利福平对小鼠的肝毒性及胆酸代谢基因的影响

目的观察利福平长期给药引起小鼠的肝损伤及其对胆汁酸代谢通路相关基因的影响。方法 1 d 1次灌胃给予♂昆明种小鼠180 mg·kg~(-1)利福平连续30 d与90 mg·kg~(-1)利福平连续90 d;麻醉取血、肝脏,称肝重,检测血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT),观察肝脏组织的病理变化;提取肝脏总RNA并采用RT-PCR法检测胆汁酸代谢相关基因mRNA的表达情况,提取肝脏总蛋白并采用Western blot法检测相关蛋白的表达。结果连续给予利福平180 mg·kg~(-1)30 d和90 mg·kg~(-1)90 d,小鼠肝重系数增加,肝脏发生明显病理改变,表现为肝细胞水肿、羽毛样变性与脂肪变性,且利福平180 mg·kg~(-1)30 d病理改变较严重;连续给药180 mg·kg~(-1)利福平30 d可使胆酸代谢基因胆固醇7α-羟化酶(CYP7A1)、法尼醇受体(FXR)、小分子异源二聚体伴侣(SHP)表达增加,胆盐输出泵(BSEP)的表达降低;连续给药90 mg·kg~(-1)利福平90 d,仅可发现胆酸代谢基因胆固醇7α-羟化酶(CYP7A1)表达增加。结论利福平对小鼠具有明显肝毒性,引起胆汁淤积性肝损伤;其影响CYP7A1与BSEP的基因表达可能是其导致胆汁淤积性肝损伤的机制之一。     

重组人胸腺肽α1对大鼠肝组织细胞色素P450基因表达的影响

目的评价重组人胸腺肽α₁（rh-Tα₁）对大鼠肝组织细胞色素P450（CYP450）基因表达的影响。方法SD大鼠经腹腔注射不同剂量的rh-Tα₁（150、300和600μg/kg）,14 d后从肝组织中提取总RNA,应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测CYP3A1、CYP1A2和CYP2E1 mRNA的表达。结果与空白对照组相比,rh-Tα₁可显著诱导CYP3A1、CYP 1A2和CYP 2E1的基因表达。结论rh-Tα₁通过诱导CYP450酶系的mRNA表达影响其活性。     

Period1、Period2对胶质瘤细胞的生物节律性调控作用

目的研究大鼠胶质瘤细胞内生物钟基因Period1(Per1)、Per2mRNA及蛋白的周期表达规律。方法将体外培养的大鼠胶质瘤C6细胞接种于SD大鼠右侧尾状核区,在12h光照和12h黑暗的标准昼夜节律环境下,采用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学方法分别检测成瘤后4、8、12、16、20、24h肿瘤组织中Per1、Per2 mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果在大鼠胶质瘤组织中,Per1、Per2mRNA及蛋白产物呈节律性表达,其表达周期为12h的超日节律。Per1mRNA和蛋白的高表达时间点均位于4、16h,低表达时间点位于12、24h;Per2mRNA和蛋白的高表达时间点位于12、24h,低表达时间点位于8、20h。结论在SD大鼠体内,胶质瘤细胞的Per1、Per2基因呈12h的超日节律表达,提示生物钟基因的表达异常与胶质瘤的发生发展具有相关性。     

lncRNA HNF4α-AS1参与调控转录因子和细胞色素CYP450表达

目的细胞色素P450酶系(CYP450s)是体内主要的氧化代谢酶系。临床上70%以上的处方药物经由CYP450s催化代谢。研究表明,转录因子参与CYP450s的表达调控,其中转录因子HNF4α在CYP450s的转录调控中发挥重要的作用。近期发现转录因子附近的一些非编码RNA(lnc RNA)参与其邻近基因的调节。lnc-HNF4α(HNF4α-AS1)与HNF4α相邻,是HNF4α基因的互补反义RNA。本文目的是探讨在肝癌细胞Huh7中lnc RNAHNF4α-AS1对转录因子与CYP450s表达的调控作用。方法在肝癌细胞huh7上进行功能缺失实验敲除HNF4α以及功能缺失实验敲除HNF4α-AS1与功能获得实验过表达HNF4α-AS1,q-PCR法检测lnc RNA和代谢酶以及转录因子mRNA的表达。结果在肝癌细胞Huh7中,si RNA有效干扰HNF4α后,HNF4α-AS1表达降低,CYP(1A2,2E1,2B6,2C8,2C9,2C19,3A4)的mRNA的表达以及转录因子(PXR,CAR,AhR)mRNA表达降低。在Huh7细胞中,si RNA有效干扰HNF4α-AS1后,CYP(1A2,2C8,2C9,2C19,3A4)的表达以及核受体PXR的mRNA表达升高,有效过表达HNF4α-AS1后,CYP450s以及核受体PXR的mRNA表达下降。结论 lnc RNAHNF4α-AS1参与调控转录因子与细胞色素CYP450s的表达。     

槲皮素通过调节AhR和Nrf2通路对HepG2细胞中药物代谢酶GSTP1的影响

目的探究槲皮素对HepG2细胞中药物代谢酶谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶P1(GSTP1)的影响及其机制。方法将HepG2细胞分为对照组、槲皮素组、Nrf2抑制剂组、槲皮素+Nrf2抑制剂组、AhR抑制剂组、槲皮素+AhR抑制剂组,利用qPCR及Western blot方法检测Nrf2及AhR通路相关标记物NQO1、GSTP1及CYP1A1的表达。同时检测不同浓度槲皮素处理HepG2细胞的Nrf2核易位情况。结果与对照组相比,槲皮素作用于HepG2细胞后,GSTP1、NQO1和CYP1A1 mRNA及NQO1、GSTP1的蛋白表达均升高(P<0.01,P<0.001),但CYP1A1的蛋白表达无显著变化。与槲皮素组相比,加Nrf2抑制剂后GSTP1和NQO1的mRNA和蛋白表达均显著下降(P<0.001),加AhR抑制剂后GSTP1和CYP1A1的mRNA和GSTP1蛋白表达均下降(P<0.001),而CYP1A1的蛋白表达无显著变化,且槲皮素能促进Nrf2核易位。结论槲皮素可激活HepG2中的Nrf2、AhR信号通路进而促进GSTP1的表达,从AhR经典通路下游CYP1A1的表达来判断,槲皮素对AhR通路的激动作用较弱。     

人参皂苷Rc、Re、Rf和Rg1对药物代谢酶CYP1A1活性诱导作用研究

目的研究人参皂苷Rc、Re、Rf和Rg1能否激活h AhR受体信号通路诱导CYP1A1基因及蛋白表达。方法利用前期实验室构建的p GL4.17-CYP1A1报告基因质粒、pc DNA3.1-h AhR表达质粒与pRL-TK内参质粒共转染Hep G2细胞,检测人参皂苷Rc、Re、Rf和Rg1对AhR的转录激活效应;并利用Real-time PCR及Western blot技术对人参皂苷Rc、Re、Rf和Rg1的不同浓度、不同时间处理组进行mRNA及蛋白的检测。结果报告基因模型检测结果显示,人参皂苷Rc、Re、Rf和Rg1对AhR具有转录激活作用,其中人参皂苷Re与Rf对AhR转录激活效应明显;同时不同浓度人参皂苷Rc、Re、Rf和Rg1均能上调CYP1A1 mRNA与蛋白表达水平。结论人参皂苷Rc、Re、Rf和Rg1可以诱导CYP1A1mRNA与蛋白质水平的表达,这种诱导作用可能与上述皂苷成分激活AhR并提高其对CYP1A1的转录活性有关。     

地非三唑对大鼠肝细胞细胞色素P450 CYP1A1/2的诱导作用

目的试从mRNA表达水平阐明地非三唑对鼠肝微粒体中细胞色素P450 CYP1A1/2的诱导机制。方法给SD大鼠腹腔注射地非三唑,采用Tr-izol法提取大鼠肝脏RNA,用RT-PCR测定经地非三唑处理1,2及4d的鼠肝中细胞色素P450 CYP1A1,CYP1A2 mRNA的表达水平。结果地非三唑处理不同时间的鼠肝细胞中细胞色素P450CYP1A1,CYP1A2 mRNA的表达水平比空白对照组明显增加,空白对照组CYP1A1吸光度比值为0.270±0.040,诱导1,2及4d的吸光度比值分别为0.343±0.055,0.417±0.045及0.603±0.083;空白对照组的CYP1A2吸光度比值为0.613±0.189,而诱导1,2及4d的吸光度比值分别为1.510±0.226,3.057±0.518及4.120±0.458。随着诱导时间的增加,细胞色素P450 CYP1A1及CYP1A2 mRNA的表达也逐步增加,诱导时间与表达水平之间存在一定的线性关系,相关系数分别为0.9984和0.9563。结论地非三唑对细胞色素P450 CYP1A1/2 mRNA表达具有诱导作用。     

地非三唑对大鼠肝细胞细胞色素P450 CYP1A1/2的诱导作用

目的 试从mRNA表达水平阐明地非三唑对鼠肝微粒体中细胞色素P450 CYP1A1/2的诱导机制。方法 给SD大鼠腹腔注射地非三唑，采用Trizol法提取大鼠肝脏RNA,用RT-PCR测定经地非三唑处理1, 2及4 d的鼠肝中细胞色素P450 CYP1A1, CYP1A2 mRNA的表达水平。结果 地非三唑处理不同时间的鼠肝细胞中细胞色素P450 CYP1A1, CYP1A2 mRNA的表达水平比空白对照组明显增加，空白对照组CYP1A1吸光度比值为0.270±0.040, 诱导1, 2及4 d的吸光度比值分别为0.343±0.055, 0.417±0.045及0.603±0.083；空白对照组的CYP1A2吸光度比值为0.613±0.189, 而诱导1，2及4 d的吸光度比值分别为1.510±0.226, 3.057±0.518及4.120±0.458。随着诱导时间的增加，细胞色素P450 CYP1A1及CYP1A2 mRNA的表达也逐步增加，诱导时间与表达水平之间存在一定的线性关系,相关系数分别为0.9984和0.9563。结论 地非三唑对细胞色素P450 CYP1A1/2 mRNA表达具有诱导作用。     

多糖类组分对大鼠肝微粒体酶CYP1A2的体外活性抑制作用

目的 建立液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）测定大鼠肝微粒体中对乙酰氨基酚含量,研究人参多糖、贻贝多糖、黄原胶对大鼠肝微粒体细胞色素P450（cytochrome P450,CYP）1A2的体外抑制作用。方法 以格列齐特为内标,建立LC-MS/MS测定大鼠肝微粒体中对乙酰氨基酚含量方法。以α-萘黄酮为阳性对照药,分别将系列多糖溶液、CYP1A2酶的特异性探针底物非那西丁及大鼠肝微粒体进行孵育,LC-MS/MS测定代谢产物对乙酰氨基酚的含量,计算半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）,评价人参多糖、贻贝多糖、黄原胶对大鼠肝微粒体CYP1A2酶的抑制活性。结果 对乙酰氨基酚在10~1 000 ng·mL^-1内线性良好,精密度试验RSD均<8.24%,提取回收率为92.53%~103.23%,稳定性试验RSD均<10.77%。该试验条件下,在大鼠肝微粒体温孵体系中,人参多糖、贻贝多糖、黄原胶对CYP1A2的IC₅₀值均>100 μmol·L^-1。结论 在正常剂量下,人参多糖、贻贝多糖、黄原胶对CYP1A2酶亚型均无抑制作用,可以与其底物联合用药。     

细胞色素氧化酶P450家族在中药毒性研究中的应用进展

细胞色素氧化酶P450(CYP)是最重要的药物代谢酶,多种中药能抑制或诱导CYP3A, CYP2C等亚型活性,而影响中药代谢,其中抑制作用是药物不良反应的主要原因;CYP1A2和CYP2E1等参与了中药前毒物的活化引起毒性反应。CYP参与中药代谢性相互作用,故可通过对CYP抑制或诱导作用的分析,研究中药配伍减毒作用或配伍禁忌的毒性(增毒)作用;应重视研究中西药合用引起不良反应的CYP作用。本文综述了CYP在中药毒性研究中的应用概况,进一步展望CYP的应用前景,以期对中药毒性研究提供新思路。     

Effects of tryptophan photoproducts in the circadian timing system: searching for a physiological role for aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates adverse effects of dioxins, but its physiological role remains ambiguous. The similarity between AhR and canonical circadian clock genes suggests potential involvement of AhR in regulation of circadian timing. Photoproducts of tryptophan (TRP), including 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), have high affinity for AhR and are postulated as endogenous ligands. Although TRP photoproducts activate AhR signaling in vitro, their effects in vivo have not been investigated in mammals. Because TRP photoproducts may act as transducers of light, we examined their effects on the circadian clock. Intraperitoneal injection of TRP photoproducts or FICZ to C57BL/6J mice dose dependently induced AhR downstream targets, cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and cytochrome P4501B1 mRNA expression, in liver. c-fos mRNA, a commonly used marker for light responses, was also induced with FICZ, and all responses were AhR dependent. A rat-immortalized suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) cell line, SCN 2.2, was used to examine the direct effect of TRP photoproducts on the molecular clock. Both TRP photoproducts and FICZ-increased CYP1A1 expression and prolonged FICZ incubation altered the circadian expression of clock genes (Per1, Cry1, and Cry2) in SCN 2.2 cells. Furthermore, FICZ inhibited glutamate-induced phase shifting of the mouse SCN electrical activity rhythm. Circadian light entrainment is critical for adjustment of the endogenous rhythm to environmental light cycle. Our results reveal a potential for TRP photoproducts to modulate light-dependent regulation of circadian rhythm through triggering of AhR signaling. This may lead to further understanding of toxicity of dioxins and the role of AhR in circadian rhythmicity.     

Low Inducibility of CYP1A Activity by Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Flounder (Platichthys flesus): Characterization of the Ah Receptor and the Role of CYP1A Inhibition

Several studies have reported a low inducibility of hepaticcytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity in European flounder (Platichthysflesus) following exposure to mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs). Here we report on mechanistic studies toward understandingthis low CYP1A inducibility of flounder, involving molecularcharacterization of the Ah receptor (AhR) pathway as well asinhibition of the CYP1A catalytic activity by PCB congeners.Hepatic cytosolk AhR levels in flounder were determined usinghydroxylapatite, protamine sulfate adsorption analysis, or velocitysedimentation on sucrose gradients. AhR levels in flounder ({smalltilde}2–7 fmol/mg protein) were much lower than observedgenerally in rodents ({small tilde}50–300 fmol/mg protein).Molecular characterization of the flounder AhR was providedby first-strand cDNA synthesis and amplification of flounderhepatic poly(A)⁺ RNA using RT-PCR. A 690-bp product was found,similar in size to a Fundulus AhR cDNA. The specificity of the690-bp band was established by Southern blotting and hybridizationwith a degenerate AhR oligonucleotide. The deduced amino acidsequence of the flounder AhR fragment was 59–60% identicalto mammalian AhR sequences. Although the AhR is present in floundercytosol, we were unable to demonstrate detectable amounts ofinducibk TCDD-AhR-DRE complex in gel-retardation assays. Highinduction levels of CYP1A protein and associated EROD activityhave been previously found in flounder following exposure to2,3,7,8-tetrachlorod-ibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In contrast, theinduction of CYP1A catalytic activity by PCB mixtures remainsunexpectedly low. Therefore, we further characterized the inhibitorypotential of PCB congeners on CYP1A activity in flounder andcompared this with inhibitory effects of PCB congeners on ratCYP1A activity. Analysis in vitro demonstrated that 3,3',4,4'-tetraCB,3,3',4,4',5-pentaCB, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaCB, 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexaCB,and the commercial PCB mixture Clophen A50 are potent competitiveinhibitors of hepatic microsomal CYP1A catalytic activity inflounder and rat The K_m for ethoxyresonifin (0.095 µM)in flounder is strikingly close to K_i's found for the testedPCBs. This emphasizes the possible involvement of PCB congenersin inhibition of EROD activity in PHAH exposed fish. Finally,our data indicate that flounder CYP1A is more efficient in metabolizingethoxyresonifin than that of rat CYP1A.     

Ethanol self-administration and reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behavior in Per1 Brdm1 mutant mice

Rationale Alcohol consumption shows circadian rhythmicity, i.e., alcohol preference and intake change with circadian time. Circadian rhythmicity is controlled by a biological clock, which has been shown to govern behavioral, physiological, and hormonal processes in synchronization with internal as well as external cues. Molecular components of the clock include circadian clock genes such as period (Per) 1, 2, and 3. Previously, our lab demonstrated the involvement of mouse Per1 (mPer1) and Per2 (mPer2) in modulating cocaine sensitization and reward. What is more, we investigated voluntary alcohol consumption in Per2 ^Brdm1 mice with the results suggesting a relationship between this circadian clock gene and ethanol consumption. Objective To further complement the mPer2 study, our lab proceeded to assess mPer1’s possible role on alcohol intake using operant and free choice two bottle paradigms.Methods Using operant conditions, Per1 ^Brdm1 and wild type mice were trained to self-administer ethanol (10%) under a fixed ratio 1 (FR1) paradigm. This was ensued by a progressive ratio (PR) schedule. Furthermore, extinction sessions were introduced, followed by reinstatement measures of ethanol-seeking behavior. In another set of animals, the mice were exposed to voluntary long-term alcohol consumption, ensued by a 2-month deprivation phase, after which the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) was measured.Results Mutant mice did not display a significantly divergent number of reinforced lever presses (FR1 and PR) than wild type animals. Furthermore, no significant differences between groups were obtained regarding reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behavior. Similar results were obtained in the two bottle free choice paradigm. Specifically, no genotype differences concerning consumption and preference were observed over a broad range of different ethanol concentrations. Moreover, after the deprivation phase, both groups exhibited significant ADEs, yet no genotype differences.Conclusions Contrary to the mPer2 data, the present findings do not suggest a relationship between the circadian clock gene mPer1 and ethanol reinforcement, seeking, and relapse behavior.     

Tissue-specific induction of cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1B1 by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in engineered C57BL/6J mice of arylhydrocarbon receptor gene

Tissue-specific induction of mRNA of cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) 1A1 and 1B1 by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was investigated in wild and arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-deficient C57BL/6J mice. Ratios of mRNA expression of CYP1A1 or CYP1B1 over beta-actin were determined and used to compare levels of expression and induction of these P450s by PAHs and PCBs in various organs. CYP1A1 mRNA was detected in control mice at very low levels in liver, lung, heart, kidney, intestine, thymus, testis, uterus, ovary, and brain and was highly induced in these organs by benzo[a]pyrene and 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in AhR(+/+) mice. In AhR(+/+) and AhR(-/-) mice, CYP1B1 mRNA was found to be constitutively expressed at significant levels in heart (the ratio of mRNAs of CYP1B1 to beta-actin was approximately 0.6), kidney ( approximately 0.8), intestine ( approximately 0.3), testis ( approximately 0.9), thymus ( approximately 0.4), uterus ( approximately 0.3), ovary ( approximately 1.4), and brain ( approximately 0.4), whereas it was low in liver and lung (the mRNA ratio to beta-actin was <0.2 in these cases). CYP1B1 in the latter two organs was highly induced by PAHs and 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in AhR(+/+) mice. The induction of CYP1B1 by PAHs and PCBs was more extensive in organs in which the constitutive expression of CYP1B1 was low. For example, CYP1B1 was induced 9-fold and 10-fold by benzo[a]pyrene and 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in livers of male and female mice, respectively, whereas in testis and ovary, the fold induction of CYP1B1 by two inducers was only 1.1 and 1.4, respectively. Liver microsomal xenobiotic oxidation activities were induced by these PAHs and PCBs in male and female AhR(+/+) mice. These results suggest that CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 are differentially regulated in their expression in extrahepatic organs of mice and could be induced by PAHs and PCBs with different extents of induction depending on the inducers used and the organs examined in AhR(+/+) mice. The findings of significant levels of constitutive expression of CYP1B1 in AhR(-/-) mice as well as AhR(+/+) mice in several organs including heart, kidney, thymus, testis, ovary, and brain in AhR(-/-) mice as well as AhR(+/+) mice are of importance in understanding the basis of toxicity and carcinogenesis by chemicals that are metabolized by CYP1B1.     

热休克预处理对对乙酰氨基酚所致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的探讨热休克预处理对对乙酰氨基酚(AAP)诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法40℃分别热休克(HS)处理小鼠10min(HS10组)、20min(HS20组)和30min(HS30组),室温恢复8h后,小鼠ip给予AAP 550mg·kg-1诱导急性肝损伤,分别于AAP后0,6,24,42和72h进行相关指标检测。赖氏法检测小鼠血清中天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)活性,HE染色进行病理学分析,免疫组化法检测给予AAP后0 h,小鼠肝热休克蛋白70(HSP70),细胞色素P4501A2(CYP1A2)和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达,Western印迹法检测给予AAP后0,6,24,42和72h时小鼠PCNA的表达。结果与AAP对照组相比,HS20组小鼠血清中AST和ALT酶活水平显著降低(P<0.05),而HS10组和HS30组小鼠无显著差异。与AAP对照组相比,HS20显著降低了AAP诱导的小鼠肝损伤程度(P<0.05),而HS10和HS30未显著降低肝损伤的程度。HS20显著诱导了小鼠肝HSP70(P<0.01),CYP1A2(P<0.01)和PCNA(P<0.05)的表达,而HS10和HS30显著诱导了小鼠肝HSP70和CYP1A2(P<0.05)的表达,但未明显诱导PCNA的表达。与HS10和HS30相比,HS20更加显著地诱导了HSP70和CYP1A2的表达(P<0.05)。HS20组小鼠在注射AAP后0,6,24,42和72h,小鼠肝PCNA的表达均显著高于AAP对照组(P<0.05)、HS10和HS30组(P<0.05)。结论 40℃热休克预处理20min可以有效降低AAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤程度,加速肝损伤后的修复。     

Deletion of circadian gene Per1 alleviates acute ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice

The severity of ethanol-induced liver injury is associated with oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in the liver. Core circadian clock is known to mediate antioxidative enzyme activity and lipid metabolism. However, the link between circadian clock and ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity remains unclear. Here we showed that extents of acute ethanol-induced liver injury and steatosis in mice exhibit circadian variations consistent with hepatic expression of Period (Per) genes. Mice lacking clock gene Per1 displayed less susceptible to ethanol-induced liver injury, as evidenced by lower serum transaminase activity and less severe histopathological changes. Ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation was alleviated in Per1?/? mice. However, Per1 deletion had no effect on antioxidants depletion caused by ethanol administration. Ethanol-induced triglycerides (TG) accumulation in the serum and liver was significantly decreased in Per1?/? mice compared with that in wild-type (WT) mice. Analysis of gene expression in the liver revealed peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and its target genes related to TG synthesis are remarkably down-regulated in Per1?/? mice. HepG2 cells were treated with ethanol at 150 mM for 3 days. Per1 overexpression augmented lipid accumulation after treatment with ethanol in HepG2 cells, but had no effect on ethanol-induced oxidative stress. Expression of genes related to lipogenesis, including PPARγ and its target genes, was up-regulated in cells overexpressing Per1. In conclusion, these results indicated that circadian rhythms of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity are controlled by clock gene Per1, and deletion of Per1 protected mice from ethanol-induced liver injury by decreasing hepatic lipid accumulation.