the technical difficulty involved because of the special duodenal anatomy and concerns about safety and effectiveness of transmural wall defect closure. However, given the non-negligible morbidity and mortality associated with duodenal surgery, the recent availability of dedicated endoscopic tools for tissue-approximation capable to realize full-thickness defect closure could help in promoting the adoption of this endosurgical technique among referral centers. The aim of our study was to review the current evidence concerning exposed EFTR with or without laparoscopic assistance for the treatment of MP-arising duodenal SMTs.     

内镜下纵切挖除术治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤患者

目的探讨内镜纵切挖除术（ELE）治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤（SMT）的疗效和可行性。方法对2011年2月至7月经辅助检查和前期治疗明确诊断为起源于消化道的SMT患者19例,在清醒镇静下行ELE治疗：（1）黏膜下注射生理盐水,纵行切开肿瘤表面黏膜和黏膜下层,显露肿瘤。（2）采用内镜黏膜下剥离术沿肿瘤周围分离至肿瘤基底部。（3）胃镜直视下应用Hook刀、IT刀或圈套器完整切除肿瘤。（4）应用金属夹缝合手术创面。结果19例消化道SMT患者中,病灶位于食道3例、贲132例、胃底3例、胃体5例、胃窦5例、升结肠1例。ELE成功切除所有病变,完整切除率为100．0％;ELE时间为25～125min,平均45min。切除肿瘤直径范围1．5-3．5cm,平均2．0cm;病理诊断为平滑肌瘤11例、脂肪瘤5例、间质瘤3例。术后无一例出现出血及腹膜炎体征。住院时间7。15d,平均10d。术后随访1～3个月,平均2个月,无一例病变残留。结论ELE治疗消化道SMT患者是安全有效的,手术方法较内镜黏膜下剥离术简便,便于缩短手术时间及术后并发症的防治,并且有利于术后创面的愈合。     

Do we need to conduct full-thickness closure after endoscopic full-thickness resection of gastric submucosal tumors?

Background/AimsSuccessful closure of gastric wall defects is a pivotal step for endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR). Our study indicates that for submucosal tumors (SMTs) smaller than 2.5 cm, closing the mucosal layer is safe and feasible when the modified method, ZIP, is used.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 37 patients with gastric SMTs arising from the muscularis propria (MP) who underwent EFTR with defect closure of the mucosal layer. The main procedure involved: (1) making a longitudinal incision of the mucosal and submucosal layers above the lesion, (2) fully exposing the lesion and symmetrically punching holes on both sides of the incision into the submucosal layer, (3) en bloc resection of the lesion using an electrosurgical snare or knife, (4) hooking of metallic clips into the holes and clipping of the mucosal layer successively to close the gastric wall defect. This modified method was named ZIP.ResultsSuccessful complete resection by EFTR was achieved in 37 cases (100%). The median procedure time was 60 min (range: 30–120 min), whereas the closure procedure took a median of 8 min (range: 5–20 min). The median lesion size was 1.0 cm (range: 0.5–2.5 cm). No patients had severe complications. No residual lesions or tumor recurrence were found during the follow-up period.ConclusionClosing the mucosal layer of gastric wall defects after EFTR by ZIP is feasible and effective.     

内镜辅助腹腔镜剥离切除术治疗胃窦体固有肌层肿瘤的初步应用

目的评价一种新的胃镜腹腔镜联合方法治疗胃窦体固有肌层肿瘤的临床疗效。方法2013年1月至2014年4月,选择8例胃窦体固有肌层肿瘤,术前超声内镜诊断肿物起源固有肌层,黏膜层良好,胃窦体前壁4例、后壁2例、胃体小网膜囊内1例、胃体大网膜下1例。病变大小1．5～3．5cm,平均（2．4±0．7）cm。先在腹腔镜下分离显露病变,后在内镜进行病变黏膜下注射,最后由腹腔镜剥离切除病变并保留黏膜。随访观察手术情况和治疗效果。结果所有患者成功完成内镜辅助腹腔镜剥离切除,无出血、感染和死亡病例。术后病理证实间质瘤6例,神经纤维瘤2例。所有患者随访6个月后胃黏膜未见异常,胃壁蠕动正常,无复发。结论内镜辅助腹腔镜剥离切除技术是胃窦体固有肌层肿物重要的安全有效的治疗方法,具有操作简便、损伤小、并发症少的优点。     

Endoscopic treatments for small gastric subepithelial tumors originating from muscularis propria layer

Minimally invasive endoscopic resection has become an increasingly popular method for patients with small (less than 3.5 cm in diameter) gastric subepithelial tumors (SETs) originating from the muscularis propria (MP) layer. Currently, the main endoscopic therapies for patients with such tumors are endoscopic muscularis excavation, endoscopic full-thickness resection, and submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection. Although these endoscopic techniques can be used for complete resection of the tumor and provide an accurate pathological diagnosis, these techniques have been associated with several negative events, such as incomplete resection, perforation, and bleeding. This review provides detailed information on the technical details, likely treatment outcomes, and complications associated with each endoscopic method for treating/removing small gastric SETs that originate from the MP layer.     

Endoscopic therapy for gastric stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria

AIM: To explore endoscopic therapy methods for gastric stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria.METHODS: For 69 cases diagnosed as gastric stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria, three types of endoscopic therapy were selected, based on the size of the tumor. These methods included endoscopic ligation and resection (ELR), endoscopic submucosal excavation (ESE) and endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFR). The wound surface and the perforation of the gastric wall were closed with metal clips. Immunohistostaining for CD34, CD117, Dog-1, S-100 and smooth muscle actin (SMA) was performed on the resected tumors.RESULTS: A total of 38 cases in which the tumor size was less than 1.2 cm were treated with ELR; three cases were complicated by perforation, and the perforations were closed with metal clips. Additionally, 18 cases in which the tumor size was more than 1.5 cm were treated with ESE, and no perforation occurred. Finally, 13 cases in which the tumor size was more than 2.0 cm were treated with EFR; all of the cases were complicated by artificial perforation, and all of the perforations were closed with metal clips. All of the 69 cases recovered with medical treatment, and none required surgical operation. Immunohistostaining demonstrated that among all of the 69 gastric stromal tumors diagnosed by gastroscopy, 12 cases were gastric leiomyomas (SMA-positive), and the other 57 cases were gastric stromal tumors.CONCLUSION: Gastric stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria can be treated successfully with endoscopic techniques, which could replace certain surgical operations and should be considered for further application.     

内镜下胃壁全层切除术对胃间质瘤的治疗价值研究

目的初步探讨内镜下胃壁全层切除术（EFTR）对胃间质瘤治疗的价值。方法2010年1月至2011年7月对33例病灶大、位于固有肌深层胃间质瘤行内镜下胃壁全层切除术治疗,观察疗效及安全性,并与同期行内镜黏膜下切除术（ESD）治疗的34例胃间质瘤病例在有效性、安全性、手术复杂程度等方面进行比较。结果33例EFTR治疗的病例中,2例因病灶过大未能完成手术,其余均顺利切除病灶,术后恢复良好,随访12个月无复发。与ESD治疗病例相比,手术切除率（93．9％比100％）、并发症发生率（6．5％比2．9％）、术后3d平均体温[（37．2±0．4）℃比（37．0±0．4）℃]及血常规白细胞总数[（8．5±8．0）×10^9／L比（6．1±1．7）×10^9／L]、术后恢复时间[（6．1±2．1）d比（5．2±2．8）d],差异均无统计学意义。EFTR组术中钛夹使用个数[（7．0±3．5）比（4．9±3．1）,t=2．55,P〈0．05]及术后禁食天数[（3．4±1．5）d比（2．0±1．0）d,t=4．36,P〈0．05]明显多于ESD组。结论EFTR对胃问质瘤的治疗是安全、有效的,与ESD术式比较EFTR手术风险并未明显增加,但作为ESD手术的扩展,EYrR手术更为复杂。